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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF VAPOUR ABSORPTION AC

IN VEHICLES USING EXHAUST GAS
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CHAPTER 1
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ABSTRACT
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 CHAPTER-1

ABSTRACT

Our project deals with the fabrication of automobile exhaust air

conditioning system. It is well known that an IC engine has an efficiency of about

35-40%, which means that only one-third of the energy in the fuel is converted

into useful work and about 60-65% is wasted to environment. In which about 28-

30% is lost by cooling water and lubrication losses, around 30-32% is lost in the

form of exhaust gases and remaining by radiation, etc. In this air conditioning

System, a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the Vapour

Compression System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical

work. The heat required for running this type of air conditioning System can be

obtained from that which is wasted into the atmosphere from an IC engine.
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CHAPTER 2
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INTRODUCTION
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 CHAPTER-2

INTRODUCTION

Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from an enclosed or

controlled space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is

unobjectionable. The primary purpose of air conditioning is lowering the

temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower

temperature as compared to the surroundings.

Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one

should "remove heat", rather than "adding cold."

The basic objective of developing a vapour absorption refrigerant system

for cars is to cool the space inside the car by utilizing waste heat and exhaust

gases from engine.

The air conditioning system of cars in todays world uses Vapour

Compression Refrigerant System (VCRS) which absorbs and removes heat from

the interior of the car which is the space to be cooled and further rejects the heat

to be elsewhere. Now to increase an efficiency of car beyond a certain limit

vapour compression refrigerant system resists it as it cannot make use of the

exhaust gases from the engine.

 In vapour compression refrigerant system, the system utilizes power from

engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigerant

system. Hence the engine has to produce extra work to run the compressor of the

air conditioning system thus utilizing extra amount of fuel. This loss of power of

the vehicle for air conditioning can be neglected by implementing this type of air

conditioning system.
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CHAPTER 3
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AIR CONDITIONING vs REFRIGERATION
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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

In many ways air conditioning and refrigeration systems are very similar.

Both use specially designed chemicals, the physical effects of the compression and

expansion of gases, and the conversion of gas to liquid to reduce the temperature of

air. The varying uses of these systems, however, mean refrigeration and air

conditioning systems have a handful of key differences in the design and operation.

Supply

A major difference between refrigeration and air conditioning is the point of

supply for the gases. Refrigeration systems have gas installed in a series of tubes.

In old refrigerators, this gas was chloro-flouro-carbon, or CFC, but this has

harmful effects on people, so refrigerators not contain HFC-134a. HFC-134a is the

sole gas used as a coolant in refrigeration systems. Air conditioning systems use

built-in chemicals, but also air from the room or rooms being heated. Gases built

into air conditioning units cool air that circulates through the unit; the unit then

redistributes the cooled air through the room.

Circulation

Air conditioners have circulation systems designed to project cool air away

from the units while refrigeration units have circulation systems designed to retain

coolant in a confined space. Refrigeration systems circulate cool liquids and gases

through a series of tubes and vents. Cool air from within a refrigerator is sucked
into a compressor that recycles the gas through the tubes. Air conditioners, while

also employing tubes in the coolant system, have fans for the dispersal of air.

Unlike refrigeration systems, which keep gases contained to a pre-determined

space, air conditioning systems disperse cool air throughout areas of unknown

volume.

Vaporization

Both air conditioning and refrigeration units depend on converting liquid to

gas in the cooling process, but the manner in which they achieve this is different

for each system.

AIR CONDITIONING

Air conditioning (often referred to as A/C or AC) is the process of altering

the properties of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to more comfortable

conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied

space such as a building or a vehicle to improve thermal comfort and indoor air

quality. In common use, an air conditioner is a device that lowers the air

temperature.
 The cooling is typically achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but

sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also

be made based on desiccants.

In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of

technology that modifies the condition of air (heating, cooling, (de-humidification,

cleaning, ventilation, or air movement). However, in construction, such a complete

system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC -as opposed to AC).

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CHAPTER 4
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS
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 CHAPTER-4

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Manufacturing processes are the steps through which raw materials are

transformed into a final product. The manufacturing process begins with the

creation of the materials from which the design is made. These materials are then

modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part.

Manufacturing processes can include treating (such as heat treating or coating),

machining, or reshaping the material. The manufacturing process also includes

tests and checks for quality assurance during or after the manufacturing, and

planning the production process prior to manufacturing.

METAL CUTTING:

Metal cutting or machining is the process of by removing unwanted material

from a block of metal in the form of chips.

Cutting processes work by causing fracture of the material that is processed.

Usually, the portion that is fractured away is in small sized pieces, called chips.

Common cutting processes include sawing, shaping (or planning), broaching,

drilling, grinding, turning and milling. Although the actual machines, tools and
processes for cutting look very different from each other, the basic mechanism for

causing the fracture can be understood by just a simple model called for orthogonal

cutting.

In all machining processes, the work piece is a shape that can entirely cover

the final part shape. The objective is to cut away the excess material and obtain the

final part. This cutting usually requires to be completed in several steps in each

step, the part is held in a fixture, and the exposed portion can be accessed by the
tool to machine in that portion. Common fixtures include vise, clamps, 3-jaw or 4-

jaw chucks, etc. Each position of holding the part is called a setup. One or more

cutting operation may be performed, using one or more cutting tools, in each setup.

To switch from one setup to the next, we must release the part from the previous

fixture, change the fixture on the machine, clamp the part in the new position on

the new fixture, set the coordinates of the machine tool with respect to the new

location of the part, and finally start the machining operations for this setup.

Therefore, setup changes are time-consuming and expensive, and so we

should try to do the entire cutting process in a minimum number of setups; the task

of determining the sequence of the individual operations, grouping them into (a

minimum number of) setups, and determination of the fixture used for each setup,

is called process planning.

These notes will be organized in three sections:

(i) Introduction to the processes,

(ii) The orthogonal cutting model and tool life optimization and

(iii) Process planning and machining planning for milling.

SAWING:

Cold saws are saws that make use of a circular saw blade to cut through

various types of metal, including sheet metal. The name of the saw has to do with

the action that takes place during the cutting process, which manages to keep both

the metal and the blade from becoming too hot. A cold saw is powered with

electricity and is usually a stationary type of saw machine rather than a portable

type of saw.
 The circular saw blades used with a cold saw are often constructed of high

speed steel. Steel blades of this type are resistant to wear even under daily usage.

The end result is that it is possible to complete a number of cutting projects before

there is a need to replace the blade. High speed steel blades are especially useful

when the saws are used for cutting through thicker sections of metal.

Along with the high speed steel blades, a cold saw may also be equipped

with a blade that is tipped with tungsten carbide. This type of blade construction

also helps to resist wear and tear. One major difference is that tungsten tipped

blades can be re-sharpened from time to time, extending the life of the blade. This

type of blade is a good fit for use with sheet metal and other metallic components

that are relatively thin in design.

WELDING:

Welding is a process for joining similar metals. Welding joins metals by

melting and fusing 1, the base metals being joined and 2, the filler metal applied.

Welding employs pinpointed, localized heat input. Most welding involves ferrous-

based metals such as steel and stainless steel. Weld joints are usually stronger than

or as strong as the base metals being joined.

 Welding is used for making permanent joints. It is used in the manufacture

of automobile bodies, aircraft frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural

works, tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship building.

OPERATION:

Several welding processes are based on heating with an electric arc, only a

few are considered here, starting with the oldest, simple arc welding, also known

as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) or stick welding. In this process an

electrical machine (which may be DC or AC, but nowadays is usually AC)

supplies current to an electrode holder which carries an electrode which is

normally coated with a mixture of chemicals or flux. An earth cable connects the
work piece to the welding machine to provide a return path for the current. The

weld is initiated by tapping ('striking') the tip of the electrode against the work

piece which initiates an electric arc. The high temperature generated (about

6000oC) almost instantly produces a molten pool and the end of the electrode

continuously melts into this pool and forms the joint.

The operator needs to control the gap between the electrode tip and the work

piece while moving the electrode along the joint.

 In the shielded metal arc welding process (SMAW) the 'stick' electrode is

covered with an extruded coating of flux. The heat of the arc melts the flux which

generates a gaseous shield to keep air away from the molten pool and also flux

ingredients react with unwanted impurities such as surface oxides, creating a slag

which floats to the surface of the weld pool. This forms a crust which protects the

weld while it is cooling. When the weld is cold the slag is chipped off.

The SMAW process cannot be used on steel thinner than about 3mm and

being a discontinuous process it is only suitable for manual operation. It is very

widely used in jobbing shops and for onsite steel construction work. A wide range

of electrode materials and coatings are available enabling the process to be applied

to most steels, heat resisting alloys and many types of cast iron.

DRILLNG:

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of

circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often

multipoint. The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates from

hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge

against the workpiece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.
OPERATION:

The geometry of the common twist drill tool (called drill bit) is complex; it

has straight cutting teeth at the bottom these teeth do most of the metal cutting,

and it has curved cutting teeth along its cylindrical surface. The grooves created by

the helical teeth are called flutes, and are useful in pushing the chips out from the

hole as it is being machined. Clearly, the velocity of the tip of the drill is zero, and

so this region of the tool cannot do much cutting. Therefore it is common to

machine a small hole in the material, called a center-hole, before utilizing the drill.

Center-holes are made by special drills called center-drills; they also provide a

good way for the drill bit to get aligned with the location of the center of the hole.

There are hundreds of different types of drill shapes and sizes; here, we will only

restrict ourselves to some general facts about drills.

 Common drill bit materials include hardened steel (High Speed Steel,

Titanium Nitride coated steel); for cutting harder materials, drills with hard inserts,

e.g. carbide or CBN inserts, are used;

In general, drills for cutting softer materials have smaller point angle, while

those for cutting hard and brittle materials have larger point angle;

If the Length/Diameter ratio of the hole to be machined is large, then we

need a special guiding support for the drill, which itself has to be very long; such

operations are called gun-drilling. This process is used for holes with diameter of

few mm or more, and L/D ratio up to 300. These are used for making barrels of

guns;
 Drilling is not useful for very small diameter holes (e.g. < 0.5 mm), since

the tool may break and get stuck in the work piece; - Usually, the size of the hole

made by a drill is slightly larger than the measured diameter of the drill this is

mainly because of vibration of the tool spindle as it rotates, possible misalignment

of the drill with the spindle axis, and some other factors;
 For tight dimension control on hole diameter, we first drill a hole that is

slightly smaller than required size (e.g. 0.25 mm smaller), and then use a special

type of drill called a reamer. Reaming has very low material removal rate, low

depth of cut, but gives good dimension accuracy.

INSPECTION:

Critical appraisal involving examination, measurement, testing, gauging, and

comparison of materials or items. An inspection determines if the material or item

is in proper quantity and condition, and if it conforms to the applicable or specified

requirements. Inspection is generally divided into three categories: (1) Receiving

inspection, (2) In-process inspection, and (3) Final inspection. In quality control

(which is guided by the principle that "Quality cannot be inspected into a product")

the role of inspection is to verify and validate the variance data; it does not involve

separating the good from the bad.

ASSEMBLY:

An assembly line is a manufacturing process (most of the time called

a progressive assembly) in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added as

the semi-finished assembly moves from work station to work station where the

parts are added in sequence until the final assembly is produced. By mechanically

moving the parts to the assembly work and moving the semi-finished assembly

from work station to work station, a finished product can be assembled much faster

and with much less labor than by having workers carry parts to a stationary piece

for assembly.
NEED FOR AUTOMATION

Nowadays almost all the manufacturing process is being atomized in order

to deliver the products at a faster rate. The manufacturing operation is being

atomized for the following reasons.

To achieve mass production

To reduce man power

To increase the efficiency of the plant

To reduce the work load

To reduce the production cost

To reduce the production time

To reduce the material handling

To reduce the fatigue of workers

To achieve good product quality

Less Maintenance
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CHAPTER 5
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COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
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 CHAPTER-5

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The major components used in this project are,

Compressor,

Condenser,

Expansion valve,

Evaporator,

Fan or blower,

IC engine.

COMPRESSOR

An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor,

diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e.,

compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and

more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches

its upper limit the air compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the

tank until called into use. The energy contained in the compressed air can be used

for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is released
and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower limit, the air

compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank.

There are numerous methods of air compression, divided into either positive-

displacement or negative-displacement types.

Positive displacement

Positive-displacement compressors work by forcing air into a chamber whose

volume is decreased to compress the air. Common types of positive displacement

compressors are:-

Piston-type air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air

chamber through the use of the constant motion of pistons. They use one-

way valves to guide air into a cylinder chamber, where the air is compressed.

Rotary screw compressors use positive-displacement compression by

matching two helical screws that, when turned, guide air into a chamber,

whose volume is decreased as the screws turn.

Vane compressors use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide

air into a chamber and compress the volume. A type of compressor that

delivers a fixed volume of air at high pressures.

Negative displacement

Negative-displacement air compressors include centrifugal compressors. In

this type, a rotating component imparts its kinetic energy to the air which is

eventually converted into pressure energy. These use centrifugal force generated

by a spinning impeller to accelerate and then decelerate captured air, which

pressurizes it.

Due to adiabatic heating, air compressors require some method of disposing of

waste heat. Generally this is some form of air- or water-cooling, although some

(particularly rotary type) compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in turn air-

or water-cooled) and the atmospheric changes also considered during cooling of

compressors.

Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane

or rotary screw. Centrifugal compressors are common in very large applications.

There are two main types of air compressor's pumps: oil-lubed and oil-less. The

oil-less system has more technical development, but is more expensive, louder and

lasts for less time than oil-lubed pumps. The oil-less system also delivers air of

better quality.

The most common types of air compressors are: electric or gas/diesel

powered compressors. The power of a compressor is measured in HP

(Horsepower) and CFM (cubic feet of air per minute). The gallon size of the tank
tells you how much compressed air "in reserve" is available. Gas/diesel powered

compressors are widely used in remote areas with problematic access to electricity.

They are noisy and require ventilation for exhaust gases. Electric powered

compressors are widely used in production, workshops and garages with

permanent access to electricity.

Common workshop/garage compressors are 110-120 Volt or 230-240 Volt.

Compressor tank shapes are: "pancake", "twin tank", "horizontal", and "vertical".

Depending on a size and purpose compressors can be stationary or portable.

CONDENSER

In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to

condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing,

the latent heat is given up by the substance, and will transfer to the condenser

coolant. Condensers are typically heat exchangers which have various designs and

come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large industrial-

scale units used in plant processes.

For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from

the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning,

industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants and other
heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is

common in many condensers.

In the world of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC),

condensers happen to be a topic of great importance. Instead of confusing

information, the goal is to provide some basic information on the different types of

condensers and their applications.

There are three other condensers used in HVAC systems

Water-cooled

Air-cooled

Evaporative

Air cooled If the condenser is located on the outside of the unit, the air cooled

condenser can provide the easiest arrangement. These types of condensers eject

heat to the outdoors and are simple to install.

Most common uses for this condenser are domestic refrigerators, upright

freezers and in residential packaged air conditioning units. A great feature of the

air cooled condenser is they are very easy to clean. Since dirt can cause serious

issues with the condensers performance, it is highly recommended that these be

kept clear of dirt.

Water cooled Although a little more pricey to install, these condensers are the

more efficient type. Commonly used for swimming pools and condensers piped for

city water flow, these condensers require regular service and maintenance.

They also require a cooling tower to conserve water. To prevent corrosion

and the forming of algae, water cooled condensers require a constant supply of

makeup water along with water treatment.

Depending on the application you can choose from tube in tube, shell and

coil or shell and tube condensers. All are essentially made to produce the same

outcome, but each in a different way.

Evaporative While these remain the least popular choice, evaporative

condensers can be used inside or outside of a building and under typical

conditions, operate at a low condensing temperature.

Typically these are used in large commercial air-conditioning units.

Although effective, they are not necessarily the most efficient.

EXPANSION VALVE

A thermal expansion valve is a component in refrigeration and air

conditioning a system that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the

evaporator thereby controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator.

 Expansion valves are flow-restricting devices that cause a pressure drop of

the working fluid. The valve needle remains open during steady state operation.

The size of the opening or the position of the needle is related to the pressure and

temperature of the evaporator. There are three main parts of the expansion valve

that regulate the position of the needle. A sensor bulb, at the end of the evaporator,

monitors the temperature change of the evaporator. This change in temperature

creates a change in pressure on the diaphragm.

For example, if the temperature in the evaporator increases, the pressure in

the diaphragm increases causing the needle to lower. Lowering the needle allows

more of the working fluid into the evaporator to absorb heat. The pressure at the

inlet of the evaporator affects the position of the needle and prevents the working

fluid from flowing back into the compressor. Since the pressure before the valve is

higher than the pressure after the valve, the working fluid naturally flows into the

evaporator. The pressure at the inlet of the evaporator acts on the diaphragm. There

is also a spring providing a constant pressure closing the valve needle. The spring

constantly restricts the amount of working fluid entering the evaporator.

The pressure spring can be adjusted to increase or decrease pressure based

on temperature needs. The pressure created by the spring acts on the opening of the

valve. When the pressure of the sensor bulb acting on the diaphragm is greater than

the combined pressure of the evaporator and spring, the valve opens to increase the
flow rate of the working fluid. An increase of flow rate lowers the temperature of

the evaporator and allows for more heat absorption.

There are two main types of thermal expansion valves: internally or

externally equalized. The difference between externally and internally equalized

valves is how the evaporator pressure affects the position of the needle. In

internally equalized valves, the evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the

pressure at the inlet of the evaporator, whereas in externally equalized valves, the

evaporator pressure against the diaphragm is the pressure at the outlet of the

evaporator. Externally equalized thermostatic expansion valves compensate for any

pressure drop through the evaporator.

Internally equalized valves can be used on single circuit evaporator coils

having low pressure drop. Externally equalized valves must be used on multi-

circuited evaporators with refrigerant distributors. Externally equalized TXVs can

be used on all applications; however, an externally equalized cannot be replaced

with an internally equalized.

EVAPORATOR

An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its

gaseous form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

 An evaporator is used in an air-conditioning system to allow a compressed

cooling chemical, such as R-22 (Freon) or R-410A, to evaporate from liquid to gas

while absorbing heat in the process. It can also be used to remove water or other

liquids from mixtures. The process of evaporation is widely used to concentrate

foods and chemicals as well as salvage solvents. In the concentration process, the

goal of evaporation is to vaporize most of the water from a solution which contains

the desired product. In the case of desalination of sea water or in Zero Liquid

Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the

desirable drinking water from the undesired product, salt.

One of the most important applications of evaporation is in the food and

beverage industry. Foods or beverages that need to last for a considerable amount

of time or need to have certain consistency, like coffee, go through an evaporation

step during processing.

In the pharmaceutical industry, the evaporation process is used to eliminate

excess moisture, providing an easily handled product and improving product

stability. Preservation of long-term activity or stabilization of enzymes in

laboratories are greatly assisted by the evaporation process.

Another example of evaporation is in the recovery of sodium hydroxide

in Kraft pulping. Cutting down waste-handling cost is another major reason for

large companies to use evaporation applications. Legally, all producers of waste

must dispose of waste using methods compatible with environmental guidelines;

these methods are costly. By removing moisture through vaporization, industry can

greatly reduce the amount of waste product that must be processed.

The solution containing the desired product is fed into the evaporator and

passes across a heat source. The applied heat converts the water in the solution into

vapor. The vapor is removed from the rest of the solution and is condensed while

the now-concentrated solution is either fed into a second evaporator or is removed.

The evaporator, as a machine, generally consists of four sections. The heating

section contains the heating medium, which can vary. Steam is fed into this

section. The most common medium consists of parallel tubes but others have plates

or coils typically made from copper or aluminium. The concentrating and

separating section removes the vapor being produced from the solution. The

condenser condenses the separated vapor, then the vacuum or pump provides

pressure to increase circulation.

Technical problems can arise during evaporation, especially when the

process is applied to the food industry. Some evaporators are sensitive to

differences in viscosity and consistency of the dilute solution. These evaporators

could work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation. The pump of an

evaporator may need to be changed if the evaporator needs to be used to

concentrate a highly viscous solution.

 Fouling also occurs when hard deposits form on the surfaces of the heating

mediums in the evaporators. In foods, proteins and polysaccharides can create such

deposits that reduce the efficiency of heat transfer. Foaming can also create a

problem since dealing with the excess foam can be costly in time and efficiency.

Antifoam agents are to be used, but only a few can be used when food is being

processed.

Corrosion can also occur when acidic solutions such as citrus juices are

concentrated. The surface damage caused can shorten the long-life of evaporators.

Quality and flavor of food can also suffer during evaporation. Overall, when

choosing an evaporator, the qualities of the product solution need to be taken into

careful consideration.

FAN OR BLOWER

Blowers are machines whose primary function is to provide a large flow of

air or gas to various processes of many industries. This is achieved by rotating a

number of blades, connected to a hub and shaft, and driven by a motor or turbine.

The flow rates of these fans range from approximately 200 to 2,000,000 cubic feet

(5.7 to 57000 cubic meters) per minute. A blower is another name for a fan that

operates where the resistance to the flow is primarily on the downstream side of

the fan.
 Most blowers may be categorized into one of two general types: centrifugal

fans and axial fans.

Centrifugal

The centrifugal design uses the centrifugal force generated by a rotating

disk, with blades mounted at right angles to the disk, to impart movement to the air

or gas and increase its pressure. The assembly of the hub, disk and blades is known

as the fan wheel, and often includes other components with aerodynamic or

structural functions. The centrifugal fan wheel is typically contained within scroll-

shaped fan housing, resembling the shell of the nautilus sea creature with a central

hole. The air or gas inside the spinning fan is thrown off the outside of the wheel,

to an outlet at the housing's largest diameter. This simultaneously draws more air

or gas into the wheel through the central hole. Inlet and outlet ducting are often

attached to the fan's housing, to supply and/or exhaust the air or gas to the

industry's requirements.

There are many varieties of centrifugal fans, which may have fan wheels that

range from less than a foot (0.3 meters) to over 16 feet (5 m) in diameter.

Axial

The axial design uses axial forces to achieve the movement of the air or gas,

spinning a central hub with blades extending radially from its outer diameter. The
fluid is moved parallel to the fan wheel's shaft, or axis of rotation. The axial fan

wheel is often contained within a short section of cylindrical ductwork, to which

inlet and outlet ducting can be connected.

In general, axial fans are used where the principal requirement is for a large

volume of flow, and the centrifugal design where both flow and higher pressures

are required.

IC ENGINE

CONSTRUCTION

In this project we use SPARK IGNITION engine of the type two stroke

single cylinder of Cubic capacity 75 cc. Engine has a piston that moves up and

down in cylinder. A cylinder is a long round air pocket somewhat like a tin can

with a bottom cut out. Cylinder has a piston which is slightly smaller in size than

the cylinder the piston is a metal plug that slides up and down in the cylinder Bore

diameter and stroke length of the engine are 50mm and 49mm respectively.

WORKING

There are only two strokes involved namely the compression stroke and the

power stroke; they are usually called as upward stroke and downward stroke

respectively.
Upward Stroke

During this stroke, the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead

center, compressing the charge-air petrol mixture in combustion chamber of the

cylinder.

At the time the inlet port is uncovered and the exhaust, transfer ports are

covered. The compressed charge is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark

given by spark plug.

Downward Stroke

The charge is ignited the hot gases compress the piston moves downwards,

during this stroke the inlet port is covered by the piston and the new charge is

compressed in the crankcase, further downward movement of the piston uncovers

first exhaust port and then transfer port and hence the exhaust starts through the

exhaust port. As soon as the transfer port open the charge through it is forced in to

the cylinder, the cycle is then repeated.

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CHAPTER 6
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WORKING PRINCIPLE
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 CHAPTER-6

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The unit consists of four main parts - the boiler, condenser, evaporator and

the absorber. The unit can be run on waste exhaust gas heat. When the unit

operates on the exhaust gas, the heat is supplied by the exhaust gas which is fitted

underneath the central tube and when the unit operates on electricity the heat is

supplied by a heating element inserted in the pocket.

The unit charge consists of a quantity of ammonia, water and hydrogen at a

sufficient pressure to condense ammonia at the room temperature for which the

unit is designed. When heat is supplied to the boiler system, bubbles of ammonia

gas are produced which rise and carry with them quantities of weak ammonia

solution through the siphon pump.

This weak solution passes into the tube, whilst the ammonia vapour passes

into the vapour pipe and on to the water separator. Here the water vapor is

condensed and runs back into the boiler system leaving the dry ammonia vapour to

pass to the condenser. Air circulating over the fins of the condenser removes the

heat from the ammonia vapour to cause it to condense into liquid ammonia which

flows into the evaporator. The evaporator is supplied with hydrogen. The hydrogen

passes across the surface of the ammonia and lowers the ammonia vapour pressure

sufficiently to allow the liquid ammonia to evaporate.

 The mixture of the ammonia and the hydrogen vapour passes from the

evaporator to the absorber. Entering the upper portion of the absorber is a

continuous trickle of weak ammonia solution fed by gravity from the tube. This

weak solution, flowing down through the absorber comes into contact with the

mixed ammonia and hydrogen gases which readily absorbs the ammonia from the

mixture, leaving the hydrogen free to rise through the absorber coil and to return to

the evaporator.

The hydrogen thus circulates continuously between the absorber and the

evaporator. The strong ammonia solution produced in the absorber which flows

down to the absorber vessel and then to the boiler system, thus completing the full

cycle of operation. The liquid circulation of the unit is purely gravitational. Heat is

generated in the absorber by the process of absorption.

This heat must be dissipated into the surrounding air. Heat must also be

dissipated from the condenser in order to cool the ammonia vapour sufficiently for

it to liquefy. Free air circulation is therefore necessary over the absorber and the

condenser. The whole unit operates by the heat applied to the boiler system and it

is of paramount importance that this heat is kept within the necessary limits and is

properly applied.
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CHAPTER 7
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2D DRAWING
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CHAPTER-7

2D DRAWING
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CHAPTER 8
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
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 CHAPTER-8

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

The running cost of this system is less than air conditioning system.

The coefficient of performance is quite high as the working cycle of this

system is near the Carnot cycle.

Among the refrigerant circulated is less per ton of refrigeration than air

refrigeration system because the heat carried away by the refrigerant is

the latent heat. As a result of this, the size of evaporator is smaller for the

same refrigerating effect.

This system can be employed over a large range of temperatures. By

adjusting the expansion valve of the same unit, the required temperature

in the evaporator can be achieved.

DISADVANTAGES

Prevention of leakage of refrigerant in this system is the major problem.

First investment cost is high than the air conditioning system.

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CHAPTER 9
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APPLICATIONS
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 CHAPTER-9

APPLICATIONS

The air conditioning effect from the waste heat from the cars has a wide

range of applications in the fields like,

Commercial vehicles.

All automobile industries.

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CHAPTER 10
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CONCLUSION
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 CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION

A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for

the Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing

techniques, diagnostic Software, algorithms for the dynamic exchange of

informational different levels of hierarchy.

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience,

to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding,

planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time

successfully. The VAPOUR ABSORPTION AC IN VEHICLES USING

EXHAUST GAS is working with satisfactory conditions. We are able to

understand the difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and also quality.

We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available

facilities. In conclusion remarks of our project work. Thus we have developed a

VAPOUR ABSORPTION AC IN VEHICLES USING EXHAUST GAS

which helps to know how to achieve low cost air conditioning using the exhaust

gas. By using more techniques, they can be modified and developed according to

the applications.