Pile Lateral - RKM - 4 0ct 17 PDF

05-10-2017
Pile Foundations for Lateral Loads
Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal

BITS Pilani Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Pilani Campus
Lateral Load on Pile Foundation
During
o Seismic Loading
o Wind Pressure
o Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls
o Water Pressure in Water Front Structures
o External Moments
o Machine Excitations
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Cause of Lateral Loading
o Earth Pressure
o Earthquake
o Wave Force
o Wind Force
o Impact of Berthing Ships
o Operating Machineries
o Traction of Braking Vehicles
o Cable Tension etc.
Collapse Of Piled Structures In

Earthquakes
1964
Showa Bridge after 1964

Million Dollar Bridge after 1964 Niigata earthquake
Alaska earthquake 2001
1999
1995
Bridge in Taiwan after 1999

Building in Kobe after Kandla port building after
Chi-Chi earthquake
1995 earthquake 2001 Bhuj earthquake
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Collapse Of Piled Structures In Earthquakes
BARGE IMPACT - BRIDGE ON US I- SUNSHINE SKYWAY, FLORIDA

40 OVER THE ARKANSAS RIVER SHIP COLLISION, 1980
Foundation Failures:
1995 Kobe Earthquake
Figure: Pile damage due to lateral spreading in Kobe, Japan

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1964 Niigata Earthquake
Damaged Piles beneath a structure found in

liquefiable soils subjected to lateral spreading
movement during Niigata Earthquake (Japan)
1964 Niigata Earthquake
Damage to pile by 2 m of
lateral ground displacement
during 1964 Niigata
Earthquake (Japan)
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Pile Foundations : 1999 Turkey Earthquake
95000 ton capacity silos and

510 ton shipyard crane
survived the earthquake
despite the fact that a large
reclamation area settled
around the silos.
These structure survived

mainly because they were
supported on piles penetrating
into the stiff soil.
Factors Influencing Pile behaviour
o Pile Stiffness
o Soil Stiffness
o Type of Loading
o Pile Head Fixity Condition
o Spacing Group Interaction
o Embedment Length
o Pile Soil Separation
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Pile Group Interaction
Cyclic Lateral Load on Piles
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Effects of Cyclic Lateral Loading
o Degradation of Stiffness of Soil

o Build up of Excess Pore Pressure
o Non linear Behaviour - Large Gapping
o Increase in Deflection
o Complicated Group Interaction
o Increase in Magnitude and Depth of Max. BM
Boundary conditions in Piles
Three types of boundary conditions occur in practice,

namely
(i) Free-head pile,

(ii) Fixed-head pile, and
(iii) Partially-restrained head pile.
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Boundary conditions in Piles
In the case of free-head pile, the lateral load

may act at or above ground level and the pile
head is free to rotate without any restraint.
A fixed-head pile is free to move only laterally

but rotation is prevented completely,
Whereas a pile with partially restrained head

moves and rotates under restraint.
IS 2911 Method
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IS 2911 Method
IS Code 2911 recommends the equivalent cantilever method

for calculation of moments and deflection in piles subject to
lateral loading.
The failure mechanisms depends on the length of the pile and
the type of fixity.
Piles are first classified as long or short piles based on the
relative stiffness of the soil and the pile.
Pile Type Soil Modulus
Linearly Increasing Constant
Short ,Rigid Pile Le2T Le2R
Long Elastic Pile Le 4 Le 3.5R

T= Stiffness Factor R = Stiffness Factor
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

For Piles in Sand
Soil Type N Range of h

(Blows/30cm) (103kN/m3) 5
T=
Dry Submerged
Very 0-4 <0.4 <0.2
Loose
Loose 4-10 0.4-2.5 0.2-1.4
Medium 10-35 2.5-7.5 1.4-5
Dense >35 7.5-20 5-12
Submerged = 6 105 3 0.0043 2 + .2385 0.6732

Dry
= 7 108 N 6 8 106 N5 + 0.0004N 4 0.0077N 3 + 0.0674N2
+ 0.1145N 0.7449
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Stiffness Factors
5
T=

For Piles in Sand
Where T is stiffness factors in m,

B = Width of Pile Shaft (m) or diameter of pile (m)
h = rate of increase of subgrade reaction with depth for sands
(MN/m3),
EI = the flexural stiffness of pile section (MN-m2).
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

For Piles in Preloaded Clays
Soil Unconfined
k1 = 0.18
Range of k1
Consistency Compressive (103kN/m3) 1 0.3
Strength, qu K= ,
(kN/m2) 1.5
Soft 25-50 4.5-9

4
Medium 50-100 9-18 =

Stiff 100-200 18-36
Hard 200-400 36-72 Note: For unconfined compressive
strength less than 25 kN/m2, modulus of
Very Hard >400 >72
subgrade reaction can be taken as zero.
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Stiffness Factors
4
=

For Piles in Preloaded Clays
Where, R is stiffness factors in m,
k1 0.3
K= ,
1.5 B
k1= Coefficient is Terzaghis subgrade reaction for 0.3 m square
plate (MN/m3); see table next slide
B = Width of Pile Shaft (m) or diameter of pile (m)
h = rate of increase of subgrade reaction with depth for sands
(MN/m3),
EI = the flexural stiffness of pile section (MN-m2).
IS Code 2911 Method: Depth

of Fixity
IS CODE METHOD is valid only for long elastic piles when embedded length Le is 3.5R or 4T
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of Fixity
Case R2
Fixity Equation
Sands and 0.9985
Free
Normally
= . . + .

Loaded
Clays Fixed 0.9979

= . . .


of Fixity
Case Fixity R2
Equation
Preloaded Free 0.9951
Clays

= . . .

Fixed 0.9978

= . .

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Pile Head Deflection and Fixed

End Moment
In the equivalent cantilever approach, the pile is assumed to be
fixed at some distance below the ground defined as the depth
of fixity (Lf).
Corresponding to a particular lateral load (Q), eccentricity (e),
and depth of fixity (Lf), one can get pile head deflection (y)
and fixed end moment (MF ).
Q(L1 + Lf )3
y= 103 MF = Q(L1 + Lf ) (for free headed pile)
3EI
Q L1 + Lf 3
Q(L1 + Lf )
y= 103 MF = for fixed headed pile
12EI 2
Moment Reduction Factor for

free head pile
The fixed end moment obtained using formulae is higher than the actual maximum
moment, therefore it has to be multiplied by moment reduction factor m.
Actual Max. Moment

M = m x MF
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Moment Reduction Factor for

fixed head pile
Moment Reduction Factor
Case Fixity Equation R2
Sands Free

and = . + . + . 0.9962

Normally

0.4 when =
Loaded
Clays
0.9993
Fixed

= . + . + .

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Moment Reduction Factor
Case Fixity Equation R2
Preloaded
Clays 0.9965
Free

= . + . + .

0.265 when =

0.9990
Fixed

= . + . + .

Other Developed Theories
Other theories took bending of piles into account therefore

provides more realistic results. These can be grouped into
2 categories:
Based on Plastic Theory: Developed for Short-Rigid
Piles where it is assumed that that the limiting or
maximum soil resistance is acting against the pile when
it is subjected to the ultimate load.
Based on Elastic Theory (Matlock and Reese): Based on
Winklers assumption
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Elastic Theory
A laterally loaded pile has

been often treated as a
beam on an elastic
foundation
In Winklers hypothesis, the elastic soil

medium is replaced by a series of infinitely
close, independent, elastic springs with
stiffness, k = p/y. (p is the soil reaction and y
is the deflection)
Matlock and Reese Method (1956)
This approach is based on Winklers assumption.
This model, developed by Matlock and Reese is based on p-y curves and
numerical solutions were obtained by hand-operated calculators.
The solutions have been developed for long piles when Le/T > 5 (For
Non-Cohesive Soil).
They give a general method for determining moments and displacements

of a vertical pile embedded in a granular soil and subjected to lateral
load and moment at ground surface.
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Pt = Applied Lateral Load
Mt = Applied Moment
yA = Deflection caused
due to Pt
yB = Deflection caused
due to Mt
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3 2
, = +

A and B are non-dimensional
coefficients whose values are to
, = + be determined as a function of
depth coefficient.

, = + x is the depth below ground level.

2
, = +

5
Depth Coefficient Z = Maximum Depth Coefficient = T=

Matlock and Reese Method

Coefficients
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Coefficients
Normally we need deflection and slope at ground level. The

corresponding equations for these may be expressed as:
3 2
, = 2.43 + 1.62

2
, = 1.62 + 1.75

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For fixed head pile, Slope is to be zero at ground for fixed

head pile Sg=0
3
So, , = 0.93

, = 0.93
Coefficients for Matlock and Reese

Charts
Zmax Ay Am By Bm
5 -0.848 tan-1Z -0.322sinZ+0.094Z3- -1.899 tan-1Z 0.229cosZ

+0.148Z2- 0.833Z2+1.771Z-0.47 +0.208Z+1.633 0.183Z +0.865
0.986Z+2.463
Or
0.376cosZ
0.038Z2+0.049Z+
0.627
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Broms Method (1964)
Broms' (1964) solutions for laterally loaded piles deal

with the following:
1 . Lateral deflections of piles at ground level at working
loads
2. Ultimate lateral resistance of piles under lateral loads
Broms' provided solutions for both short and long piles

installed in cohesive and cohesionless soils respectively.
He considered piles fixed or free to rotate at the head.
BITS Pilani,Pilani Campus
Broms Method (1964)
Lateral deflections at working loads have been calculated

using the concept of subgrade reaction.
It is assumed that the deflection increases linearly with the
applied loads when the loads applied are less than one-half to
one-third of the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile.
Pu = Ultimate load capacity of pile, C = Undrained shear strength,

u
Notations: My = Yield resistance of pile section, L = Length of pile,
d = Diameter of pile section, = Effective unit weight of soil,
e = eccentricity of the loading Kp = Rankine Passive earth pressure coef.
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Broms Method: Pile Classification
For Saturated Cohesive Soil

FREE HEAD PILE FIXED-HEAD PILE
Long pile when L> 2.50, Long pile when L> 1.50
Short pile when L< 2.50 Short pile when L< 1.50
1/4
Here = ( )
4
For Cohesionless Soil

Long pile when L> 4,
Short pile when L< 2
5
Here, =
Ultimate Load Capacity of Pile

Case Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil
Short free 0.53
headed pile 2 =
2 2 +
= 9 1.5 + + +9 2 +4 +4 + 6 + 4.5
2 2
Short restrained = 9 1.5 = 1.5 2
piles
Long free
headed piles 2
2
= 9 1.5 + + 9

+4
9 3
+ 3 + 2.25

=

+ 0.54

Long restrained
2
piles = 13.5 + 182.25 + 36 =
2 3
+ 0.54

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Deflection at the ground level
Length and Type of fixity Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil

Short free headed pile e
4 (1 + 1.5 ) 18 (1 + 1.33 )
g = L
yg =
d L2 nh
short restrained pile 2

g = g =
d 2
Long free headed pile 2 ( + 1) 2.40

g = g =
()2/5 3/5

Long restrained pile yg = 0.93
kd g =
()2/5 3/5
Where yg = Deflection at ground level, k = Coefficient of subgrade reaction for infinitely

long pile, Pt = lateral load
Lateral deflection at the ground surface in

cohesionless soil
For
cohesionless
soil
= 1/T
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cohesionless soil
Length and Cohesionless Soil

Type of fixity
Short free e
18 (1 + 1.33 )
headed pile yg = L
L2 nh
short 2
g =
restrained pile 2
Long free 2.40

g =
headed pile ()2/5 3/5
Long restrained 0.93

g =
pile ()2/5 3/5

cohesive soil
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cohesive soil
Length and Type Cohesive Soil
of fixity
Short free
4 (1 + 1.5 )
headed pile g =
d
(Eq.1)
short restrained
g =
pile (Eq.2) d
Long free 2 ( + 1)
g =
headed pile
(Eq.3)

Long restrained yg =
kd
pile (Eq.4)

cohesive soil
is the Coefficient of subgrade reaction for infinitely long piles.
0
=

Here, 0 is the Coefficient of subgrade reaction of a plate with a
diameter of inches.
12 0 4 = 1 2
= 0.52

Undrained shear Value of n1 Pile Material Value of n2

strength cu (kPa)
<27 0.32 Steel 1.00
27 107 0.36 Concrete 1.15
> 107 0.40 Wood 1.30
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Ultimate lateral resistance of a short pile in cohesive

soil
Ultimate lateral resistance of a short pile in cohesive

soil
Short free

headed
2
pile
2
= 9 1.5 + +

2 2

+9 2 +4 +4 + 6 + 4.5
2
Short = 9 1.5
restrained
piles
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Ultimate lateral resistance of a Long pile in cohesive

soil
Ultimate lateral resistance of a Long pile in cohesive

soil
Long free

headed
2
piles

= 9 1.5 +

2
+9 +4 + 3 + 2.25
9 3
Long
restrained 2
piles

= 13.5 + 182.25 + 36
3
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Yield resistance of pile section (My)
For a cylindrical Steel Pile = 1.3

Section
For H Section = 1.1
Here,
fy = Yield Strength of the pile material
Z = Section modulus of the pile section
Ultimate lateral resistance of a Short pile in

cohesionless soil
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Ultimate lateral resistance of a Short pile in

cohesionless soil
Short free 0.53

headed pile =
+
Short = 1.5 2
restrained
piles
Ultimate lateral resistance of a Long pile in

cohesionless soil
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Ultimate lateral resistance of a Long pile in

cohesionless soil
Long free
headed piles
=

+ 0.54

Long restrained
2
piles =

+ 0.54

Thank You !
30

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05-10-2017

Pile Foundations for Lateral Loads

Dr. Ravi Kant Mittal

Lateral Load on Pile Foundation

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Cause of Lateral Loading

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Collapse Of Piled Structures In

Showa Bridge after 1964

Bridge in Taiwan after 1999

Collapse Of Piled Structures In Earthquakes

BARGE IMPACT - BRIDGE ON US I- SUNSHINE SKYWAY, FLORIDA

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Figure: Pile damage due to lateral spreading in Kobe, Japan

Damaged Piles beneath a structure found in

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Pile Foundations : 1999 Turkey Earthquake

95000 ton capacity silos and

These structure survived

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Factors Influencing Pile behaviour

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Pile Group Interaction

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Cyclic Lateral Load on Piles

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Effects of Cyclic Lateral Loading

o Degradation of Stiffness of Soil

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Boundary conditions in Piles

Three types of boundary conditions occur in practice,

(i) Free-head pile,

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Boundary conditions in Piles

In the case of free-head pile, the lateral load

A fixed-head pile is free to move only laterally

Whereas a pile with partially restrained head

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

IS Code 2911 recommends the equivalent cantilever method

Long Elastic Pile Le 4 Le 3.5R

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

Soil Type N Range of h

Submerged = 6 105 3 0.0043 2 + .2385 0.6732

Where T is stiffness factors in m,

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

Soft 25-50 4.5-9

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

IS Code 2911 Method: Depth

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

IS Code 2911 Method: Depth

Clays Fixed 0.9979

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

IS Code 2911 Method: Depth

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Pile Head Deflection and Fixed

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Moment Reduction Factor for

Actual Max. Moment

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus