Digital Radio Frequency Memories

in Electronic Warfare
January 2017

Dave Adamy
Adamy Engineering
1420 Norfolk Ave, Atwater, CA 95301
Tel(209)357-4433 Fax(209)357-4434
Email: dave@lynxpub.com
www.lynxpub.com
 Electronic Warfare

EW

ES EA EP
Electronic Support Electronic Attack Electronic Protection

Old ESM Old ECM Old ECCM

+ ARM & HEW

EW102 Pg 4
 DRFM Issues
Digital Radio Frequency Memory
Digitizes RF signal, Modifies it, coherently
rebroadcasts it
Sample Rate 2.5 bits per Hz of bandwidth
Digital receiver is only at Nyquist Rate
Wideband and Narrow Band Architectures
More bits of D/A than A/D
 DRFM Block Diagram

SIGNAL FILTER ADC

IN

LOCAL MEMORY COMPUTER

OSC

SIGNAL FILTER DAC

OUT

300
I & Q Digitization

Independent Samples

300
 Wideband DRFM

WIDEBAND DRFM

IF Band WIDEBAND
FILTER
Input ADC

SYSTEM DRFM MEMORY COMPUTER

L.O. L.O.

IF Band
Output FILTER DAC

301
 Narrowband DRFM

LPF DRFM
SIGNAL PWR DIV
LPF DRFM
IN
LPF DRFM

SYSTEM
VCO VCO VCO
L.O.
COMBINER

LPF
SIGNAL
OUT LPF

LPF

302
 DRFM Capabilities
Analyze first pulse and transmit subsequent
pulses with EW modifications
Functions
Coherent Jamming
Alter time and frequency
Add Pulse Compression Waveforms to Jamming
Follower Jammer
Complex Decoy Waveforms
New Generation Threats
 Pulse Doppler Radar Matrix
Determined by
Doppler filter
In which signal
Is received Velocity Cells
Range Cells

Determined by
pulse return
time
304
Non-coherent Jamming of PD Radar

Non-coherent
Coherent Jamming
Skin signal
Return

Doppler Frequency Cells

331
 RGPO
Skin Return

Jammer
Signal 3

108
 Separating Targets in PD Radar
Velocity Cells

Velocity cells
From Doppler Filter
Corresponding to
True relative range
Rate of target

Range Cells
ACTUAL
TARGET

Velocity cells
From Doppler Filter
Corresponding to FALSE
Range rate of jamming TARGET
platform FROM
JAMMER

306
 Chaff Doppler Shift
Wind

Radar
Transmission
Chaff
Frequency
Cloud

Reflected
Spectrum
Doppler Spread by
Shift from Chaff Dipole
wind Movement
Movement of Chaff
Frequency In Cloud
Spreads Spectrum 306
Frequency Hopping Radar

Unpredictable
XMTR Signal Frequency
Pulse to Pulse
or Scan to Scan
Tuned
Together

RCVR Jamming Spread by Factor

Sig Range / Bandwidth
Effective
Bandwidth Effective J/S Reduced by
10 log (Range/BW)

114
 Least Jammed Frequency Feature

Noise
Jamming
Frequency
Range

Pulse
Frequencies

Frequency

309
Barrage Jamming Hopping Radar
Noise Spread
Across Hopping
Range
JAMMING

Pulse
Frequencies

Frequency

310
 Follower Jamming

DRFM measures
Freq. and sets
Jamming Freq

JAMMING at HOP FREQUENCY

Pulse Width

Time

311
 Analysis of Unique Pulses

Received
Waveform Pulse Width

Process
Latency
Time About 50 nsec

Transmitted
Waveform Rebroadcast Pulse Width

Microseconds 330
 DRFM Enables Follower Jamming
DRFM captures frequency
Radar Pulse

Jammer
Pulse
Frequency

DRFM captures frequency

Radar Pulse

Jammer
Pulse DRFM captures frequency

Radar Pulse

Jammer
Pulse

Time 333
Radar Resolution Cell

RADAR
BEAM

312
 Chirp Modulation

FREQUENCY

TIME
ERP

TIME

314
 Pulse Compression with Chirp

RADAR RESOLUTION CELL

WITHOUT COMPRESSION RADAR RESOLUTION CELL
WITH LFMOP COMPRESSION

314
 Jamming without Chirp

Chirp Compressed
Received Skin Return Pulse
Jamming
Pulse Uncompressed
w/o LFMOP Jammer Pulse

COMPRESSIVE
FILTER
Received
Skin Return
With LFMOP

315
 DRFM Generating Chirp

DRFM DSP

ADC ANALYZE GENERATE

FREQUENCY RF SEGMENTS
HISTORY @ DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES

LO MEMORY
OUTPUT STEPPED ARRANGE RF
FREQ SLOPE ON SEGMENTS TO
SUBSEQUENT MATCH RADAR
DAC PULSES CHIRP

315
 Barker Code Pulse Compression

BINARY
AMPLITUDE POWER
OSCILLATOR PHASE
MODULATOR AMPLIFIER
MODULATOR

PSEUDO-
RANDOM
ISOLATOR
CODE

DETECTION TAPPED RECEIVER

& ANALYSIS DELAY LINE FRONT END
ASSEMBLY

316
 INPUT TO TAPPED DELAY LINE
180 Phase Shift
Barker Code
+ + + - - + -
Processing
BIT
DURATION

PULSE DURATION TIME

is180
INPUT
Phase Shift

SUMMED
OUTPUT
TAPPED DELAY LINE

OUTPUT FROM
TAPPED
DELAY LINE BIT
DURATION

317
 Barker Code Pulse Compression

HALF PULSE 3 dB beamwidth

DURATION UNCOMPRESSED
(x SPEED OF LIGHT) RADAR RESOLUTION
CELL
1 ft/nsec

COMPRESSED
RADAR RESOLUTION
CELL

318
 Jamming without Barker Code

Jamming Pulse
without
Matched
Barker Code

TAPPED
DELAY
LINE
Skin Return Pulse
With Matched
Barker Code PROCESSING
WINDOW
318
 DRFM Creating Barker Code

RF
Digitized
PULSES
DRFM Radar PROCESSOR
FROM
Pulses
RADAR
Determine bit duration and code
from 1st pulse

Generate digital one & zero

code bits
COHERENT Digitized
RF Jamming Assemble correct bits
JAMMING Pulses to reproduce radar code

PULSES Modify pulse amplitude, frequency

TO and timing for jamming
RADAR modulation

319
DRFM Barker Code Processing during First Pulse

Pulse Width

BPSK code clock

Received BPSK
Modulation
On first pulse

Transmitted BPSK
Modulation
On subsequent pulses

329
 Jamming with Pulse Compression

DRFM captures Pulse

Compression modulation
parameters

Radar pulses

Pulses have matched pulse compression modulation

Jammer
Pulses
334
Complex RCS Elements

320
 Realistic Return Pulses

SIMPLE PULSE

TARGET RETURNS

REALISTIC
RETURN
PULSE

Modern RADAR may reject simple pulse

 Multiple DRFMs Create Complex RCS
CONTROL

DOPPLER
A/D MEMORY D/A MODULATOR

CONTROL
C
DOPPLER O
A/D MEMORY D/A MODULATOR M TO
FROM B X XMTR
RCVR X I
N
E
R

CONTROL

DOPPLER
A/D MEMORY D/A MODULATOR

LO
325
 Single FPGA DRFM Creates Complex RCS

DOPPLER MODULATOR RANGE

GENERATOR DELAY

FROM QUADRATURE
A/D GENERATION
RCVR
DOPPLER MODULATOR RANGE
GENERATOR DELAY
C
O D/A
M
TO
B
DOPPLER MODULATOR RANGE XMTR
I
GENERATOR DELAY
N
E
R

DOPPLER MODULATOR RANGE

GENERATOR DELAY

326
 Pipe-lining Identical Pulses
Radar pulses

Jammer Pulses

335
Spectrum of Digital Signal

20
 Spectrum of Digital Signal
CARRIER
FREQUENCY

3 dB

3 dB Beamwidth
NULL

CLOCK RATE CLOCK RATE CLOCK RATE CLOCK RATE

FREQUENCY

21