CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Energy and Chemical Change

Section 15.1 Energy 6. Challenge A 4.50-g nugget of pure gold

pages 516522 absorbed 276 J of heat. The initial temperature
was 25.0C. What was the final temperature?
Practice Problems q  c  m  T
pages 519521
1. A fruit and oatmeal bar contains 142 nutritional T  _q
cm
 __  475C
(276 J)
(0.129 J/gC)(4.50 g)
Calories. Convert this energy to calories.
T  Tf  Ti  Tf  25.0C  475C
142 Calories  142 kcal
Tf  5.00  102C
142 kcal  _
1000 cal
 142,000 cal
1 kcal
Section 15.1 Assessment
2. An exothermic reaction releases 86.5 kJ. How page 522
many kilocalories of energy are released? 7. Explain how energy changes from one form to
86.5 kJ  _  20.7 kcal
1 kcal another in an exothermic reaction. In an endo-
4.184 kJ thermic reaction.
3. Challenge Define a new energy unit, named Chemical potential energy changes to heat in
after yourself, with a magnitude of one-tenth exothermic reactions and the heat is released.
of a calorie. What conversion factors relate this In endothermic reactions, heat is absorbed and
changed to chemical potential energy.
new unit to joules? To Calories?
Unit X  0.1 cal 8. Distinguish between kinetic and potential
1 cal  4.184 J
energy in the following examples: two sepa-
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

rated magnets; an avalanche of snow; books on

X  (0.1 cal)(4.184 J/cal)  0.4184 J
1 cal  0.001 Calorie
X  (0.1 cal)(1 Cal/1000 cal)  0.0001 Calorie
4. If the temperature of 34.4 g of ethanol increases
from 25.0C to 78.8C, how much heat has been
absorbed by the ethanol? Refer to Table 15.2.
q  c  m  T
q  2.44 J/(g C)  34.4 g  53.8C  4.52  103 J
5. A 155-g sample of an unknown substance was
heated from 25.0C to 40.0C. In the process,
the substance absorbed 5696 J of energy. What
is the specific heat of the substance? Identify
the substance among those listed in Table 15.2
on page 520.
q  c  m  T
c _
q
 ___  2.45 J/(gC)
(5696 J)
mT (155 g)(40.0  25.0C)
The specific heat is very close to the value for
ethanol.
library shelves; a mountain stream; a stock-car
race; separation of charge in a battery.
Two separated magnets illustrate potential
energy. In a snow avalanche, positional potential
energy is changing to kinetic energy. Books on
a shelf illustrate positional potential energy. As
water races down a mountain stream, positional
potential energy is changing to kinetic energy.
In a stock-car race, chemical potential energy is
being changed to kinetic energy. The separation
of charge in a battery illustrates electrical
potential energy.
9. Explain how the light and heat of a burning
candle are related to chemical potential energy.
Chemical potential energy, contained in the
candle, is changed to energy in the form of light
and heat and released as the chemical combustion
reaction takes place.

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 CHAPTER 15
10. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed when
5.50 g of aluminum is heated from 25.0C to
95.0C. The specific heat of aluminum is
0.897 J/(g-C).
q  cmT
q  (0.897 J/(gC))(5.50 g)(95.0C  25.0C)
q  345 J
11. Interpret Data Equal masses of aluminum,
gold, iron, and silver were left to sit in the Sun
at the same time and for the same length of
time. Use Table 15.2 on page 520 to arrange
the four metals according to the increase in their
temperatures from largest increase to smallest.
The temperature change is inversely proportional
to the specific heat: aluminum, iron, silver, gold.
Section 15.2 Heat
pages 525528
Practice Problems
page 525
12. A 90.0-g sample of an unknown metal absorbed
25.6 J of heat as its temperature increased
1.18C. What is the specific heat of the metal?
q  c  m  T
25.6 J  c  90.0 g  1.18C
c  0.241 J/(gC)
13. The temperature of a sample of water increases
from 20.0C to 46.6C as it absorbs 5650 J of
heat. What is the mass of the sample?
q  c  m  T
5650 J  4.184 J/(gC)  m  26.6C
m  50.8 g
14. How much heat is absorbed by a 2.00  103g
granite boulder (cgranite  0.803 J/(gC)) as its
temperature changes from 10.0C to 29.0C?
q  c  m  T
q  0.803 J/(gC)  2.00  103 g  19.0C
q  30,500 J
298 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
15. Challenge If 335 g of water at 65.5C loses
9750 J of heat, what is the final temperature of
the water?
q  c  m  T  c  m  (Tf  Ti )
Tf  _q
cm
T i
Tf  ___
9750 J  65.5C
(4.184 J/(gC))(335 g)
Tf  58.5C
Section 15.2 Assessment
page 528
16. Describe how you would calculate the amount
of heat absorbed or released by a substance
when its temperature changes.
The heat absorbed or released equals the specific
heat of the substance times its mass times its
change in temperature.
17. Explain why H for an exothermic reaction
has a negative value.
Hrxn  Hproducts  Hreactants
and Hproducts < Hreactants
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
18. Explain why a measured volume of water is an
essential part of a calorimeter.
The water absorbs the energy released. The heat
released equals the mass of water multiplied by
the change in temperature and by the specific heat.
19. Explain why you need to know the specific
heat of a substance in order to calculate how
much heat is gained or lost by the substance as
a result of a temperature change.
The specific heat of a substance tells you the
number of joules that are lost or gained for every
degree change in temperature and for every gram
of the substance.
20. Describe what the system means in thermody-
namics, and explain how the system is related
to the surroundings and the universe.
The system is the particular part of the universe
that contains the reaction or process that is being
studied. The surroundings are everything in the
universe except the system. Thus the universe is
the system and its surroundings.
Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

21. Calculate the specific heat in J/(gC) of an
unknown substance if a 2.50g sample releases
12.0 cal as its temperature changes from
25.0C to 20.0C.
q  cmT
c _
q
 __  4.02 J/(gC)
(12 cal)(4.184 J/cal)
mT (2.50 g)(5.0C)
22. Design an Experiment Describe a procedure
you could follow to determine the specific heat
of a 45-g piece of metal.
Put a known mass of water into a calorimeter
and measure its temperature. Heat a 45-g metal
sample to 100C in boiling water. Put the heated
metal sample into the water in the calorimeter
and wait until the temperature of the water is
constant. Measure the final temperature of the
water. Assume no heat is lost to the surroundings.
Calculate the specific heat of the metal by
equating the quantity of heat gained by the
water to the quantity of heat lost by the metal.
Section 15.3 Thermochemical
Equations
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Analyze each of the five regions of the graph,
which are distinguished by an abrupt change
in slope. Indicate how the absorption of heat
changes the energy (kinetic and potential) of the
water molecules.
From 20C to 0.0C, the water molecules in ice
gain kinetic energy as shown by the temperature
rise. While the temperature remains at 0.0C, the
water molecules gain potential energy as the ice
melts to liquid water in an endothermic process.
As the temperature rises from 0.0C to 100C, the
water molecules again gain kinetic energy. At
100C, the water molecules gain potential energy
in an endothermic process as they evaporate to
water vapor.
2. Calculate the amount of heat required to pass
through each region of the graph (180 g H2O 
10 mol H2O, Hfus  6.01 kJ/mol, Hvap 
40.7 kJ/mol, c  4.184 J/(g-C)). How does the
length of time needed to pass through each region
relate to the amount of heat absorbed?
The more heat required, the longer the time in
the region.
For the region 20C to 0.0C, use the equation:
q  c  m  T

pages 529533
q  4.184 J/(gC)  180 g  20C 
Problem-Solving Lab 1.5  104 J or 15 kJ
page 531 For the region at 0.0C, Hfus  6.01 kJ/mol

Time and Temperature Data for Water Heat absorbed  6.01 kJ/mol  10 mol  60 kJ

Time Temperature Time Temperature For the region 0.0C to 100C, use the equation:
(mm) (C) (mm) (C) q  c  m  T
0.0 20 13.0 100 q  4.184 J/(gC)  180 g  100C  7.5  10 4J
1.0 0 14.0 100 or 75 kJ
2.0 0 15.0 100 For the region at 100C, Hvap  40.7 kJ/mol
3.0 9 16.0 100
Heat absorbed  40.7 kJ/mol  10 mol  410 kJ
4.0 26 17.0 100
5.0 42 18.0 100
6.0 58 19.0 100
7.0 71 20.0 100
8.0 83 21.0 100
9.0 92 22.0 100
10.0 98 23.0 100
11.0 100 24.0 100
12.0 100 25.0 100

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 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

3. Infer What would the heating curve of ethanol C2H5OH(l)  3O2(g) 0 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
look like? Ethanol melts at 114C and boils Hcomb  1367
at 78C. Sketch ethanols curve from 120C
to 90C. What factors determine the lengths of 27. Determine Which of the following processes
the flat regions of the graph and the slope of the are exothermic? Endothermic?
curve between the flat regions? a. C2H5OH(l) 0 C2H5OH(g)
From 120C to 114C the curve rises linearly. b. Br2(l) 0 Br2(s)
At 114C it becomes horizontal for a time and
then rises linearly again until it reach 78C where c. C5H12(g)  8O2(g) 0 5CO2(g)  6H2O(l)
it becomes horizontal again. After a time the
curve rises again to 90C. The lengths of the flat d. NH3(g) 0 NH3(l)
regions depend on the amount of ethanol being
heated and the amount of heat being added with e. NaCl(s) 0 NaCl(l)
time. Those factors and the specific heat of the Reactions b, c, and d are exothermic. Reactions
substance determine the slope of the upward a and e are endothermic.
curve between the flat regions.
28. Explain how you could calculate the heat
Practice Problems released in freezing 0.250 mol water.
page 532 multiply 0.250 mol times the molar heat of fusion
23. Calculate the heat required to melt 25.7 g of of water, 6.01 kJ/mol.
solid methanol at its melting point. Refer to 29. Calculate How much heat is liberated by the
Table 15.4. combustion of 206 g of hydrogen gas? Hcomb
25.7 g CH3OH  __  __
1 mol CH3OH
3.22 kJ  286 kJ/mol
32.04 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH The molar mass of hydrogen is 2.01 g/mol.
 2.58 kJ
_
1 mol
 _  29,300 kJ
286 kJ

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

206 g 
24. How much heat evolves when 275 g of 2.01 g 1 mol
ammonia gas condenses to a liquid at its boiling
30. Apply The molar heat of vaporization of
point?
ammonia is 23.3 kJ/mol. What is the molar heat
 __  _  376 kJ
1 mol NH 23.3 kJ
3 of condensation of ammonia?
275 g NH3
17.03 g NH3 1 mol NH3
23.3 kJ/mol
25. Challenge What mass of methane (CH4) must
be burned in order to liberate 12,880 kJ of heat? A
Refer to Table 15.3 on page 529.
Enthalpy

__ H
_
1 mol CH 4891 kJ
12,880 kJ  m 
16.04 g CH4 1 mol CH4

m  12,880 kJ  __
16.04 g CH4
_
1 mol CH 4 C
1 mol CH4 891 kJ
m  232 g CH4
31. Interpreting Scientific Illustrations The
reaction A 0 C is shown in the enthalpy
diagram at right. Is the reaction exothermic or
Section 15.3 Assessment endothermic? Explain your answer.
page 533
The reaction is exothermic because the product
26. Write a complete thermochemical equation for (C) has a lower enthalpy than the reactant (A).
the combustion of ethanol (C2H5OH) (Hcomb
 1367 kJ/mol).

300 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Practice Problems 34. Show how the sum of enthalpy of formation

pages 537541 equations produces each of the following reac-
32. Use Equations a and b to determine H for the tions. You do not need to look up and include
following reaction. H values.
a. 2NO(g)  O2(g) 0 2NO2(g)
2CO(g)  2NO(g) 0 2CO2(g)  N2(g) H  ?
Formation of NO: N2  O2 0 2NO
a. 2CO(g)  O2(g) 0 2CO2(g) H  566.0 kJ
Formation of NO2: N2  2O2 0 2NO2
b. N2(g)  O2(g) 0 2NO(g) H  180.6 kJ
NO is a reactant in the problem, so add the
Add the first equation to the second equation reversed NO formation equation to the NO2
reversed. formation equation:
2CO(g)  O2(g) 0 2CO2(g) H  566.0 kJ 2NO  N2  2O2 0 N2  O2  2NO2
2NO(g) 0 N2(g)  O2(g) H  180.6 kJ 2NO  O2 0 2NO2
2CO(g)  2NO(g) 0 2CO2(g)
 N2(g) H  385.4 kJ b. SO3(g)  H2O(l) 0 H2SO4(l)
H2(g)  S(s)  2O2(g) 0 H2SO4(l)
33. Challenge for H for the following reaction is
1789 kJ. Use this and reaction a to determine SO3(g) _
0 S(s)  3 O2(g)
H for Reaction b. 2

4Al(s)  3MnO2(s) 0 2Al2O3(s)  3Mn(s) H2O(l) _

0 H2(g)  1 O2(g)
2
H  1789 kJ
SO3(g)  H2O(l) 0 H2SO4(l)
a. 4Al(s)  3O2(g) 0 2Al2O3(s) H
 3352 kJ 35. Use standard enthalpies of formation from
a. 4Al(s)  3O2(g) 0 2Al2O3(s) H  3352 kJ Table R-11 on page 975, to calculate Hrxn
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

for the following reaction.

b. Mn(s)  O2(g) 0 MnO2(s) H  ?
4NH3(g)  7O2 (g) 0 4NO2(g)  6H2O(l)
b. Mn(s)  O2(g) 0 MnO2(s) H  x kJ
Hrxn  [4Hf(NO2)  6Hf(H2O)]  4Hf(NO3)
Let x  H for equation b.
Hrxn  [4(33.18 kJ)  6(285.83 kJ)]
Add the Equation a to Equation b reversed
4(46.11) kJ Hrxn  1398 kJ
and tripled.

4Al(s)  3O2(g) 0 2Al2O3(s) H  3352 kJ 36. Determine Hcomb butanoic acid,

C3H7COOH(l)  5O2(g) 0 4CO2(g) 
3MnO2(s) 0 3Mn(s)  3O2(g) H  3x kJ
4H2O(l). Use data in Table R-11 on page 975
4Al(s)  3MnO2(s) 0 2Al2O3(s)  3Mn(s) and the following equation.
H  3352 3x kJ
4C(s)  4H2(g)  O2(g) 0 C3H7COOH(l) H
3352  3x kJ  1789 kJ
 534 kJ
Because the direction of Equation b was
Hcomb  [4Hf(H2O)  4Hf(CO2)]
changed, H for equation b  x 
Hf(C3H7COOH)
__
3352  1789
 521 kJ
3 Hcomb  [4(286 kJ  4(394 kJ)]  (534 kJ)

Hcomb  2186 kJ

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 301

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

37. Challenge Two enthalpy of formation equa-
tions, a and b, combine to form the equation for
the reaction of nitrogen oxide and oxygen. The
product of the reaction is nitrogen dioxide:
1 _
NO(g)  O2(g) 0 NO2(g) Hrxn
2 40. Describe how the elements in their standard
 58.1 kJ
a. _1 N (g)  _1 O (g) 0 NO(g) H  91.3 kJ
2 2
2 2
The enthalpy of the reaction under standard
conditions (1 atm and 298 K) equals the sum
of the standard enthalpies of formation of
the products minus the sum of the standard
enthalpies of formation of the reactants.
states are defined on the scale of standard
enthalpies of formations.
f Elements in their standard states are assigned
enthalpies of formation of zero.

b. _1 N (g)  O (g) 0 NO (g) H  ?

2 2 2 f 41. Examine the data in Table 15.5 on page 538.
2
What conclusion can you draw about the
What is Hf for equation b? stabilities of the compounds listed relative to
Reverse equation. a and change the sign of
the elements in their standard states? Recall that
Hf to obtain equation c: low energy is associated with stability.

_ _
c. NO(g) 0 1 N2(g)  1 O2(g) Hf  91.3 kJ
All compounds listed in Table 15.5 are more stable
than their constituent elements.
2 2
Add equations b and c: 42. Calculate Use Hesss law to determine H for
_1 O (g) 0 NO (g) the reaction NO(g)  O(g) 0 NO2(g) H  ?
NO(g)  2 2 given the following reactions. Show your work.
2
Hrxn  58.1 kJ  Hf (c)  Hf (b) a. O2(g) 0 2O(g) H  495 kJ

58.1 kJ  91.3 kJ  Hf (b) b. 2O3(g) 0 3O2(g) H 427 kJ

Hf (b)  58.1 kJ  91.3 kJ  33.2 kJ c. NO(g)  O3(g) 0 NO2(g)  O2(g) H

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

 199 kJ
Section 15.4 Assessment Multiply c by 2:
page 541
2NO(g)  2O3(g) 0 2NO2(g)  2O2(g) H
38. Explain what is meant by Hesss law and how
 2(199 kJ)  398 kJ
it is used to determine Hrxn.
Reverse b and change the sign of H:
Hesss law says that if two or more equations 3O2(g) 0 2O3(g) H  427 kJ
add up to an overall equation, the Hrxn of the
Reverse a and change the sign of H:
overall equation is the sum of the Hrxn values
2O(g) 0 O2(g) H  495 kJ
of the equations that were combined. The Hrxn
of a reaction can be determined by choosing Add the three equations and their H values:
equations that contain the species in the overall 2NO(g)  2O(g) 0 2NO2(g) H  466 kJ
equation, reversing the equations if necessary,
This is the equation and H for 2 moles of NO
and multiplying them and their Hrxn values by
reacting. Divide the equation and H by 2:
whatever factors are necessary. Then add the
Hrxn values to obtain the value for the overall NO(g)  O(g) 0 NO2(g) H  233 kJ
equation.

39. Explain in words the formula that can be used

to determine Hrxn when using Hesss law.
Hrxn  Hf (products)  Hf (reactants)

302 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

43. Interpret Scientific Illustrations Use the
data below to draw a diagram of standard heats
of formation similar to Figure 15.15 on
page 538, and use your diagram to determine
the heat of vaporization of water at 298 K.
Liquid water: Hf  285.8 kJ/mol
Gaseous water: Hf  241.8 kJ/mol
45. Challenge Comment on the sign of Ssystem
Students diagrams will show a line representing
liquid water at 285.8 kJ/mol below 0.0 kJ and
a line representing gaseous water 241.8 kJ/mol
below 0.0 kJ. The heat of vaporization is the
energy difference between the two lines or
241.8 kJ (285.8 kJ)  44.0 kJ
Ssystem is positive because the systems
entropy increases. Entropy increases when a
solid or liquid dissolves to form a solution.
d. C10H8(l) 0 C10H8(s)
Ssystem is negative because the systems
entropy decreases. Solid particles have less
freedom to move around than liquid particles.
for the following reaction.
Fe(s)  Zn2(aq) 0 Fe2(aq)  Zn(s)
The states of the two reactants are the same on
both sides of the equation, so it is impossible from
the equation alone to predict the sign of Ssystem.

46. Determine whether each of the following reac-

0
tions is spontaneous.
a. Hsystem  75.9 kJ, T  273 K,
Hf (kJ/mol)

Ssystem  138 J/K

241.8 H2O (g)
Ssystem  138 J/K  0.138 kJ/K
Hvap  44 kJ/mol
Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem
285.8 H2O (l) Gsystem  75.9 kJ  (273 K)(0.138 kJ/K)
Gsystem  75.9 kJ  37.7 kJ   114 kJ
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Hvap  44.0 kJ/mol

spontaneous reaction

b. Hsystem  27.6 kJ, T  535 K,

Section 15.5 Reaction Ssystem  55.2 J/K
Spontaneity Ssystem  55.2 J/K  0.0552 kJ/K
pages 542548
Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem
Practice Problems Gsystem  27.6 kJ  (535 K)(0.0552 kJ/K)
pages 545548
44. Predict the sign of Ssystem for each of the Gsystem  27.6 kJ  29.5 kJ  1.9 kJ
following changes. nonspontaneous reaction
a. ClF(g)  F2(g) 0 ClF3(g)
c. Hsystem  365 kJ, T  388 K,
Ssystem is negative because the systems
Ssystem  55.2 J/K
entropy decreases. There are more gaseous
reactant particles than product particles. Ssystem  55.2 J/K  0.0552 kJ/K
b. NH3(g) 0 NH3(aq) Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem
Ssystem is negative because the systems Gsystem  365 kJ  (388 K)(0.0552 kJ/K)
entropy decreases. Aqueous particles have less
Gsystem  365 kJ  21.4 kJ  386 kJ
freedom to move around.
nonspontaneous reaction
c. CH3OH(l) 0 CH3OH(aq)

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 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

d. Hsystem  452 kJ, T  165 K, The systems entropy increases. The system
Ssystem  55.7 J/K consists of the sugar and tea. Randomness or
disorder increases as sugar molecules, which were
Ssystem  55.7 J/K  0.0557 kJ originally locked into position in the solid structure
Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem of the sugar cube, disperse throughout the tea.

Gsystem  452 kJ  (165 K)(0.0557 kJ/K) 51. Determine whether the system Hsystem 
20.5 kJ, T  298 K, and Ssystem  35.0
Gsystem  452 kJ  9.19 kJ  443 kJ
J/K is spontaneous or nonspontaneous.
nonspontaneous reaction Ssystem  35.0 J/K  0.0350 kJ/K
47. Challenge Given Hsystem  144 kJ and Gsystem  20.5 kJ  (298 K)(0.0350 kJ/K) 
Ssystem  36.8 J/K for a reaction, determine 10.1 kJ
the lowest temperature in kelvins at which the
The system is spontaneous.
reaction would be spontaneous.
Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem 52. Outline Use the blue and red headings to
outline the section. Under each heading,
For the reaction to be spontaneous:
summarize the important ideas discussed.
Gsystem < 0: Hsystem  TSsystem < 0
Students outlines chould include all important
T>_
H system ideas expressed in the Section Summary.
Ssystem

T> ___
144 kJ Writing in Chemistry
(36.8 J/K)(1 kJ/1000 J) page 549
T > 3910 K Write thermochemical equations for the
At any temperature above 3910 K, the reaction is complete combustion of 1 mol octane (C8H18),
spontaneous. a component of gasoline, and 1 mol ethanol

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

(Hcomb of C8H18  5471 kJ/mol; Hcomb
of C2H5OH  1367 kJ/mol). Which releases
Section 15.5 Assessment the greater amount of energy per mole of fuel?
page 548
Which releases more energy per kilogram of
48. Compare and contrast spontaneous and fuel? Discuss the significance of your findings.
nonspontaneous reactions.
C2H5OH(l)  3O2(g) 0 2CO2(g)  3H2O(l) Hcomb
A reaction occurs spontaneously only when the  1367 kJ/mol
temperature, entropy change within the system,
and energy exchanged between the system and C8H18(l)  25/2O2(g) 0 8CO2(g)  9H2O(l) Hcomb
surroundings cause the entropy of the universe to  5471 kJ/mol
increase. Octane releases the greater amount of energy
per mol.
49. Describe how a systems entropy changes if
the system becomes more disordered during a 1 mol of ethanol  46.07 g/mol
process. 1 mol of octane  114.23 g/mol
The systems entropy increases. _
1367 kJ
_
1 mol  _
1000 g
1 mol 46.07 g 1 kg
50. Decide Does the entropy of a system increase  29,670 kJ/kg ethanol
or decrease when you dissolve a cube of sugar
in a cup of tea? Define the system, and explain _
 5471 kJ
__
1 mol 1000 g
your answer. 1 mol 114.23 g 1 kg
 47,890 kJ/kg octane

Octane is the better fuel based on the mass burned.

304 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Chapter 15 Assessment 60. Ethanol has a specific heat of 2.44 J/(gC).

pages 552555 What does this mean?
It means that 2.44 J is required to raise the
Mastering Concepts temperature of one gram of ethanol by one
53. Compare and contrast temperature and heat. degree Celsius.

Heat is a form of energy that flows from a 61. Explain how the amount of energy required to
warmer object to a cooler object. Temperature is raise the temperature of an object is determined.
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles in a sample of matter. The amount of energy required equals the
product of the objects specific heat, its mass, and
54. How does the chemical potential energy of a its change in temperature.
system change during an endothermic reaction?
It increases. Mastering Problems
62. Nutrition A food item contains 124 nutri-
55. Describe a situation that illustrates potential
tional Calories. How many calories does the
energy changing to kinetic energy.
food item contain?
Student answers will vary. A typical answer is:
During an avalanche, the potential energy of 124 Calories  __
1000 calories
 124,000 calories
1 Calorie
snow at a higher altitude is converted to kinetic
energy as the snow cascades down a mountain.
63. How many joules are absorbed in a process that
56. Cars How is the energy in gasoline converted absorbs 0.5720 kcal?
and released when it burns in an automobile 0.5720 kcal  _
1000 cal
 _  2,393 J
4.184 J
engine? 1 kcal cal

Some is converted to work to move pistons in the 64. Transportation Ethanol is being used as an
engine; much is released as heat.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

additive to gasoline. The combustion of 1 mol

57. Nutrition How does the nutritional Calorie of ethanol releases 1367 kJ of energy. How
compare with the calorie? What is the relation- many Calories are released?
ship between the Calorie and a kilocalorie? 1367 kJ  _
1000 J
__
1 cal 1 Calorie
1 kJ 4.184 J 1000 cal
One nutritional Calorie equals 1000 calories.
 327 Calories
One nutritional Calorie equals 1 kilocalorie.
65. To vaporize 2.00 g of ammonia 656 calories are
58. What quantity has the units J/(gC)? required. How many kilojoules are required to
specific heat vaporize the same mass of ammonia?

59. Describe what might happen when the air above 656 cal  _
4.184 J
 _  2.74 kJ
1 kJ
1 cal 1000 J
the surface of a lake is colder than the water.
66. The combustion of one mole of ethanol releases
If the air is cool enough, water vapor from the
lake might condense and form fog. Heat will be
326.7 Calories of energy. How many kilojoules
transferred from the warmer water to the cooler are released?
air. The air immediately above the water will be
326.7 Cal  _
1000 cal
 _  _  1367 kJ
4.184 J 1 kJ
slightly warmer than the surrounding air, and the 1 Cal 1 cal 1000 J
fog might appear to rise off the lake somewhat
like steam.

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 305

 CHAPTER 15
67. Metallurgy A 25.0g bolt made of an alloy
absorbed 250 joules of heat as its temperature
changed from 25.0C to 78.0C. What is the
specific heat of the alloy?
T  78.0C 25.0C  53.0C
c _
q
 __
250 J
m  T 25.0 g  53.0C
c  0.189 J/gC
Section 15.2
Mastering Concepts
68. Why is a foam cup used in a student calorim-
eter rather than a typical glass beaker?
The foam cup is better insulated than a glass
beaker, so that a minimal amount of heat is
transferred into or out of the calorimeter.
69. Is the reaction shown in Figure 15.23 endo-
thermic or exothermic? How do you know?
Products
Enthalpy
H = 233 kJ
Reactants
The reaction is endothermic because the enthalpy
of the products is 233 kJ higher than the enthalpy
of the reactants.
70. Give two examples of chemical systems and
define the universe in terms of those examples.
universe  system  surroundings
Student answers will vary. One example:
universe  my body (the system)  everything
else (the surroundings);
another example: a beaker in which a reaction
is going on (the system)  everything else (the
surroundings)
306 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
71. Under what condition is the heat (q) evolved
or absorbed in a chemical reaction equal to a
change in enthalpy (H)?
when the reaction is carried out at constant
pressure
72. The enthalpy change for a reaction, H, is
negative. What does this indicate about the
chemical potential energy of the system before
and after the reaction?
The systems chemical potential energy is less
after the reaction than before the reaction.
73. What is the sign of H for an exothermic
reaction? An endothermic reaction?
H is negative for an exothermic reaction and
positive for an endothermic reaction.
Mastering Problems
74. How many joules of heat are lost by 3580 kg
granite as it cools from 41.2C to 12.9C?
The specific heat of granite is 0.803 J/(gC).
T  41.2C  (12.9C)  54.1C
qgranite  [0.803 J/(gC)](3.58  106 g)(54.1C)
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
qgranite  1.56  108 J
75. Swimming Pool A swimming pool
measuring 20.0 m  12.5 m is filled with water
to a depth of 3.75 m. If the initial temperature
is 18.4C, how much heat must be added to
the water to raise its temperature to 29.0C?
Assume that the density of water is 1.000 g/mL.
Change the dimensions of the pools water from
meters to centimeters.
20.0 m  2.00  103 cm; 12.5 m  1.25  103 cm;
3.75 m  3.75  102 cm
volume of water  (2.00  103 cm)(1.25  103 cm)
(3.75  102 cm)  9.38  108 cm3
 9.38  108 mL
mass of water  (9.38  108 mL)(1.000 g/mL)
 9.38  108 g
q  c  m  T
T  (29.0C  18.4C)  10.6C
q  [4.184 J/(gC)](9.38  108 g)(10.6C)
 4.16  1010 J
Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

76. How much heat is absorbed by a 44.7-g piece of
lead when its temperature increases by 65.4C?
q  c  m  T
q  0.129 J/(gC)  44.7 g  65.4C  377 J
77. Food Preparation When 10.2 g of canola oil
at 25.0C is placed in a wok, 3.34 kJ of heat is
required to heat it to a temperature of 196.4C.
What is the specific heat of canola oil?
80. The molar enthalpy of fusion of methanol is
3.22 kJ/mol. What does this mean?
It means that 3.22 kJ of energy is required to melt
one mole of methanol.
81. Explain how perspiration can help cool your
body.
Your body is cooled as it supplies the heat
required to vaporize water from your skin.

3.34 kJ  _
1000 J
 3340 J 82. Write the thermochemical equation for the
1 kJ combustion of methane. Refer to Table 15.3.
T  Tf  Ti  196.4C  25.0C  171.4C CH4(g)  2O2(g) 0 CO2(g)  2H2O(l) H  891 kJ
q  c  m  T

c _
q
 __  1.91 J/(gC)
3340 J Mastering Problems
m  T 10.2 g  171.4C 83. Use information from Figure 15.24 to calculate
78. Alloys When a 58.8g piece of hot alloy is
how much heat is required to vaporize 4.33 mol
placed in 125 g of cold water in a calorimeter, of water at 100C?
the temperature of the alloy decreases by 106.1C Phase Changes for Water
while the temperature of the water increases by
10.5C. What is the specific heat of the alloy? H2O(g)
q  c  m  T; qwater  qalloy

4.184 J/(gC)  125 g  10.5C Hvap = +40.7 kJ

 calloy  58.8 g  106.1C
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

___
Enthalpy

(4.184 J/gC)(125 g)(10.5C)

calloy 
(58.8 g)(106.1C) Hcond = -40.7 kJ
calloy  0.880 J/(gC)

H2O(l)
Section 15.3
Hfus = +6.01 kJ
Mastering Concepts
Hsolid = -6.01 kJ
79. Write the sign of Hsystem for each of the
following changes in physical state. H2O(s)

a. C2H5OH(s) 0 C2H5OH(l) q  mol  Hvap

Hsystem is positive. q  4.33 mol  40.7 kJ/mol  176 kJ

b. H2O(g) 0 H2O(l) 84. Agriculture Water is sprayed on oranges

during a frosty night. If an average of 11.8 g of
Hsystem is negative. water freezes on each orange, how much heat is
c. CH3OH(l) 0 CH3OH(g) released?

Hsystem is positive. 11.8 g H2O  __

1 mole H O 2
 0.656 mol H O
2
18.0 g
d. NH3(l) 0 NH3(s) q  mol  Hsolid
Hsystem is negative.
q  0.656 mol  (6.01 kJ/mol)  3.94 kJ

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 307

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

85. Grilling What mass of propane (C3H8) must be 90. How does H for a thermochemical equation
burned in a barbecue grill to release 4560 kJ of change when the amounts of all substances are
heat? The Hcomb of propane is 2219 kJ/mol. tripled and the equation is reversed?
q  mol  Hcomb H is tripled, and its sign is changed.

moles of propane  __
4560 kJ
 2.055 mol
2219 kJ/mol 0.0 Al(s), Cl2(g)
2.055 mol C3H8  44.09 g C3H8/mol C3H8  90.60 g

Hf (kJ/mol)
86. Heating with Coal How much heat is liber-
ated when 5.00 kg of coal is burned if the
coal is 96.2% carbon by mass and the other
materials in the coal do not react in any way?
Hcomb of carbon  394 kJ/mol.
-704 AlCl3 (s)
 0.962  _
1000 g
mcarbon m coal
1 kg

 (5.00 kg)(0.962)( _
1000 g
)  4810 g
91. Use Figure 15.25 to write the thermochemical
equation for the formation of 1 mol of aluminum
1 kg
chloride (a solid in its standard state) from its
mol C  4810 g C  _
1 mol
 401 mol C constituent elements in their standard states.
12.0 g C
q  mol  Hcomb Al(s)  _3 Cl (g) 0 AlCl (s) H  704 kJ
2 3 f
2
q  401 mol C  (394 kJ/mol C)  158,000 kJ
Mastering Problems
87. How much heat is evolved when 1255 g of 92. Use standard enthalpies of formation from
water condenses to a liquid at 100C? Table R-11 on page 975 to calculate Hrxn

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1255 g  _
1 mol
 _  2830 kJ
40.7 kJ for the following reaction. P4O6(s)  2O2(g) 0
18.02 g 1 mol P4O10(s)

88. A sample of ammonia (Hsolid  5.66 kJ/mol)
liberates 5.66 kJ of heat as it solidifies at its
melting point. What is the mass of the sample?
Mass  mass of 1 mol ammonia  17.03 g
93. Use Hesss law and the following thermochem-
Section 15.4
Mastering Concepts
89. For a given compound, what does the standard
enthalpy of formation describe?
Standard enthalpy of formation describes the
change in enthalpy when one mole of the
compound in its standard state is formed from its
constituent elements in their standard states.
Hrxn  Hf (products)  Hf (reactants)
Hrxn  [1(2984.0 kJ)]  [1(1640.1 kJ)]
 1343.9 kJ
ical equations to produce the thermochemical
equation for the reaction C(s, diamond) 0 C(s,
graphite). What is H for the reaction?
a. C(s, graphite)  O2(g) 0 CO2(g) H
 394 kJ
b. C(s, diamond)  O2(g) 0 CO2(g) H
 396 kJ
Reverse Equation a, and add to Equation b.
CO2(g) 0 C(s, graphite)  O2(g) H  394 kJ

C(s, diamond)  O2(g) 0 CO2(g) H  396 kJ

C(s, diamond) 0 C(s, graphite). H  2 kJ

308 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

94. Use Hesss law and the changes in enthalpy for spontaneous (a negative value for Gsystem). On
the following two generic reactions to calculate the other hand, reaction b has fewer moles of
H for the reaction 2A  B2C3 0 2B  A2C3. gas on the products side, which means entropy
decreases as products form. But because Hsystem
What is H for the reaction?
is negative for this reaction, it will tend to be
2A  _3 C 2 0 A2C3 H  1874 kJ spontaneous at lower temperatures.
2
98. Explain how an exothermic reaction changes
2B  _3 C2 0 B2C3 H  285 kJ the entropy of the surroundings. Does the
2
enthalpy change for such a reaction increase or
Reverse the second equation and change the sign decrease Gsystem? Explain.
of its H value. Add the resulting equation to the
first equation. Add the H values. The resulting The heat released by an exothermic reaction
thermochemical equation is 2A  B2C3 0 2B  increases the entropy of the surroundings. Such
A2C3 H  1589 kJ a reaction decreases Gsystem because Hsystem is
negative in the equation Gsystem
 Hsystem  TSsystem.
Section 15.5
Mastering Concepts Mastering Problems
95. Under what conditions is an endothermic chem- 99. Calculate Gsystem for each process, and state if
ical reaction in which the entropy of the system the process is spontaneous or nonspontaneous.
increases likely to be spontaneous? a. Hsystem  145 kJ, T  293 K, Ssystem
Such a reaction is likely to be spontaneous only at  195 J/K
higher temperatures. Ssystem  195 J/K  0.195 kJ/K

96. Predict how the entropy of the system changes Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem
for the reaction CaCO3(s) 0 CaO(s)  CO2(g). Gsystem  145 kJ  (293K)(0.195 kJ/K)
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Explain.
 87.9 kJ
Because a gaseous product is formed, its likely
nonspontaneous
that the systems entropy increases.
b. Hsystem  232 kJ, T  273 K, Ssystem
97. Which of these reactions would one expect to
be spontaneous at relatively high temperatures?  138 J/K
At relatively low temperatures? Ssystem  0.138 kJ/K
a. 2NH3(g) 0 N2(g)  3H2(g) Gsystem  232 kJ  (273K)(0.138 kJ/K)
Hsystem  92 kJ
 270 kJ
b. 2NO2(g) 0 N2O4(g) spontaneous
Hsystem  58 kJ
c. Hsystem  15.9 kJ, T = 373 K, Ssystem
c. CaCO3(s) 0 CaO(s)  CO2(g)  268 J/K
Hsystem  178 kJ
Ssystem  268 J/K  0.268 kJ/K
For a spontaneous reaction, Gsystem must be
negative as calculated in the expression Gsystem Gsystem  15.9 kJ  (373K)(0.268 kJ/K)
 Hsystem  TSsystem. Reactions a and c both  84.1 kJ
have a positive Hsystem. However, both reactions
nonspontaneous
also have more moles of gaseous products
than gaseous reactants, which suggests that
entropy increases as products form. So, higher
temperatures will tend to make these reactions

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 309

 CHAPTER 15
100. Calculate the temperature at which Gsystem  0
if Hsystem  4.88 kJ and Ssystem  55.2 J/K.
Ssystem  55.2 J/K  0.0552 kJ/K
G  H  TS
Temperature (C)
0  4.88 kJ  T(0.055.2 kJ/K)
T __
4.88 kJ
 88.4 K
0.0552 kJ/K
101. For the change H2O(l) 0 H2O(g), G0system
is 8.557 kJ and H0system is 44.01 kJ, What is
S0system for the change?
G  H  TS
8.557 kJ  44.01 kJ  (298 K) S
__
S   8.557 kJ  44.01 kJ  0.119 kJ/K
298 K
102. Is the following reaction to convert copper(II)
sulfide to copper(II) sulfate spontaneous under
standard conditions? CuS(s)  2O2(g) 0
CuSO4(s). H0rxn   718.3 kJ, and S0rxn
 368 J/K. Explain.
G  H  TS
G  718.3 kJ  (298 K)(0.368 kJ/K); G
 609 kJ
Yes. The reaction is spontaneous under standard
conditions because G0rxn  609 kJ, and a
negative G0rxn indicates spontaneity.
103. Calculate the temperature at which
Gsystem  34.7 kJ if Hsystem  28.8 kJ
and Ssystem  22.2 J/K.
Gsystem  Hsystem  TSsystem
34.7 kJ  28.8 kJ  T (0.0222 kJ/K)
T  266 K
310 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
Mixed Review
Heating Curve for Water
4
100
3
2
0
1
104. Heat was added consistently to a sample of
water to produce the heating curve in
Figure 15.26. Identify what is happening in
Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the curve.
Section 1: The kinetic energy of the water (ice) is
increasing as the temperature rises.
Section 2: Potential energy is increasing as the
system absorbs energy in the process of melting.
Section 3: The kinetic energy of the water is
increasing as the temperature rises.
Section 4: Potential energy is increasing as
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the system absorbs energy in the process of
evaporating.
105. Bicycling Describe the energy conversions
that occur when a bicyclist coasts down a long
grade, then struggles to ascend a steep grade.
As the bicyclist coats down a long grade,
potential energy of position is converted to
kinetic energy of motion. As the bicycle and
rider ascend a steep grade, chemical potential
energy and kinetic energy are converted to
potential energy of position.
106. Hiking Imagine that on a cold day youre plan-
ning to take a thermos of hot soup with you on
a hike. Explain why you might fill the thermos
with hot water before filling it with hot soup.
The hot water will transfer energy to the
thermos in the form of heat, raising the
temperature of the thermos to nearly that of
the hot soup. Because the temperatures of the
thermos and soup are similar, the soup will lose
little heat to the thermos when placed inside.
Solutions Manual
 CHAPTER 15
107. Differentiate between the enthalpy of forma-
tion of H2O(l) and H2O(g). Why is it necessary
to specify the physical state of water in the
following thermochemical equation: CH4(g) 
2O2(g)  CO2(g)  2H2O(l or g) H = ?
Hf for H2O(l) and H2O(g) differ by
approximately the enthalpy of vaporization of
water. Because water in the liquid state has an
enthalpy of formation that differs from that of
water in the gaseous state, the enthalpy change
for the reaction depends upon the physical
states of all reactants and products.
Think Critically
108. Analyze each image in Figure 15.27 in terms
of potential energy of position, chemical
potential energy, kinetic energy, and heat.
By virtue of its position high on the mountain,
the snow has positional potential energy.
When the snow slides down the mountain, its
positional potential energy changes to kinetic
energy of motion.
Wood has chemical potential energy stored in its
bonds. This energy is being converted to heat,
light, and kinetic energy.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
109. Apply Phosphorous trichloride is a starting
material for the preparation of organic phos-
phorous compounds. Demonstrate how
thermochemical equations a and b may be
used to determine the enthalpy change for the
reaction described by the equation PCl3(l) 
Cl2(g) 0 PCl5(s).
a. P4(s)  6Cl2(g) 0 4PCl3(l) H 
1280 kJ
b. P4(s)  10Cl2(g) 0 4PCl5(s) H 
1774 kJ
Reverse equation a and divide it by 4, yielding
equation c.
Equation c: PCl3(l) 0 1/4P4(s)  6/4Cl2(g) H 
320 kJ
Divide equation b by 4, yielding equation d.
Equation d: 1/4P4(s)  10/4Cl2(g) 0 PCl5(s) H
 444 kJ
Add equations c and d and their H values.
PCl3(l)  Cl2(g) 0 PCl5(s) H  124 kJ
Solutions Manual
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
110. Calculate Suppose that two pieces of iron,
one with a mass exactly twice the mass of the
other, are placed in an insulated calorimeter.
If the original temperatures of the larger piece
and the smaller piece are 90.0C and 50.0C,
respectively, what is the temperature of the
two pieces when thermal equilibrium has been
established? Refer to Table R-9 on page 975
for the specific heat of iron.
Let subscript 1 refer to the smaller, cooler piece.
Let subscript 2 refer to the larger, hotter piece.
Heat lost by the hotter piece  heat gained by
cooler piece:
q 1  q 2
cm 1(T 1  T f) = cm 2(T 2  T f); T f = final
temperature
Eliminate the specific heat c from this equation:
From the problem statement: m2 = 2m1:
m 1(T 1  T f)  2m 1(T 2  T f)
Eliminate mass m1 from this equation:
(T 1  T f)  2(T 2  T f)
Solve for the unknown Tf:
_ _
T f  1 (T 1  2T 2)  1 (50C  2(90C))  76.7C
3 3
The result is a mass-weighted average of the
two temperatures.
111. Predict which of the two compounds,
methane gas (CH4) or methanal vapor (CH2O),
has the greater molar enthalpy of combus-
tion. Explain your answer. (Hint: Write and
compare the balanced chemical equations for
the two combustion reactions.)
CH 4(g)  2O 2(g) 0 CO 2(g)  2H 2O(l)
CH 2O(g)  O 2(g) 0 CO 2(g)  H 2O(l)
Methane likely has the greater molar enthalpy of
combustion The chemical equations for the two
reactions reveal that the combustion of one mole
of methane yields one mole of carbon dioxide
and two moles of water, whereas the combustion
of one mole of methanal yields one mole of
carbon dioxide and one mole of water. Because
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 311
 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Hf(products) for the combustion of methane has 116. Name the following molecular compounds.
the greater value, its likely that methane has the (Chapter 8)
greater molar enthalpy of combustion.
a. S2Cl2
disulfur dichloride
Challenge Problem
112. A sample of natural gas is analyzed and found b. CS2
to be 88.4% methane (CH4) and 11.6% ethane carbon disulfide
(C2H6) by mass. The standard enthalpy of
combustion of methane to gaseous carbon c. SO3
dioxide and liquid water is 891 kJ/mol. Write
sulfur trioxide
the equation for the combustion of gaseous
ethane to carbon dioxide and water. Calculate d. P4O10
the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethane
tetraphosphorus decoxide
using standard enthalpies of formation from
Table R-11 on page 975. Using that result and 117. Determine the molar mass for the following
the standard enthalpy of combustion of methane compounds. (Chapter 10)
in Table 15.3, calculate the energy released by
a. Co(NO3)26H2O
the combustion of 1 kg of natural gas.
molar mass  (58.93 g/mol)  2(14.01 g/mol) 
C2H6(g)  7/2O2(g) 0 2CO2(g)  3H2O(l)
12(16.00 g/mol)  12(1.01 g/mol)  291.07 g/mol
H0comb  1599.7 kJ/mol
b. Fe(OH)3
1.000 kg of natural gas contains 884 g CH4 and
116 g C2H6. molar mass  55.85 g/mol  3(16.00 g/mol) 
3(1.01 g/mol)  106.88 g/mol
_
884 g  1 mol  55.2 mol CH4
16.0 g
116 g C2H6  _1 mol 118. What kind of chemical bond is represented by
 3.86 mol C2H6.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

30.1 g the dotted lines in Figure 15.28? (Chapter 12)
(55.2 mol CH4)  ( 891 kJ/mol))  (3.86 mol
C2H6)  (1599.7 kJ/mol)  55,400 kJ

Cumulative Review
113. Why is it necessary to perform repeated
experiments in order to support a hypothesis?
(Chapter 1)
Experiments must be repeated to be sure that
they yield similar results each time. Hydrogen bonds

114. Phosphorus has the atomic number 15 and an 119. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of
atomic mass of 31 amu. How many protons, 20.0 cm3 at 10.0 C. What volume will
neutrons, and electrons are in a neutral phos- this sample occupy if the temperature rises to
phorus atom? (Chapter 4) 110C ? (Chapter 13)
number of protons  15; number of electrons
 15; number of neutrons  mass number 
_
T1
 _; V 2  _  __
T 2 T V (383 K)(20.0 cm )
2 1
3

V1 V2 T1 263 K
number of protons  16  29.1 cm 3

115. What element has the electron configuration

[Ar]4s13d5? (Chapter 5)
chromium

312 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15
120. What is the molarity of a solution made by
dissolving 25.0 g of sodium thiocyanate
(NaSCN) )in enough water to make 500 mL of
solution? (Chapter 14)
_ _
25.0 g  1 mol  0.308 mol; 0.308 mol  0.616M
81.1 g 0.500 L
121. List three colligative properties of solutions.
(Chapter 14)
vapor pressure lowering, boiling point
elevations, freezing point elevation
Writing in Chemistry
122. Alternate Fuels Use library and internet
sources to explain how hydrogen might be
produced, transported, and used as a fuel for
automobiles. Summarize the benefits and
drawbacks of using hydrogen as an alternative
fuel for internal combustion engines.
Students may write that hydrogen could best
be used as an automobile fuel in fuel cells.
A large supply of the gas would need to be
produced, transported and handled. Much of
the technology now used for handling methane
and propane gases could be adapted for use
with hydrogen. Much of the hydrogen now
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
available is a byproduct of the petrochemical
industry. For full-scale use of hydrogen as a fuel
for automobiles and for other energy needs,
hydrogen would probably be produced by the
electrolysis of water using renewable sources of
energy such as wind power or solar energy. The
only product of the combustion of hydrogen is
water, so it is a nonpolluting source of power.
However, issues of safe use and handling must
be carefully considered.
123. Wind Power Research the use of wind as a
source of electrical power. Explain the possible
benefits, disadvantages, and limitations of its
use.
Students will note that the wind is not a steady
source of energy and there will always be a
need for a backup. The advantage of wind
power is that it is nonpolluting. Many people,
however, object to the presence of large
numbers of spinning blades that create sound
and disturb the natural beauty of the landscape.
Another concern is that flocks of migrating
Solutions Manual
SOLUTIONS MANUAL
birds may inadvertently fly into the blades and
be destroyed. When windmills are located off
shore, fish could be adversely affected by the
structures.
Document-Based Questions
Cooking Oil A university research group
burned four cooking oils in a bomb calorimeter
to determine if a relationship exists between
the enthalpy of combustion and the number of
double bonds in an oil molecule. Cooking oils
typically contain long chains of carbon atoms
linked by either single or double bonds. A chain
with no double bonds is said to be saturated.
Oils with one or more double bonds are unsatu-
rated. The enthalpies of combustion of the four
oils are shown in Table 15.7. The researchers
calculated that the results deviated by only
0.6% and concluded that a link between satura-
tion and enthalpy of combustion could not be
detected by the experimental procedure used.
Data obtained from: http: Heat of Combustion
Oils. April 1998. University of Pennsylvania.
Combustion Results for Oils
Types of Oil Hcomb (kJ/g
Soy oil 40.81
Canola oil 41.45
Olive oil 39.31
Extra-virgin olive oil 40.98
124. Which of the oils tested provided the greatest
amount of energy per unit mass when burned?
canola oil: 41.45 kJ/g
125. According to the data, how much energy
would be liberated burning 0.554 kg of
olive oil?
0.554 kg  1000 g/kg  39.31 kJ/g  21,800 kJ
Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 313
 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

126. Assuming that 12.2 g of soy oil is burned and 1. In the range of temperatures shown, the vapor-
that all the energy released is used to heat ization of cyclohexane
1.600 kg of water, initially at 20.0C, what is a. does not occur at all.
the final temperature of the water? b. will occur spontaneously.
Energy released  12.2 g  40.81 kJ/g  498 kJ c. is not spontaneous.
d. occurs only at high temperatures.
q  c  m  T
c
498,000 J  4.184 J/(gC)  1,600 g  T; T
 74.4C 2. What is the standard free energy of
T  Tf  Ti; 74.4C  Tf  20.0C; Tf  94.4C vaporization, Gvap, of cyclohexane at 300 K?
a. 5.00 kJ/mol
127. Oils can be used as fuels. How many grams of
b. 3.00 kJ/mol
canola oil would have to be burned to provide c. 3.00 kJ/mol
the energy to vaporize 25.0 g of water? Hvap d. 2.00 kJ/mol
 40.7 kJ/mol
a
25.0 g H2O  _  1.39 mol H2O
1 mol H O 2
18.02 g 3. When Gvap is plotted as a function of temper-
1.39 mol  40.7 kJ/mol  56.6 kJ ature, the slope of the line equals Svap and the
y-intercept of the line equals Hvap. What is
56.6 kJ  _
1g
 1.37 g canola oil the approximate standard entropy of the vapor-
41.45 kJ
ization of cyclohexane?
a. 50.0 J/mol-K
Standardized Test Practice b. 10.0 J/mol-K
pages 556557 c. 5.0 J/mol-K
d. 100 J/mol-K

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Multiple Choice d
Use the graph below to answer Questions 1 to 3. _ __
slope  rise  (6.00  5.00)kJ/mol  0.1 kJ/molK
run (290  300)K
G for the Vaporization of Cyclohexane
0.1 kJ/molK  _  100 J/molK
as a Function of Temperature 1000 J
7.00 1 kJ
6.00
4. The metal yttrium, atomic number 39, forms
5.00
a. positive ions.
G (kJ/mol)

4.00 b. negative ions.

3.00 c. both positive and negative ions.
d. no ions at all.
2.00
a
1.00

0 5. Given the reaction 2Al  3FeO 0 Al2O3 

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 3Fe, what is the mole-to-mole ratio between
Temperature (K) iorn (II) oxide and aluminum oxide?
a. 2:3
b. 1:1
c. 3:2
d. 3:1
d

314 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Use the table below to answer Question 6. Use the graph below to answer Question 9.

Electronegativity of Selected Elements Pressures of Three Gases

H at Different Temperatures
1200
2.20 Gas C
1000
Li Be B C N O F Gas A

Presure (kPa)
800
0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
600 Gas B
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 400

200
6. Which bond is the most electronegative? 0
a. H-H 250 260 270 280 290 300
b. H-C Temperature (K)
c. H-N
9. What is the predicted pressure of Gas B at
d. H-O
310 K?
d a. 500 kPa
7. Element Q has an oxidation number of 2, b. 600 kPa
while element M has an oxidation number c. 700 kPa
d. 900 kPa
of 3. Which is the correct formula for a
compound made of elements Q and M? b
a. Q2M3
b. M2Q3 Short Answer
c. Q3M2
Use the figure below to answer Questions 11 to 13.
d. M3Q2
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

c S CI Ar K Ca

8. Wavelengths of light shorter than about
4.00  107 m are not visible to the human
eye. What is the energy of a photon of ultra-
violet light having a frequency of 5.45  1016
s1? (Plancks constant is 6.626  1034 Js.)
a. 3.61  10 17 J
b. 1.22  10 50 J
c. 8.23  1049 J
d. 3.81  10 24 J
a above.
(5.45  1016 s1)(6.626  1034 Js)  3.61  1017
10. Explain why argon is not likely to form a
compound.
Argon already has a full outer energy level (eight
valence electrons) and is not likely to form an ion.
It does not need to gain or lose any electrons in
order to become chemically stable.
11. What is the chemical formula for calcium
chloride? Explain the formation of this ionic
compound using the election-dot structures
CaCl2; a calcium atom becomes Ca2, losing its
two valence electrons to two chlorine atoms,
which each become Cl.

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 315

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

12. Use electron-dot models to explain what SAT Subject Test: Chemistry
charge sulfur will most likely have when it
15. The specific heat of ethanol is 2.44 J/(gC).
forms an ion.
How many kilojoules of energy are required
Sulfur has six valence electrons. Because atoms are to heat 50.0 g of ethanol from 20.0C to
more stable when they have 8 valence electrons 68.0C?
completing their outer energy levels, sulfur tends
a. 10.7 kJ
to gain two electrons to become the ion S2.
b. 8.30 kJ
c. 2.44 kJ
Extended Response d. 1.22 kJ
Use the information below to answer e. 5.86 kJ
Questions 13 and 14. a

A sample of gas occupies a certain volume at a q  cmT  (2.44 J/(gC))  (50.0 g) 

(88.0C)  _  10.7 kJ
1kj
pressure of 1 atm. If the pressure remains constant, 1000 J
heating causes the gas to expand, as shown below.
16. If 3.00 g of aluminum foil, placed in an oven
and heated from 20.0C to 662.0C, absorbs
1728 J of heat, what is the specific heat of
aluminum?
1 atm
a. 0.131 J/(gC)
b. 0.870 J/(gC)
1 atm c. 0.897 J/(gC)
d. 2.61 J/(gC)
e. 0.261 J/(gC)
c

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

q  cmT

13. State the gas law that describes why the gas in c _
q
 __  0.897 J/(gC)
(1728 J)
the second canister occupies a greater volume mT (3.00 g) (642.0 C)
than the gas in the first canister.
This is Charless law: at a constant pressure,
the volume of a given mass of gas is directly
proportional to its kelvin temperature.

14. If the volume in the first container is 2.1 L at

a temperature of 300.0 K, to what temperature
must the second canister be heated to reach
a volume of 5.4 L? Show your setup and the
final answer.
T1
_ T2
_
V1 V2

_ T2
_
300.0 K
2.1 L 5.4 L

T2  __
(300.0 K)(5.4 L)
2.1 L

T2  770 K

316 Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 Solutions Manual

 CHAPTER 15 SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Use the table below to answer Questions 17 and 18. 18. Which pair is most likely to form an ionic
bond?
Density and Electronegativity Data for Elements
a. carbon and sulfur
Elements Density (g/ml) Electronegativity b. aluminum and magnesium
Aluminum 2.698 1.6 c. copper and sulfur
Fluorine 1.696  103 4.0 d. magnesium and fluorine
Sulfur 2.070 2.6 e. aluminum and carbon
Copper 8.960 1.9 d
Magnesium 1.738 1.3
Carbon 3.513 2.6

17. A sample of metal has a mass of 9.250 g and

occupies a volume of 5.250 mL. Which metal
is it?
a. aluminum
b. magnesium
c. carbon
d. copper
e. sulfur

m _ _
9.250 g
 1.762 g/mL
V 5.250 mL
b
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Solutions Manual Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 15 317