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A TEXTBOOK OF

ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
For

B.Sc. (Engg.), B.E., B. Tech., M.E. and


Equivalent Professional Examinations

By

N.P. BALI Dr. MANISH GOYAL


Formerly Principal M.Sc. (Mathematics), Ph.D., CSIR-NET
S.B. College, Gurgaon Associate Professor
Haryana Department of Mathematics
Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities
G.L.A. University, Mathura,
U.P.

LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD


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CONTENTS

1. Complex Numbers .......................................................................................... 183


1.1. Real Numbers ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Basic Properties of Real Numbers ........................................................................ 1
1.3. Complex Numbers ................................................................................................. 2
1.4. Conjugate Complex Numbers ............................................................................... 2
1.5. Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers ............................................. 2
1.6. Properties of Complex Numbers ........................................................................... 3
1.7. Standard Form of a Complex Number ................................................................. 3
1.8. Effect of Rotation, in the Anti-clockwise Direction, Through an Angle D
on the Complex Number ..................................................................................... 12
1.9. De Moivres Theorem .......................................................................................... 20
1.10. Roots of a Complex Number ............................................................................... 30
1.11. Exponential Function of a Complex Variable .................................................... 53
1.12. Circular Functions of a Complex Variable ......................................................... 54
1.13. Trigonometrical Formulae for Complex Quantities .......................................... 55
1.14. Logarithms of Complex Numbers ....................................................................... 57
1.15. The General Exponential Function .................................................................... 60
1.16. Hyperbolic Functions .......................................................................................... 63
1.17. Formulae of Hyperbolic Functions ..................................................................... 65
1.18. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions ............................................................................. 72
1.19. C + iS Method of Summation .............................................................................. 75
2. Theory of Equations and Curve Fitting ..................................................... 84138
2.1. Polynomial ........................................................................................................... 84
2.2. Zero Polynomial ................................................................................................... 84
2.3. Equality of Two Polynomials .............................................................................. 84
2.4. Complete and Incomplete Polynomials .............................................................. 84
2.5. Zero of a Polynomial ............................................................................................ 85
2.6. Division Algorithm .............................................................................................. 85
2.7. Polynomial Equation ........................................................................................... 85
2.8. Root of an Equation ............................................................................................. 85
2.9. Synthetic Division ............................................................................................... 86
2.10. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra ...................................................................... 88
2.11. Multiplication of Roots ........................................................................................ 93
2.12. Diminishing and Increasing the Roots ............................................................... 94
2.13. Removal of Terms ................................................................................................ 96

(v)
( vi )
2.14. Reciprocal Equations ........................................................................................ 100
2.15. Sum of the Integral Powers of the Roots and Symmetric Functions .............. 105
2.16. Symmetric Functions of the Roots .................................................................... 109
2.17. Descartes Rule of Signs .................................................................................... 111
2.18. Cardons Method .............................................................................................. 111
2.19. Irreducible Case of Cardons Solution .............................................................. 116
2.20. Descartes Method ............................................................................................. 117
2.21. Ferraris Solution of the Biquadratic ............................................................... 120
2.22. Curve Fitting ..................................................................................................... 122
2.23. Graphical Method .............................................................................................. 122
2.24. Method of Group Averages ............................................................................... 124
2.25. Equations Involving Three Constants .............................................................. 126
2.26. Principle of Least Squares ................................................................................ 130
2.27. Method of Moments ........................................................................................... 136
3. Matrices ...................................................................................................... 139194
3.1. Definitions (Matrices) ........................................................................................ 139
3.2. Addition of Matrices .......................................................................................... 142
3.3. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar ............................................................. 142
3.4. Properties of Matrix Addition ........................................................................... 143
3.5. Matrix Multiplication ........................................................................................ 144
3.6. Properties of Matrix Multiplication .................................................................. 146
3.7. Transpose of a Matrix ....................................................................................... 149
3.8. Properties of Transpose of a Matrix ................................................................. 149
3.9. Symmetric Matrix ............................................................................................. 150
3.10. Skew-symmetric Matrix (or Anti-symmetric Matrix) ...................................... 150
3.11. Every Square Matrix can Uniquely be Expressed as the Sum of a
Symmetric Matrix and a Skew-symmetric Matrix .......................................... 151
3.12. Orthogonal Matrix ............................................................................................. 151
3.13. For any Two Orthogonal Matrices A and B, Show that AB is an
Orthogonal Matrix ............................................................................................. 151
3.14. Adjoint of a Square Matrix ............................................................................... 152
3.15. Singular and Non-singular Matrices ................................................................ 153
3.16. Inverse (or Reciprocal) of a Square Matrix ...................................................... 153
3.17. The Inverse of a Square Matrix, if it Exists, is Unique ................................... 153
3.18. Theorem : The Necessary and Sufficient Condition for a Square Matrix
A to Possess Inverse is that | A | z 0 (i.e., A is Non-singular) ....................... 153
3.19. If A is Invertible, Then so is A1 and (A1)1 = A ............................................... 155
3.20. If A and B be Two Non-singular Square Matrices of the Same Order,
then (AB)1 = B1 A1 .......................................................................................... 155
3.21. If A is a Non-singular Square Matrix, then so is Ac and (Ac)1 = (A1)c ............ 155
3.22. If A and B are Two Non-singular Square Matrices of the Same Order, then
adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A) .................................................................................... 156
( vii )
3.23. Elementary Transformations (or Operations) .................................................. 157
3.24. Elementary Matrices ......................................................................................... 158
3.25. The Following Theorems on the Effect of E-operations on Matrices
Hold Good .......................................................................................................... 158
3.26. Inverse of Matrix by E-operations (Gauss-jordan Method) ............................. 159
3.27. Rank of a Matrix ............................................................................................... 160
3.28. Solution of a System of Linear Equations ........................................................ 165
3.29. Vectors ............................................................................................................... 171
3.30. Linear Dependence and Linear Independence of Vectors ............................... 171
3.31. Linear Transformations .................................................................................... 172
3.32. Orthogonal Transformation .............................................................................. 173
3.33. Complex Matrices .............................................................................................. 175
3.34. Characteristic Equation .................................................................................... 178
3.35. Eigen Vectors ..................................................................................................... 178
3.36. Cayley Hamilton Theorem ................................................................................ 181
3.37. Reduction of a Matrix to Diagonal Form .......................................................... 184
3.38. Quadratic Forms ............................................................................................... 186
3.39. Linear Transformation of a Quadratic Form ................................................... 187
3.40. Canonical Form ................................................................................................. 187
3.41. Index and Signature of the Quadratic Form .................................................... 188
3.42. Definite, Semi-definite and Indefinite Real Quadratic Forms ........................ 188
3.43. Law-of-inertia of Quadratic Form .................................................................... 188
3.44. Reduction to Canonical Form by Orthogonal Transformation ........................ 191
4. Analytical Solid Geometry ........................................................................ 195336
4.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 195
4.2. Co-ordinate Axes and Co-ordinate Planes ....................................................... 195
4.3. Co-ordinates of a Point ...................................................................................... 195
4.4. Distance between Two Points ........................................................................... 197
4.5. Section Formula ................................................................................................ 198
4.6. Centroid of a Triangle ....................................................................................... 201
4.7. Tetrahedron ....................................................................................................... 201
4.8. Centroid of a Tetrahedron ................................................................................ 202
4.9. Angle between Two Skew (or Non-coplanar) Lines ......................................... 203
4.10. Direction Cosines of a Line ............................................................................... 203
4.11. A Useful Result ................................................................................................. 203
4.12. Relation between Direction Cosines ................................................................. 204
4.13. Direction Ratios of a Line ................................................................................. 205
4.14. Direction Ratios of the Line Joining Two Points ............................................. 206
4.15. Angle between Two Lines ................................................................................. 206
4.16. Find the Angle between Two Lines whose Direction Ratios are a1, b1, c1
and a2, b2, c2. Deduce the Condition for Perpendicularity and Parallelism
of Two Lines ....................................................................................................... 208
( viii )
4.17. Projection ........................................................................................................... 216
4.18. To Prove that the Projection of the Join of two Points (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2)
on a Line whose Direction Cosines are l, m, n is l(x2 x1) + m(y2 y1)
+ n(z2 z1) .......................................................................................................... 216
4.19. The Plane ........................................................................................................... 218
4.20. General Equation of First Degree in x, y, z Represents
a Plane ............................................................................................................... 218
4.21. Intercept Form .................................................................................................. 219
4.22. Normal Form ..................................................................................................... 221
4.23. Three Point Form .............................................................................................. 223
4.24. (a) Angle between Two Planes .......................................................................... 225
4.24. (b) Perpendicular Distance of a Point from a Plane ........................................ 227
4.25. Any Plane Through the Intersection of Two Given Planes ............................. 229
4.26. Planes Bisecting the Angles between Two Planes ........................................... 231
4.27. Projection on a Plane ......................................................................................... 232
4.28. Theorem ............................................................................................................. 232
4.29. General Form .................................................................................................... 237
4.30. Symmetrical Form ............................................................................................. 237
4.31. Reduction of the General Equations to the Symmetrical Form ...................... 241
4.32. Perpendicular Distance Formula ..................................................................... 242
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
4.33. To Find the Point of Intersection of the Line
l m n
with the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 ................................................................... 248
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
4.34. The Conditions that the Line may be Parallel to
l m n
the Plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 are al + bm + cn = 0 and
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d z 0 ......................................................................................... 249
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
4.35. The Conditions that the Line may Lie in the Plane
l m n
ax + by + cz + d = 0 are al + bm + cn = 0 and ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0 ............... 249
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
4.36. The Condition for the Line to be Perpendicular
l m n
to the Plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 ....................................................................... 249
4.37. Angle between a Line and a Plane ................................................................... 253
4.38. Any Plane Through a Given Line ..................................................................... 253
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
4.39. To Find the Condition that the Two Lines ,
l1 m1 n1
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
= may Intersect (or May be Coplanar)
l2 m2 n2
and to Find the Equation of the Plane in which they Lie ............................... 261
4.40. Shortest Distance between Two Lines ............................................................. 265
( ix )
4.41. Magnitude and Equations of Shortest Distance .............................................. 265
4.42. Intersection of Three Planes ............................................................................. 275
4.43. Definition (The Sphere) ..................................................................................... 281
4.44. Equations of a Sphere in Different Forms ....................................................... 281
4.45. Touching Spheres .............................................................................................. 282
4.46. Four-point Form ................................................................................................ 283
4.47. Diameter Form .................................................................................................. 284
4.48. Section of a Sphere by a Plane .......................................................................... 289
4.49. Intersection of Two Spheres ............................................................................. 290
4.50. Equations of a Circle ......................................................................................... 290
4.51. Any Sphere Through a Given Circle ................................................................. 294
4.52. Great Circle ....................................................................................................... 294
4.53. Definition of the Tangent Plane ....................................................................... 298
4.54. Equation of the Tangent Plane at a Point ........................................................ 298
4.55. Angle of Intersection of Two Spheres ............................................................... 303
4.56. Condition of Orthogonality of Two Spheres ..................................................... 304
4.57. Definition (The Cone) ........................................................................................ 308
4.58. Equation of the Cone with Vertex at the Origin .............................................. 308
4.59. The Direction Cosines (or Direction Ratios) of a Generator of a
Cone Satisfy the Equation of the Cone whose Vertex is the Origin ............... 311
4.60. Quadric Cone Through the Axes ...................................................................... 311
4.61. Right Circular Cone .......................................................................................... 312
4.62. To Find the Equation to the Cone whose Vertex is the Point (D, E, J) and
Base the Conic F(x, y) = ax2 + by2 + 2hxy + 2fy + 2gx + c = 0, z = 0 ................. 315
4.63. Enveloping Cone ................................................................................................ 317
4.64. Angle between Two Lines in which a Plane Through the Vertex Cuts
a Cone ................................................................................................................ 318
4.65. Definitions (The Cylinder) ................................................................................ 323
4.66. To Find the Equation to the Cylinder whose Generators are Parallel
x y z
to the Line and Intersect the Curve .............................................. 324
l m n
4.67. Equation of Right Circular Cylinder ................................................................ 326
4.68. Enveloping Cylinder .......................................................................................... 328
4.69. Definition (The Conicoids) ................................................................................ 330
5. Succesive and Partial Differentiation ...................................................... 337426
5.1. Successive Differentiation ................................................................................ 337
5.2. Calculation of nth Order Derivatives ................................................................ 337
5.3. Use of Partial Fractions .................................................................................... 342
5.4. Leibnitz Theorem .............................................................................................. 345
5.5. Determination of the Value of The nth Derivative of a Function at x = 0 ....... 351
5.6. Function of Two Variables ................................................................................ 354
(x)
5.7. Continuity .......................................................................................................... 354
5.8. Partial Derivatives of First Order .................................................................... 355
5.9. Partial Derivatives of Higher Order ................................................................. 356
5.10. Homogeneous Functions ................................................................................... 363
5.11. Eulers Theorem on Homogeneous Functions .................................................. 364
5.12. If u is a Homogeneous Function of Degree n in x and y, ................................. 364
5.13. Deductions From Eulers Theorem ................................................................... 365
5.14. Composite Functions ......................................................................................... 372
5.15. Differentiation of Composite Functions ........................................................... 373
5.16. Taylors Theorem for a Function of Two Variables .......................................... 380
5.17. Jacobians ........................................................................................................... 385
5.18. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 385
5.19. Properties of Jacobians (Chain Rules) ............................................................. 385
5.20. Theorem ............................................................................................................. 386
5.21. Jacobian of Implicit Functions ......................................................................... 387
5.22. Functional Relationship .................................................................................... 388
5.23. Approximation of Errors ................................................................................... 397
5.24. Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables ....................................... 403
5.25. Conditions for F(x, y) to be Maximum or Minimum ........................................ 404
5.26. Rule to Find The Extreme Values of a Function z = f(x, y) ............................. 404
5.27. Conditions for f(x, y, z) to be Maximum or Minimum ...................................... 405
5.28. Lagranges Method of Undetermined Multipliers ........................................... 408
5.29. Geometrical Meaning of Partial Derivatives ................................................... 417
5.30. Tangent Plane and Normal to a Surface .......................................................... 418
5.31. Differentiation under Integral Sign ................................................................. 420
6. Multiple Integrals ....................................................................................... 427475
6.1. Double Integrals ................................................................................................ 427
6.2. Evaluation of Double Integrals ......................................................................... 428
6.3. Evaluation of Double Integrals in Polar Co-ordinates .................................... 434
6.4. Change of Order of Integration ........................................................................ 437
6.5. Triple Integrals ................................................................................................. 440
6.6. Change of Variables .......................................................................................... 442
6.7. Area by Double Integration .............................................................................. 449
6.8. Volume as a Double Integral ............................................................................ 449
6.9. Volume as a Triple Integral .............................................................................. 455
6.10. Volumes of Solids of Revolution ........................................................................ 457
6.11. Calculation of Mass ........................................................................................... 458
6.12. Centre of Gravity (c.g.) ...................................................................................... 460
6.13. Centre of Pressure ............................................................................................. 463
6.14. Moment of Inertia ............................................................................................. 466
( xi )
6.15. Product of Inertia .............................................................................................. 467
6.16. Principal Axes .................................................................................................... 467
7. Vector Calculus ......................................................................................... 476532
7.1. Vector Functions ............................................................................................... 476
7.2. Derivative of a Vector Function with respect to a Scalar ................................ 476
7.3. General Rules for Differentiation ..................................................................... 477
7.4. Derivative of a Constant Vector ....................................................................... 479
7.5. Derivative of a Vector Function in terms of its Components .......................... 479
o
o
dF o
7.6. If F (t) has a Constant Magnitude, then F . = 0 ....................................... 480
dt
o
o dF o o
7.7. If F (t) has a Constant Direction, then F u = 0 ....................................... 480
dt
o
dr
7.8. Geometrical Interpretation of ................................................................... 480
dt
7.9. Velocity and Acceleration .................................................................................. 481
7.10. Scalar and Vector Fields ................................................................................... 487
7.11. Gradient of a Scalar Field ................................................................................. 487
7.12. Geometrical Interpretation of Gradient ........................................................... 487
7.13. Directional Derivative ....................................................................................... 488
7.14. Properties of Gradient ....................................................................................... 488
7.15. Divergence of a Vector Point Function ............................................................. 493
7.16. Curl of a Vector Point Function ........................................................................ 493
7.17. Physical Interpretation of Divergence .............................................................. 494
7.18. Physical Interpretation of Curl ........................................................................ 495
7.19. Properties of Divergence and Curl ................................................................... 496
7.20. Repeated Operations by ................................................................................ 498
7.21. Integration of Vector Functions ........................................................................ 504
7.22. Line Integrals .................................................................................................... 506
7.23. Circulation ......................................................................................................... 507
7.24. Work Done by a Force ....................................................................................... 507
7.25. Surface Integrals ............................................................................................... 510
7.26. Volume Integrals ............................................................................................... 511
7.27. Gauss Divergence Theorem
(Relation between Surface and Volume Integrals) ........................................... 516
7.28. Greens Theorem in the Plane .......................................................................... 523
7.29. Stokes Theorem (Relation between Line and Surface Integrals) .................... 526
8. Curvilinear Co-ordinates .......................................................................... 533548
8.1. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 533
8.2. Unit Vectors in Curvilinear System ................................................................. 533
8.3. Arc Length and Volume Element ..................................................................... 535
( xii )
8.4. Gradient in Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates .......................................... 538
8.5. Divergence in Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates ....................................... 538
8.6. Curl in Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates .................................................. 539
8.7. Laplacian in Terms Of Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates ........................ 540
8.8. Special Curvilinear Co-ordinate Systems ........................................................ 540
8.9. Some More Special Curvilinear Co-ordinate Systems ..................................... 547
9. Infinite Series ............................................................................................. 549597
9.1. Sequence ............................................................................................................ 549
9.2. Real Sequence .................................................................................................... 549
9.3. Range of a Sequence .......................................................................................... 549
9.4. Constant Sequence ............................................................................................ 549
9.5. Bounded and Unbounded Sequences ............................................................... 549
9.6. Convergent, Divergent and Oscillating Sequences .......................................... 550
9.7. Monotonic Sequences ........................................................................................ 551
9.8. Limit of a Sequence ........................................................................................... 551
9.9. Every Convergent Sequence is Bounded .......................................................... 551
9.10. Convergence of Monotonic Sequences .............................................................. 552
9.11. Infinite Series .................................................................................................... 554
9.12. Series of Positive Terms .................................................................................... 554
9.13. Alternating Series ............................................................................................. 554
9.14. Partial Sums ...................................................................................................... 554
9.15. Behaviour of an Infinite Series ......................................................................... 555
9.16. Absolute Convergence of a Series ..................................................................... 591
9.17. Every Absolutely Convergent Series is Convergent ........................................ 593
9.18. Uniform Convergence of Series of Functions ................................................... 595
10. Fourier Series ............................................................................................ 598648
10.1. Periodic Functions ............................................................................................. 598
10.2. Fourier Series .................................................................................................... 598
10.3. Eulers Formulae ............................................................................................... 601
10.4. Dirichlets Conditions ........................................................................................ 602
10.5. Fourier Series for Discontinuous Functions .................................................... 614
10.6. Change of Interval ............................................................................................. 619
10.7. Half Range Series .............................................................................................. 625
10.8. Fourier Series of Different Waveforms ............................................................ 637
10.9. Parsevals Identity ............................................................................................ 639
10.10. Root Mean Square Value (r.m.s. Value) ........................................................... 640
10.11. Complex Form of Fourier Series ....................................................................... 642
10.12. Practical Harmonic Analysis ............................................................................ 644
( xiii )
11. Differential Equations of First Order ....................................................... 649682
11.1. Definitions (Differential Equations) ................................................................. 649
11.2. Geometrical Meaning of a Differential Equation of the First Order
and First Degree ................................................................................................ 650
11.3. Formation of a Differential Equation ............................................................... 651
11.4. Solution of Differential Equations of the First Order and First Degree ........ 654
11.5. Variables Separable Form ................................................................................ 654
11.6. Homogeneous Equations ................................................................................... 656
11.7. Equations Reducible to Homogeneous Form ................................................... 659
11.8. Linear Differential Equations .......................................................................... 661
11.9. Equations Reducible to the Linear Form (Bernoullis Equation) .................... 664
11.10. Exact Differential Equations ............................................................................ 667
11.11. Theorem ............................................................................................................. 667
11.12. Equations Reducible to Exact Equations ......................................................... 670
11.13. Differential Equations of the First Order and Higher Degree ........................ 675
11.14. Equations Solvable for p ................................................................................... 675
11.15. Equations Solvable for y ................................................................................... 678
11.16. Equations Solvable for x ................................................................................... 679
11.17. Clairauts Equation ........................................................................................... 681
12. Applications of Differential Equations of First Order ............................ 683707
12.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 683
12.2. Geometrical Applications .................................................................................. 683
12.3. Orthogonal Trajectories .................................................................................... 687
12.4. Working Rule to Find the Equation of Orthogonal Trajectories ..................... 688
12.5. Physical Applications ........................................................................................ 691
12.6. Application to Electric Circuits ........................................................................ 699
12.7. Conduction of Heat ............................................................................................ 700
12.8. Rate of Growth or Decay ................................................................................... 701
12.9. Newtons Law of Cooling ................................................................................... 702
12.10. Chemical Reactions and Solutions ................................................................... 703
13. Linear Differential Equations ................................................................... 708744
13.1. Definitions (Linear Differential Equations) ..................................................... 708
13.2. The Operator D .................................................................................................. 708
13.3. Theorems ........................................................................................................... 709
13.4. Auxiliary Equation (A.E.) ................................................................................. 709
13.5. Rules for Finding the Complementary Function ............................................. 710
1
13.6. The Inverse Operator .............................................................................. 713
f (D)
13.7. Rules for Finding the Particular Integral ........................................................ 714
13.8. Method of Variation of Parameters to Find P.I . ............................................. 727
( xiv )
13.9. Cauchys Homogeneous Linear Equation ........................................................ 728
13.10. Legendres Linear Equation ............................................................................. 730
13.11. Simultaneous Linear Equations with Constant Co-efficients ......................... 733
13.12. Total Differential Equations ............................................................................. 738
13.13. Method for Solving Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 ......................................................... 738

13.14. Solution of Simultaneous Equations of the Form dx dy dz .................... 741


P Q R

14. Applications of Linear Differential Equations ........................................ 745778


14.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 745
14.2. Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.) ................................................................... 745
14.3. Mechanical and Electrical Oscillatory Circuits ............................................... 748
14.4. Simple Pendulum .............................................................................................. 765
14.5. Gain or Loss of Beats ........................................................................................ 766
14.6. Deflection of Beams ........................................................................................... 769
14.7. Boundary Conditions ........................................................................................ 770
14.8. Applications of Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations ......................... 774
15. Special Functions and Series Solution of Differential Equations ........ 779861
15.1. Gamma Function ............................................................................................... 779
15.2. Reduction Formula for *(n) .............................................................................. 779
15.3. Value of * ( 21 ) ...................................................................................................... 780
15.4. Beta Function .................................................................................................... 781
15.5. Symmetry of Beta Function i.e., B(m, n) = B(n, m) ......................................... 781
15.6. Relation between Beta and Gamma Functions ............................................... 781

15.7.

15.8.
To Evaluate
z0
S/2
sin p x . cos q x dx ; p > 1; q > 1 .......................................... 782

Elliptic Integrals ............................................................................................... 789


15.9. Applications of Elliptic Integrals ...................................................................... 790
15.10. Error Function ................................................................................................... 792
15.11. Series Solution of Differential Equations ........................................................ 795
15.12. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 795
15.13. Power Series Solution, When x = 0 is an Ordinary Point of the Equation

d2y dy
2 + P(x ) + Q(x) y = 0 ............................................................................. 796
dx dx
15.14. Frobenius Method : Series Solution When x = 0 is a Regular Singular Point of the
Differential Equation ........................................................................................ 803
15.15. Legendres Differential Equation ..................................................................... 818
15.16. Legendres Function of First kind Pn(x) ........................................................... 819
15.17. Legendres Function of Second kind Qn(x) ....................................................... 820
( xv )
15.18. Solution of Legendres equation ........................................................................ 820
15.19. Generating Function for Pn(x) ........................................................................... 820
15.20. Rodrigues Formula ........................................................................................... 823
15.21. Recurrence Relations ........................................................................................ 826
15.22. Beltramis Result ............................................................................................... 828
15.23. Orthogonality of Legendre Polynomials ........................................................... 828
15.24. Laplaces Integral of First Kind ........................................................................ 830
15.25. Laplaces Integral of Second Kind .................................................................... 830
15.26. Cristoffels Expansion Formula ........................................................................ 831
15.27. Cristoffels Summation Formula ...................................................................... 832
15.28. Expansion of a Function in a Series of Legendre Polynomials
(Fourier-Legendre Series) ................................................................................. 832
15.29. Bessels Differential Equation .......................................................................... 838
15.30. Solution of Bessels Equation ............................................................................ 838
15.31. Series Representation of Bessel functions ....................................................... 842
15.32. Recurrence Relations for Jn(x) .......................................................................... 843
15.33. Generating Function for Jn(x) ........................................................................... 850
15.34. Integral Form of Bessel Function ..................................................................... 851
15.35. Equations Reducible to Bessels Equation ....................................................... 854
15.36. Modified Bessels Equation ............................................................................... 856
15.37. Ber and Bei Functions ...................................................................................... 857
15.38. Orthogonality of Bessel Functions ................................................................... 858
15.39. Fourier-bessel Expansion of F(x) ...................................................................... 859
16. Partial Differential Equations ................................................................... 862900
16.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 862
16.2. Formation of Partial Differential Equations ................................................... 862
16.3. Definitions ......................................................................................................... 866
16.4. Equations Solvable by Direct Integration ........................................................ 868
16.5. Linear Partial Differential Equations of the First Order ............................... 870
16.6. Lagranges Linear Equation ............................................................................. 870
16.7. Working Method ................................................................................................ 871
16.8. Non-linear Equations of the First Order .......................................................... 876
16.9. (a) Equations of the Form f(p, q) = 0 ................................................................ 876
16.9. (b) Equations of the Form z = px + qy + f(p, q) ................................................. 878
16.9. (c) Equations of the Form f (z, p, q) = 0 ............................................................ 878
16.9. (d) Equations of the Form f1 (x, p) = f2 (y, q) ..................................................... 880
16.10. Charpits Method ............................................................................................... 882
16.11. Homogeneous Linear Equations with Constant Co-efficients ........................ 884
16.12. Rules for Finding the C.F. ............................................................................... 885
16.13. Rules for Finding the P.I. .................................................................................. 887
A Textbook of Engineering Mathematics
by NP Bali and Dr Manish Goyal

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Author : NP Bali and Dr


Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9788131808320
Manish Goyal

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