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Two of the most commonly used reactor types are considered here.
In this type of reactor tank it is assumed that the pollutant is instantaneously fully
mixed throughout the volume of the tank. Therefore the concentration of the pollutant
leaving the tank will be the same as the concentration throughout the volume of the
tank.
Dividing equation 1 by Q:
dC
Ci C =
dt
V
= has units of time. This is called the detention time and it is the average time
Q
that the substance remains in the tank.
Dividing through by :
Ci 1 dC
C= (2
dt
dC
C = (3
dt
Ci
Where = 1 and = are constants.
dC
Rearranging equation 3: = dt
C
1
Integrating: ln( C ) = t + X (4
Assuming an initial condition C = Co when t = 0, the constant of integration, X,
becomes:
1
X = ln( Co )
Substituting for X in equation 4 and rearranging;
1
[ln( C ) ln( Co )] = t
( C )
Or: ln
( ) = t
C o
3
C
Taking exponentials: = exp( t )
Co
1
Rearranging: C= [ + (Co ) exp( t )]
Or: C = Co exp( t ) + [1 exp( t )] (5
t t
C = Co exp + Ci 1 exp (6
If we have a substance that reacts in the CFSTR then the mass balance equation
can be written:
dC
QCi QC + rV = V
dt
mass inflow mass outflow mass rate of = rate of change
reactive production of mass stored
If the reaction is a first order decay then r = - kC where k is the first order decay rate
constant.
Thus we get;
dC
QCi QC kCV = V
dt
V
Dividing this equation by Q and writing = :
Q
dC
Ci (1 + k)C =
dt
Dividing again by
Ci (1 + k) dC
C= (7
dt
4
C = Co exp( t ) + [1 exp( t )]
(1 + k) Ci (1 + k )
C = Co exp t+ 1 exp t (9
(1 + k )
We can apply the CFSR tank model to an indoor environment as shown below.
5
dC
QCi + S QC + rV = V
dt (10
Inflow + Source Outflow + Production = Accumulation
S (kg/s) represents a source term, which could be a leakage of gas within the room
or into the room from outside.
Q 1
Nac = =
V
S dC
Nac Ci + (Nac + k )C =
V dt
S
This is of the same form as equation 3 with = N ac + k and = NacCi + . The
V
solution of equation 3, assuming initial condition of C = Co at t = 0, is given by
equation 5. Substituting in equation 5 for the above values of and we get:
NacCi + S
C = Co exp( {Nac + k }t ) + V [1 exp( {N + k }t )] (12
ac
Nac + k
This is a variant of the CFSR model that can be used in simple air pollution
situations. The model is adapted to allow for pollution inflow through the base thus
mimicking the rising plumes of air pollution from the ground.
6
W and L are the planform width and length of the box. These are dictated by the
accuracy of the solution required and the physical properties of the system to be
modelled. H is the mixing height which is the height required for full mixing of the
pollutant plume into the box.
We will assume steady flow conditions within the box and that the advective volume
flow rate of the wind (Qa) is considerably larger than that of the rising pollutant plume
(Qp) i.e. Qa >> Qp.
The mass flow relationship for the CFSR can be written as:
dC
QaCi + QpC p QaC + rV = V
dt
If the reaction is a first order decay then r = -kC.
If we divide the above equation by Qa and set the mean retention time = V :
Qa
Qp dC
Ci + C p C kC =
Qa dt
7
Dividing through by :
1 Qp (1 + k) dC
Ci + Cp C= (13
Qa dt
Q
Ci + p Q C p
(1 + k) a 1 exp (1 + k) t
C = Co exp t+ (15
(1 + k)
It is often more convenient when using meteorological data to express the advective
flow ( Qa) in terms of wind speed, U (m/s).
Also the rising plume is more conveniently expressed in terms of its mass flow rate
& p (kg s-1 m-2)
per unit cross-sectional area, m
QpC p
&p =
m
LW
The retention time, , can be written as:
V LWH L
= = =
Qa U .WH U
m& L
Ci + p
U UH U
C = Co exp + k t + 1 exp + k t (16
L
{
1 + kL
U
}
L
C C
QC x Q C x + x + rV = V (17
x t
C C
Q x + rAx = Ax
x t
This can be written as:
C Q C
+ =r (18
t A x
Note that in general if C is a function of both t and x we can write:
C C
dC = dt + dx
t x
This can be written as:
C dx C dC
+ = (19
t dt x dt
By comparison with equation 19, it can be seen that equation 18 represents a wave
dx Q
of concentration moving through the tank with a velocity = . As it moves
dt A
dC
through the tank the magnitude of the concentration changes at a rate of =r.
dt
dC
If the material is conservative i.e. there is no reaction then = 0 and the wave
dt
moves through the plug flow tank unchanged.
C Q C
+ = kC (20
t A x
For a concentration wave moving with velocity Q this can be written as:
A
dC
= kC
dt
Rearranging:
dC
= kdt
C
Integrating:
10
ln C = kt + X
If the material enters the tank with concentration Ci at x = 0 and t = 0 then the
constant of integration is given by X= lnCi.
C = Ci exp( kt ) (21
Since the wave is moving with velocity Q we can write for any distance, x, along
A
the tank:
A
t= x
Q
Substituting this into equation 21:
Ax
C = Ci exp k (22
Q
AL V
Cout = Ci exp k = Ci exp k = Ci exp( k) (23
Q Q
Note that equation 23 implies that the outflow concentration is simply a proportion of
the inflow concentration and is merely shifted in time by as shown in Fig. 5.
11
The responses of a CFSR and PFR are compared with each other and with reality in
figure 6 below.
The step inputs can then be used to calculate the output curve as described below.
t t
C = Co exp + Ci 1 1 exp
And so:
t t
Ct = Co exp + Ci 1 1 exp
b) From time t to 2t: Effectively you are starting a new time step. So you use
the above equations but you
{t t } {t t }
C = Ct exp + Ci 2 1 exp
And so:
t t
C2 t = C t exp + Ci 2 1 exp
c) From time nt to (n+1)t: The above process can be continued for all
subsequent time increments. Thus we get at time t where nt t (n+1)t:
{t nt } {t nt }
C = Cnt exp + Ci ( n +1) 1 exp
And so:
t t
C( n +1)t = Cnt exp + Ci ( n +1) 1 exp
13
EXAMPLE
A CFSR tank has a volume of 100m3. The flow of water through the tank is 0.2m3/s
and this is constant throughout.The initial concentration of pollutant in the tank is
5g/m3.
Due to a faulty valve the concentration of pollutant in the water flowing into the tank
increases at time t = 0 to 15g/m3 and then again at time t = 4mins to 25g/m3. After a
further 3mins the pollutant in the water returns to 5g/m3.
Calculate:
Calculation:
V 100
The detention time, = = = 500 s
Q 0 .2
t t
C = Co exp + Ci 1 exp
4 x 60 4 x 60
5.0 exp + 15.0 1 exp = 8.812 g/m3
500 500
Thus 8.812g/m3 is the initial concentration for the next time step. The concentration
after 5 minutes is thus:
1 x 60 1 x 60 3
8.812 exp + 25.0 1 exp = 10.643 g/m ANS
500 500
The input concentration changes again 7 minutes after the start of the incident when
the output concentration is:
14
3 x 60 3 x 60
8.812 exp + 25.0 1 exp = 13.706 g/m3
500 500
This now becomes the initial value for the final time increment when the input
concentration has fallen back to 5g/m3.
The pollutant value 12 minutes after the start of the incident is thus:
5 x 60 5 x 60 3
13.706 exp + 5.0 1 exp = 9.778 g/m ANS
500 500
The maximum output concentration level must be when t = 7mins just before the
3
input concentration falls. Hence the maximum output concentration is 13.706g/m .
ANS
In order to calculate the time before the output concentration reduces to 7.5g/m3 we
can use the equation above as;
t x 60 t x 60
13.706 exp + 5.0 1 exp = 7 .5
500 500
Thus the time taken to return to an output pollution level of 7.5g/m3 after the start of
the incident is 17.4mins. ANS
Subscripts
1 = start of time increment t
2 = end of increment t
in = inflow
out = outflow
15
For any time increment we have for the substance entering and leaving the tank:
Mass inflow (g) Mass outflow (g) = Change of mass in tank (g) (24
In equation 25 we know all of the variables at the start of the time increment t, we
also know the input values Qin2 and Cin2 at the end of the increment. Since the flow is
assumed to be incompressible then the input and output values of the flow will be
equal i.e. Qout1 = Qout2. Thus the only unknown is the outflow concentration at the end
of the time increment Cout2.
Hence equation 25 can be solved to give Cout2. We now know all values at time 2 (=
time 1 + t) , so we can use equation 25 to calculate the values at time 3 (= time 2 +
t) and so on for all time increments. This can easily be done on a spreadsheet.
Equation 25 can be rewritten by gathering all of the known terms on the LHS and the
unknown terms on the RHS.
Note that if there is a steady discharge rate i.e. Q = Qin1 = Qin2 = Qout1 = Qout2 and
writing = V , then equation 26 can be written as:
Q
(Cin1 + Cin2 ) t t
t + Cout 1 = Cout 2 + (26a
2 2 2
16
Volume (m3) 40
Initial Conc
(mg/l) 0
Time Inc (Mins) 5
Inflow Outflow
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Flow Conc Conc Mass Conc Analytical
(Mins) (m3/s) (mg/l) Flow Inflow (mg/l) Outflow
(g/s) (g) (m3/s)
t
C = C i + (C o C i ) exp (27
Where Ci is the inflow concentration, Co is the initial concentration and is the
detention time = V/Q.
It can be seen from Table 1 that the finite difference and analytical solutions in
columns 8 and 9 respectively are almost identical.
The difference between the FD and the analytical solution will increase if the time
increment is increased. Table 2 shows the errors in the values of C after one hour for
different values of t. The analytical value is 13.419mg/L.
17
We now have:
-
(Qin1C in1 + Qin2Cin2 ) (Q C + Qout 2Cout 2 ) C + Cout 2
t out 1 out 1
t kV out 1 t = C = out 2V Cout 1V
2 2 2
k is the first order reaction constant for the decay. This can be re-arranged to give:
Note that if there is a steady discharge rate i.e. Q = Qin1 = Qin2 = Qout1 = Qout2 and
writing = V , then equation 28 can be written as:
Q
(Cin1 + C in2 ) t t
t + Cout 1 {1 + k } = Cout 2 + {1 + k } (28a
2 2 2