Experiment #1 : Measurement of Density , Specific Gravity and viscosity

of Liquids
Data & Results : 3
w = 1000Kg/m
Barometric Pressure: mmHg l= Sl X w
Temperature: . C 3
Density of steel s = 7.8 g/cm
Measures Diameter of balls: .mm, .mm, mm

Density & Specific Gravity:
Liquid Scale reading = Liquid density , l
specific gravity, Sl
Water
Engine Oil
Glycerol
corn Oil
Viscosity :
Water
Time , T Travel Falling
Ball Distance , velocity (pa.sec) =/ l
Min sec 2
Diameter L (m) U= L/T (m /sec)
(m/sec)

Average
Viscosity
 Engine Oil
Time , T Travel Falling
Ball Distance , velocity (pa.sec) =/ l
Min sec 2
Diameter L (m) U= L/T (m /sec)
(m/sec)

Average
Viscosity

Glycerol
Time , T Travel Falling
Ball Distance , velocity (pa.sec) =/ l
Min sec 2
Diameter L (m) U= L/T (m /sec)
(m/sec)

Average
Viscosity

Corn Oil
Time , T Travel Falling
Ball Distance , velocity (pa.sec) =/ l
min sec 2
Diameter L (m) U= L/T (m /sec)
(m/sec)

Average
Viscosity
Experiment #2 : Hydrostatic Force and center of Pressure on a Plane
Surface :

Data & Results :

Case 1 :Partially Immersed :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Total weight on arm
(m) , gm
2 Depth of water
(y) , mm
3 Practical Force
(FP) , N
4 Theoretical Force
(FT) , N
5 Absolute Difference
between row 3 &
row 4
6 Depth of center of
Pressure (Ycp ) , mm

Case 2 :Fully Immersed :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Total weight on arm
(m) , gm
2 Depth of water
(y) , mm
3 Practical Force
(FP) , N
4 Theoretical Force
(FT) , N
5 Absolute Difference
between row 3 &
row 4
6 Depth of center of
Pressure (Ycp ) , mm

answer the following Questions :

1. Does the derivation of equation of the static forces depend on whether the fluid is viscous
or not ? Explain briefly.

.....

2. By examining the equation :

Ycp = y +

Which is deeper: the center of pressure or the center of area?

What is the effect of water depth on the distance between center of pressure and
center of area?

3. What is the maximum and minimum deference between raw (3) & raw (4) in the
calculation tables , at what depth do you think your results become more accurate , and
why ?


..
4. If because there is an error in leveling the apparatus , the water surface was inclined by
x from the horizontal .How this affects your Results ?



5. Even there are surfaces other than the torrid rectangular surface are affected by
hydrostatic forces , why they are omitted from the calculations ?






.
6. Write down any other comments not included in the previous question

y= Depth of water

a= the distance between the Pivot and the

top of Rectangular surface (100mm)

b= Width of Rectangular Plane (70mm)

d= depth of rectangular Plane (100mm)

L = Distance between the balance pan and

the Pivot, the Arm (28.5cm)

Partially immersed:
2
Ft= 0.5* w *b*y
Ycp = a+d - 3

mgL= Fp *Ycp

Fully Immersed:
Ft= w * b *d *(y - 2 )
Ycp = (y - )+ 2

12(y )
2

mgL= Fp *Ycp
Experiment #3 : Impact of a jet

Data & Results :

Nozzle diameter, D =.. Density of water, w = 1000 kg / m3

Nozzle Area, A = .

Flat Impact Surface ( = 90 )

3
Vol. = . m
Weight (m) Time (t) Flow (Q) Gravitational Momentum
3 Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
( g) (sec) (m /sec) (N) (N)

Conical Impact Surface ( = 120 )

Vol. = . m
3
Weight (m) Time (t) Flow (Q) Gravitational Momentum
3 Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
( g) (sec) (m /sec) (N) (N)

Hemispherical Impact Surface ( = 180 )

Vol. = . m
3
Weight (m) Time (t) Flow (Q) Gravitational Momentum
3 Force (Fa) Force (Fm)
( g) (sec) (m /sec) (N) (N)
 draw the curves which show the relation between the
gravitational force (Fa) vs. the momentum force (Fm) for each
plate .(All curves on the same graph)
1. Calculate the actual jet velocity when it hits the hemispherical cup taking into account
the effect of gravity (height between the nozzle and the cup is 1.5cm )
2. If the experiment is carried out carefully by changing the flow rate very slowly down to
zero , will gravitational force versus moment force curve pass through the origin , give
reasons justifying your answer
3. What is the slope of the experimental gravitational force (mg) versus momentum force
curve? What is the corresponding theoretical slope for each plate? get expected reasons
for the difference between theoretical and actual values .
4. What would be the effect on the calculated force if the diameter of water jet is +/-1 mm
different from nozzle diameter?
Note : Make error Propagation analysis or plug +/-1 mm in to the calculation
5. Write down any other comments not included in the previous questions .
Experiment #4 :Osborne Reynolds Apparatus
Data & Results :
Internal diameter of visualization Pipe = 10 mm

Temperature of water = .. C

Kinematic viscosity of water = m2/ sec

Visualized Regime Reading # Measured volume Measured Time

( m3) (sec)
1
Laminar 2
3
1
Transition 2
3
1
Turbulent 2
3

Velocity Reynolds
Visualized Flow(Q)=V/T Number Re
Reading # 3 (u) = Q/A
Regime m /sec (Re) = Average
(m/sec )
u.D/

Laminar

Transition

Turbulent
 1. Why do we use Reynolds number?

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

2. Compare the results obtained through calculations and observations. State

whether or not the results are reasonable. If not, explain the reasons?

..

3. Is the Reynolds number obtained dependent on tube size or shape?

4. Draw a fully developed laminar and turbulent velocity profile (pipe flow). Explain
why they are different.

5. How is Reynolds number designed for:

a) Flow in a circular pipe of diameter, D?

..

b) Flow in a rectangular duct of cross section a x b?

..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
 5. why does the turbulent flow appear ?

..............

6. which of the three regimens is the most adequate one if we want to obtain a
fluid as homogeneous as possible ?

..

7. how does the Reynolds number change with the flow increase ?

..

8. why we use vegetable dye in the experiment

11.write down any other comments ?

Temperature C 2 -6
Kinematic Viscosity , (m /Sec) * 10
5 1.52
10 1.308
15 1.142
20 1.007
25 0.897
30 0.804
35 0.727
40 0.661
50 0.556
 Experiment #5 : Bernoulli Theorem Demonstration Unit:
Data & Results :

Case 1 : converging flow

Average flow rate (Qav ) = ..
Piezometric
Mean Head Kin. + Piez. Pitot
Dia. Of Section, Kinetic Head Reading
Probe Velocity (P/),
Tube cross Head
distance A (Practical
No. section, 2 (Theoretical
(V = Q/A), (V /(2g)),
(m) Total
(mm) (m2) Total Head),
(m)
(mm) (m/s) Head), (m)
"Manometer (m)
Level"

6
 Case 2 : Diverging flow

Average flow rate (Qav ) = ..

Piezometric
Mean Head Kin. + Piez. Pitot
Dia. Of Section, Kinetic Head
Probe Velocity (P/), Reading
Tube cross Head
distance Area (Practical
No. section, (V2/(2g)), (Theoretical
(V = Q/A), (m) Total
(mm) 2
(m ) Total Head),
(m)
(mm) (m/s) Head), (m)
"Manometer (m)
Level"

plot the graph between total head from Bernoulli equation Vs total head from
Probe reading for each case .
Plot the graph between probe distance and pressure head for each case ,
comment on results .
 Discussion and Conclusion:

1 Discuss the validity of Bernoulli's theorem.

2- Mention the source of errors in the experiment.

3 What is the relation between the pressure head and the cross section for both cases:
divergence and convergence, Show it by figures?

4- Search about common modern day applications of Bernoulli's Principle in real life.

5- Write down any other comments not included in the previous question