PImpact of a Jet

Introduction
One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to
use the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a high velocity in a jet .
In this experiment the force generated by a jet of water as it strikes a
flat plate ( = 90 ), 120 - plate or a hemispherical cup may be measured
and compared with the momentum flow rate in the jet .

Objective

To varify experimentally the linear-momentum principle as applied to

jets impinging on stationary flat plate , 120-plate or hemispherical cup.

Apparatus
1. The apparatus shown in the figure.

Figure # 1

2. Discharge measuring tank .

3. Stop Watch .
4. Different shapes of plates ,Figure # 2

Flat Plate ( = 90 ) 120 - Plate Hemispherical Plate

Figure # 2
Theory
Applying the linear momentum principle on the system that is under test
will lead to the following:
- Neglicting the weight of the plate and the weught of the water:
Fext . wvQ
F w u o Qo w Q1u1 cos
But Qo Q1

F mo (u1 cos uo )
- By applying Bernoullis equation, and taking z = 0 ,
u0 u1

Procedure
1- The apparatus is first leveled .
2- A nominal mass is placed on the weight pan , then allowed the
water to flow by operating the control valve on the bench ,and
switch on the pump.
3- Adjust the flow rate until the weight pan is adjacent to the level
gauge.
4- Take the reading of volume and time to find the flow rate .
5- Write how much the mass on the weight pan .
6- Repeat with additional masse on the weight pan .
7- Repeat the above procedure by using 120 target and
hemispherical target .
8- Close the control valve and switch off the pump .

Results & Calculations

Nozzle diameter , d = 8 mm.
Nozzle area = 50.3 mm 2 = 50.3 106 m2.
Density of water = 1000 kg/m 3 .

The results & calculations are shown in the following

tables
 Tables of Results

Water
Reading
volume Time Weight
# Plate
collected ( sec.) (g)
(m3)
1 0.005 23.98 30

Hemispherical Plate 120 - plate Flat Plate

2 0.005 21.78 40
3 0.005 21.27 50
4 0.005 20.50 60
5 0.005 19.30 70
6 0.005 18.74 80
1 0.005 53.20 40
2 0.005 32.40 60
3 0.005 25.25 80
4 0.005 22.62 100
5 0.005 22.30 120
6 0.005 20.30 140
1 0.005 1:03.22 50
2 0.005 42.30 70
3 0.005 33.14 100
4 0.005 26.34 120
5 0.005 22.80 150

6 0.005 21.31 180

Table # 1
 Calculatio
ns

Flow Rate Mass flow Velocity of

Readin Q rate =Q water Force due Force
g# ( m3 /sec.) Plate
uo=Q/A
*10 - 4 ( kg/sec.) ( m/sec. )
1 1.082 0.1082 2.151 0.233 0.294
2 1.436 0.1436 2.855 0.410 0.392

Flat Plate
3 1.638 0.1638 3.256 0.533 0.491
4 1.711 0.1711 3.402 0.582 0.589
5 2.005 0.2005 3.986 0.799 0.687
6 1.814 0.1814 3.606 0.654 0.785
7 2.041 0.2041 4.058 0.828 0.981
8 2.415 0.2415 4.801 1.159 1.177
1 1.160 0.1160 2.306 0.401 0.392
2 1.431 0.1431 2.845 0.611 0.589

120 - plate
3 1.552 0.1552 3.085 0.719 0.785
4 1.909 0.1909 3.795 1.086 0.981
5 2.005 0.2005 3.986 1.199 1.177
6 2.260 0.2260 4.493 1.523 1.373
7 2.300 0.2300 4.573 1.578 1.570
8 2.432 0.2432 4.835 1.764 1.766
1 0.798 0.0798 1.586 0.254 0.490
Plate Hemispherical

2 1.154 0.1154 2.294 0.530 0.687

3 1.416 0.1416 2.815 0.798 0.981
4 1.716 0.1716 3.412 1.170 1.177
5 1.963 0.1963 3.903 1.532 1.472
6 2.203 0.2203 4.380 1.930 1.766
7 2.232 0.2232 4.437 1.980 1.962
8 2.355 0.2355 4.682 2.206 2.158

Table # 2
Sample of Calculations

For the flat Plate:

Q V 0.005 1.082 104 m3 / sec . .

t 46.23

m Q 1000 1.082 10 4 0.1082kg / sec .

4
u0 Q (1.082 10 ) 2.151m / sec .
A (50.3 10 6 )

Force due to Momentum:

F mu0 0.1082 2.151 0.233N .

Force due to Gravity:

F mg 0.03 9.81 0.294 N

The same procedure for the 120-plate and the hmispherical

plate ,the difference is with the value of the force due to
momentum which is:

- For the 120-plate F = 1.5(m. uo ) .

- For the Hemispherical plate F = 2(m. uo ) .

Discussion
 From the results shown , and from the theoritical aspect of this
experiment, it is seen that the force of momentum is affected greatly by
the shape of the plate , take for example the value of the momentum
force for the same mass, 100 g , the results shows that for the flat
plate the value of momentum force is 0.828 N, and for the 120- plate
it is 1.086 N, and for the hemispherical plate it is 0.798 N .It is clear
that this difference is due to the shape of the plate.
There is a difference between the values of the momemntum force and
the values of the values of the gravitational force , although the theory
says that they should be the same. This difference may be due to the
errors which happened during the test , these errors include :
- Apparatus errors , thats in the pump, the scale of the
device ,and in the scale of the level gauge.
- Personal errors , and these errors may have occurred
during the process of measuring time,or when trying to
level the weights .
- Errors that came as a results of the assumption that were
made before going in the calculation process, these
assumption include : Neglecting the weight of the water
and the weight of the plate , and neglecting the elevation
head .

Conclusion

From the results shown, and from the above discussion ,

some impressions and conclusions may be said:

When a Jet of water - or any fluid is subjected on a surface,

the impact of this jet is affected greatly by the shape of this
surface.
This effect is due to the reflecting angle that this surface will
make , and the impact of the jet - in terms of force will
increase by the increase of the reflecting angle .
Figures
Flat Plate
G ra v ita tio n a l F o rc e

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Momentum Force

120-Plate
G rav itatio n al F o rc e

0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

Momentum Force

Hemispherical Plate
G ra v ita tio n a l F o rc e

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Momentum Force
References

Fluid Mechaninc and Hydraulic Laboratoy Manual.

Fluid Mechanics for Engineers .