299879485 FEA第二册分析与计算原理 PDF

MIDAS Family Program()
MIDAS Family Program
561307
Tel: - 010-8802-6169
Fax: 010-8802-6171
E-mail:Beijing@midasUser.com
http://www.MidasUser.com
Modeling, Integrated Design & Analysis Software
(trademark)(registered trademark)
ADINA is a trademark of ADINA R&D, Inc.

AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc.
SAP2000 is registered trademark of Computer and Structure, Inc.
Excel is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
IBM is a registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.
Intel 386, 486, and Pentium are trademark of Intel Corporation.
MIDAS is a trademark of MIDAS Information Technology Corporation.
NASTRAN is a registered trademark of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA).
NISAis a trademark of Engineering Mechanics Research Corporation.
ScreenCam is a trademark of Lotus Development Corporation.
Sentinel is a trademark of Rainbow Technologies, Inc.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
Internet Explorer is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.


MIDAS
19895000
MIDAS Family
ProgramMIDAS Family Program
MIDAS Family ProgramPOSCO
MIDAS FEA
MIDAS/FEAMIDAS Family Program
MIDAS/FEAMIDAS Family Program2005MIDAS Family Program
Advanced Nonlinear and Detail Analysis Program

midas FEA

Integrated Solution System for Bridge and Civil Structures
midas Civil

General Pre & Post-processors for Finite Element Analysis
midas FX+

Geotechnical and Tunnel analysis System
midas GTS

Integrated Design System for Building and General Structures
midas Gen

Shear wall type Apartment Design System
midas ADS

Slab & basemat Design System
midas SDS

Structural Engineers Tools
midas Set

MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS/FEATNO DIANA
Windows
MIDAS/FEAMIDAS
MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS(www.MidasUser.com)
MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS/FEA

MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS/FEA
Civil
9
0%
MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS IT(www.MidasUser.com)MIDAS/FEA
MIDAS IT(www.MidasUser.com)FAQQ&A

. 03
1-1 / 03
1-2 / 11
1-3 / 16
1-4 / 31
1-5 / 40
1-6 / 62
1-7 /67
1-8 / 76
1-9 / 89
1-10 / 92
. 99
2-1 / 99
2-2 / 100
2-3 / 105
2-4 / 110
2-5 / 115
2-6 / 120
2-7 / 123
2-8 / 128
2-9 / 132
We Analyze and Design the Future

. 137
3-1 / 137
3-2 / 139
3-3 / 141
3-4 / 143
3-5 / 145
3-6 / 149
3-7 / 150
. 151
4-1 / 151
4-2 / 156
4-3 / 159
4-4 / 162
4-5 / 167
4-6 / 168
4-7 / 171

. 177
1-1 / 177
1-2 / 188
. 209
2-1 / 209
2-2 / 213
2-3 / 216
2-4 / 218
2-5 / 220
2-6 / 226
2-7 / 2324
2-8 / 242
2-9 / 245
. 253
3-1 / 253
3-2 / 255
3-3 / 261
3-4 / 271
3-5 / 274
3-6 / 277

. 289
1-1 / 289
1-2 / 292
1-3 / 293
1-4 / 295
1-5 / 296
1-6 / 298
1-7 / 399
. 301
2-1 / 301
2-2 / 302
2-3 / 306
2-4 / 308
. 309
3-1 / 309
3-2 / 312
3-3 / 313
3-4 / 314
3-5 / 315
3-6 / 319
3-7 / 320

. 323
1-1 / 323
1-2 / 324
. 325
2-1 / 325
2-2 / 329
2-3 / 331
2-4 / 332
. 335
3-1 / 335
3-2 / 336
3-3 / 338
3-4 / 340
3-5 / 342
. 343
4-1 / 343
4-2 / 348
. 349
5-1 / 349
5-2 / 351
5-3 / 358
5-4 / 359

. 363
1-1 / 363
1-2 / 364
1-3 / 367
1-4 / 368
1-5 / 370

. 373
1-1 / 373
1-2 / 374
1-3 / 378
1-4 / 380
1-5 / 384
. 387
2-1 / 387
2-2 / 388
2-3 / 390
2-4 / 394
2-5 / 395
2-6 / 419

. 423
1-1 / 423
1-2 / 424
1-3 / 431

. 435
1-1 / 435
1-2 / 436
1-3 / 439
1-4 / 441
1-5 / 447
1-6 / 450

CFD ()
. CFD 455
1-1 / 455
1-2 RANS/ 456
1-3 / 459
1-4 / 461
1-5 / 462
1-6 / 464
1-7 CFD /465

midas FEA Analysis and Algorithm Manual
Analysis and Algorithm
midas FEA

|
1-1
z (GCS: global coordinate system)

XYZ

z ECSelement coordinate system

xyz

midas FEA
z
NCS: nodal coordinate system), (OCS: output coordinate
system), (MCS: material coordinate system)
2
3
1
z
MCS
y
ECS
x
Z
Y
GCS X
1.1.1
We Analyze and Design the Future 3

midas FEA
y (truss element)
y (beam element)
y (plane stress element)
y (plate element)
y (plane strain element)
y (axisymmetric element)
y (solid element)
y (elastic link)/(point spring)/(point damping)/
(matrix spring)/(rigid link)
midas FEA

4
|
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
midas FEA
3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3
3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
midas FEA
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3

6
|
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3
midas FEA
3 3
- 3 3
- 3 3
- 3 3
3 3
3 3
/ 3*
*)

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
midas FEA
- 3 3 3 3 3 3
- 3 3 3 3 3 3
- 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
/ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

8
|

()
3 3 ECS (no)
3 ECS (no)
3 3 ECS (yes)
3 3 3 ECS (yes)
3 3 GCS (yes)
3 3 GCS (yes)
midas FEA
3 3 GCS (yes)
y
y
y /
y /
y 1/2
y 4834

y 45o135o
30o150o
y
y (//)MIDAS


K e
K e = BT DBdV (1.1.1)
Ve
B N D N
N i
midas FEA

10
|
1-2
1-2-1
-
(/)

= { xx } , = { xx } ()
1.2.1 x
midas FEA
x 12.
ECS x-axis
xx , xx
1
xx , xx
1.2.1

1-2-2.
x
(translation) u
ui = {ui } (1.2.1)
x u
2 2
x = N i xi , u = N i ui (1.2.2)
i =1 i =1
midas FEA
1 1+
N1 = , N2 = ( 1 1) (1.2.3)
2 2
B i (1.2.4)
2
= Biui (1.2.4)
i =1
Bi
N
Bi = i (1.2.5)
x
Bi
K ij = BTi DB j dL , D = A { E} (1.2.6)
Le

A :
Le
:
(1.2.6)

12
|
EA 1 1
K= (1.2.7)
Le 1 1
1-2-3
x

Fi = A N i y dL (1.2.8)
Le

z
midas FEA
x , y , z
z
Fi = BTi PdL (1.2.9)

Le
Fi = BTi EATdL (1.2.10)

Le
:
T :
(lumped mass)(consistent mass)

x, y, z

z
1
0 1 symm.

ALe 0 0 1
M= (1.2.11)
2 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0 0 1
z
2
0 2 symm.

ALe 0 0 2
midas FEA
M= (1.2.12)
6 1 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 2

0 0 1 0 0 2
1-2-4
12
N x (= A xx ) 1.2.2


14
|
ECS x-axis
N x , xx
J - End
I - End
N x , xx
1.2.2
midas FEA

1-3
1-3-1

(/)

= { xx } , = { xx } ()
M
M = y , = y ()
M
z z
T = {M x } , = {x } ()
midas FEA
Q
Q = y , = xy ( )
Q
z zx
1.3.1,+
01/5


16
|
Qz , zx
ECS x-axis
M z ,z xx , xx
M x ,x
2 M y , y
ECS z-axis
Qy , yz
ECS y-axis
M y , y
Qy , yz
M x ,x 1
xx , xx
M z ,z
midas FEA
Qz , zx
1.3.1
,
x 12 y, z 1.3.11.3.21.
3.4 z y
1.3.2 z x
z X z
x z z
x z
1.3.3 x z
x
1.3.4 x z
x

X: N1X
Y: N1Y
GCS-
midas FEA
(a) x Z
GCS-
xZ
1.3.2

18
|
Local z x-z plane
Local x
Vk
3 2
Local y
1
Z
Y
X
GCS
1.3.3 K
midas FEA
Local z x-z plane
Local x
Vk( , , )
2
Local y
1
Z
Y
X
GCS
1.3.4 K

1-3-2

,
Timoshenko Euler

ui = {ui } (1.3.1)
EA 1 1
K axial = (1.3.2)
Le 1 1

midas FEA
A :
Le :
ui = { xi } (1.3.3)
GI x 1 1
K torsional = (1.3.4)
Le 1 1

I x :
Le
,Timoshenko
. x z z w y

u i = {wi yi }
T
(1.3.5)

20
|
x w
2 2
x = Ni xi w = N i wi (1.3.6)
i =1 i =1
y 2
2
y = N i yi + P3 y 3 (1.3.7)
i =1
1 1+
N1 = , N2 = , P3 = 1 2 ( 1 1 ) (1.3.8)
2 2
y 3
z
M y
Qz = (1.3.9)
midas FEA
x
z zx
zx
(
Le zx zx )dL = 0 (1.3.10)
z y 3
w1

3 L Le y1 12 EI y
y 3 = 1 e 1 3 = (1.3.11)
2 Le (1 + 3 ) 2 w
2 2 GAsz L2e
y 2

Asz : z
I y :
y Bbi
2
y = Bbi ui (1.3.12)
i =1

3ai P3 3 P3 N i
Bbi = , a1 = 1, a2 = 1 (1.3.13)
2 Le (1 + 3 ) x 4(1 + 3 ) x x
zx zx B si
2
zx = B si ui (1.3.14)
i =1
ai Le
B si = a1 = 1, a2 = 1 (1.3.15)
Le (1 + 3 ) 2(1 + 3 )
K ij = (BTbi DbBbj + BTsi D s B sj )dL (1.3.16)

Le
midas FEA
Db = I y { E} D s = Asy {G} (1.3.17)
(1.3.17), x z ,
12 6 12 6
L3
L2e L3e L2e
e
4 3 6 2 3
EI y
1 + 1
Le 4 L2e Le 2
K bending + K shear = (1.3.18)
1 + 3 12 6

L3e Le
2

4 3
Symm. 1 +
L 4
x y
,(1.3.10)

Le
zx dL = 0 (1.3.19)

22
|
(1.3.18) 3 = 0
1-3-3
,
,
midas FEA

,,
(I1/41/23/4J)1.3.5

p2
p1 m2
m1
I J
P M
I J
(a) ()

L L
Z Z
X X
(b)
1.3.5
x

midas FEA
Fi = A N i y dL (1.3.20)
Le

z

x , y , z :

Fi = BTi PdL ( Bi :) (1.3.21)

Le

P :
Fi = BTi EATdL (1.3.22)

Le

24
|
x, y, z
( ALe ) 2
140
0 156 symm.

0 0 156

0 J
0 0 140
A

0 0 22 Le 0 4 L2e
ALe 0 22 Le 0 0 0 4 L2e
M=
420 70 0 0 0 0 0 140
0 54 0 0 0 13Le 0 156

0 0 54 0 13Le 0 0 0 156
midas FEA
J J
0 0 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 140
A A
0 0 13Le 0 3L2e 0 0 0 22 Le 0 4 L2e

0 13Le 0 0 0 3L2e 0 22 Le 0 0 0 4 L2e
(1.3.23)
J : (polar moment of inertia)
1-3-4
1.3.6

rotational d.o.f. released

girder

beam

(a) (b)

midas FEA
(c) (Pin Connection)
(d)
1.3.6

26
|
1.3.7,
midas FEA

(a) (b)
1.3.7
1.3.8,
,

column member column member

beam member
Rigid Zone
Rigid Zone
B A
B clear length of beam A
length between nodes (L)
1.3.8 (AB)
1.3.9
midas FEA
i j

i j
L1 Lj
Li
i L j
i j

28
|
Li = 1.0 Ri ()
Li=ZF Ri ()
Lj = 1.0 Rj (
Lj=ZF Rj ()
Rii
Rjj
ZF
V1V2
M1M2
V3V4
1.3.9
midas FEA
1-3-5
5I
1/42/43/4J51.3.10+
y Nx
y Qy , Qz
y Mx
y M y, M z

Qz
ECS x-axis
Mz
Nx
Mx
J-End My
ECS z-axis
Qy
3/4 pt
ECS y-axis 1/2 pt

My
Qy
1/4 pt
I-End
Mx
Nx
Mz
midas FEA
Qz
1.3.10

30
|
1-4
1-4-1
3468
,
(/)

xx xx

= yy = yy ()

xy xy
1.4.1
midas FEA
z
y
xy , xy
ECS x xx , xx
xy , xy
yy , yy
1.4.1
x, y, z ,1.4.2
1423 x
12 x

ECS z-axis
3 ECS y-axis
1
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
ECS z-axis
4
midas FEA
ECS y-axis
3
1
ECS x-axis
ECS z-axis
3 ECS y-axis
6
5
1
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
4 2

32
|
ECS z-axis
8 7 ECS y-axis
3
1
6 ECS x-axis
5
1.4.2
midas FEA
34
68

3
1-4-2
4
x, y u , v
ui = {ui vi }
T
(1.4.1)
4N

x, y u , v
N N N N
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N i ui v = N i vi (1.4.2)
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

N1 = 1 N 2 = (1.4.3)
4
1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 )
4 4
1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) (1.4.4)
4 4
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 ) (1.4.5)
8
midas FEA
1 1 1 1 1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4 2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4 2 2 4 2 2
N5 =
1
2
( ) 1
2
( ) 1
( )
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2 N 7 = 1 2 (1 + )
2
N8 =
1
2
(
(1 ) 1 2 ) (1.4.6)
u Bi (1.4.7)
N
= Biui (1.4.7)
i =1
Bi

34
|
N
i 0
x
N i
Bi = 0 (1.4.8)
y
N i N i

y x
Bi
K ij = t BTi DB j dA (1.4.9)
Ae
midas FEA
t
Ae
D

1 0
E
D= 2
1 0 (1.4.10)
1
1
0 0
2
u a = {a1 b1 a2 b2 }
T
(1.4.11)
x, y u , v
4 4 4 4
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N iui + a1P1 + a2 P2 v = N i vi + b1P1 + b2 P2 1.4.12)
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

P1 = 1 2 P2 = 1 2
, (1.4.13)

4
= Bi ui + B au a (1.4.14)
i =1
Bi (1.4.15) B a
P1 P2
0 0
x x
P1 P2
Ba = 0 0 (1.4.15)
midas FEA
y y
P1 P1 P2 P2

y x y x
Bi B a 4
K ij = t BTi DB j dA K ia = t BTi DB a dA
Ae Ae
K ai = t BTa DBi dA K aa = t BTa DB a dA (1.4.16)

Ae Ae
1.4.164
{ }
K ij K ia u F
j = { i }
K K u 0
aj aa a
(1.4.17)
K ij = K ij K ia K aa1 K aj
(1.4.18)

36
|
B a = = 0
Jacobian1.4.3

1.4.3
midas FEA
1-4-3

z
x

Fi = t N i y dA (1.4.19)
Ae

z

x , y , z
z
Px

Fi = N i Py dA (1.4.20)
Ae
P
z

Px , Py , Pz

Px

Fi = N i Py ds (1.4.21)
L
P
z

Px , Py , Pz
x

Fi = t B D y TdA
T
i (1.4.22)
Ae
0

midas FEA

x , y x, y
x,y,z
M ij = t Ni N j dA
Ae
(1.4.23)
tAe

38
|
1-4-4

z xx , yy , xy
z Von-Mises (P1
2
+ P22 PP
1 2 )
xx yy
2
z + xy
2

2
z P1 , P2
midas FEA
xx + yy xx yy
2
Pi = + xy
2
2 2
z xx , yy , xy
z Von-Mises
2
3
(E 1
2
+ E22 E1E2 )
z E1 + E2
z E1 , E2
xx + yy xx yy xy2
2
Ei = +
2 2 4

z 3 1
z 4 4
z 6 3
z 8 9
1.4.1

1-5
1-5-1
3468
/

xx xx

= yy = yy

xy xy
midas FEA
M xx xx

M = M yy = yy
M
xy xy
Qzx zx
Q= =
Qyz yz
1.5.1
+

40
|
z
y Qzx , zx
x
ECS M xx , xx
M xy , xy
M xy , xy
Qyz , yz
M yy , yy
1.5.1
x,y,z1.5.2
midas FEA
x12
ECS z-axis
3 ECS y-axis
1
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
3
1
ECS x-axis

ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
3
6
5
ECS x-axis
1 (1 2 direction)
4
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
7
8
midas FEA
3
1
ECS x-axis
6
5
1.5.2.
34
684
3
3

42
|
1-5-2
3x,y
y 3
z 1
y 4
midas FEA

y 3
DKT 2 (Discrete Kirchhoff triangle), DKMT 3 (Discrete Kirchhoff
Mindlin triangle)
1
D.J. Allman, A Compatible Triangular Element Including Vertex Rotations for Plane Elasticity Analysis,
Comput. Struct., Vol. 19, 1-8, 1984
22
D.J. Allman, A Compatible Triangular Element Including Vertex Rotations for Plane Elasticity
Analysis, Comput. Struct., Vol. 19, 1-8, 1984
2
J.L. Batoz, K.J. Bathe and L.W. Ho, A Study of Three-Node Triangular Plate Bending Elements,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 15, 1771-1812, 1980
2
I. Katili, A New Discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin Element Based on Mindlin-Reissner Plate Therory and
Assumed Shear Strain Fields Part I : An Extended DKT Element for Thick-Plate Bending Analysis,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 36, 1859-1883, 1993
2
J.L. Batoz and M. Ben Tahar, Evaluation of a New Thin Plate Quadrilateral Element, International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 18, 1655-1678, 1982
2
I. Katili, A New Discrete Kirchhoff-Mindlin Element Based on Mindlin-
Reissner Plate Theory and Assumed Shear Strain Fields-Part II : An Extended DKQ Element for Thick-
Plate Bending Analysis, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 36, 1885-
1908, 1993

y 4
4 5
DKQ (Discrete Kirchhoff quadrilateral) DKMQ (Discrete
Kirchhoff Mindlin Quadrilateral)
1.4z
x,yu,vz z
ui = {ui , vi , zi }
T
(1.5.1)
Nx,yu,v
N N
x = N i xi y = N i yi
i =1 i =1 (1.5.2)
N
1 N N
1 N
midas FEA
u = N i ui + Pi ( y j yi )( zj zi ) v = N i vi Pi ( x j xi )( zj zi )
i =1 8 i =1 i =1 8 i =1
i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1 (1.5.3)
y 3
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 = (1.5.4)
P1 = 4 (1 ) P2 = 4 P3 = 4 (1 ) (1.5.5)
y 4
1 1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N3 = (1 + )(1 + )
4 4 4
1
N4 = (1 )(1 + ) (1.5.6)
4

44
|
1 1 1
P1 = (1 2 )(1 ) P2 = (1 + )(1 2 ) P3 = (1 2 )(1 + )
2 2 2
1
P4 = (1 )(1 2 ) (1.5.7)
2
u Bi
N
= Biui (1.5.8)
i =1
Bi
N i ( yi yk ) Pk ( y j yi ) Pi
0
x 8 x 8 x
N i ( xk xi ) Pk ( xi x j ) Pi
Bi = 0
y 8 y 8 y
midas FEA
N N i ( yi yk ) Pk ( y j yi ) Pi ( xk xi ) Pk ( xi x j ) Pi
i +
y x 8 y 8 y 8 x 8 x
i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N , j = 2,3,.., N ,1, k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1 (1.5.9)
Bi
K ij( I ) = tBTi DB j dA (1.5.10)

Ae
,
t
Ae

1 0
E
D= 2
1 0 (1.5.11)
1
1
0 0
2

1.5.3
1.5.3
midas FEA
DKMT3DKMQ4
zwx,y
x , y
u i = {wi xi yi }
T
(1.5.12)
x,y1.5.2 x , y 2
N N N N
x = Ni xi + PS
i ij ni y = N i yi PC
i ij ni
i =1 i =1 , i =1 i =1 (1.5.13)
Cij = xij / Lij Sij = yij / Lij xij = xi x j yij = yi y j L2ij = xij2 + yij2
, , , ,
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1
N i , Pi 1.5.4-1.5.7
ni
z N

46
|
Qs = M s , s M ns , n (1.5.14)
z 2
s s s s s s
n = (1 ) ni + nj + 4 (1 ) ni s = (1 ) si + sj
Lij Lij Lij Lij Lij Lij
,
i = 1,2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1
(1.5.15)
z 1.5.14 sz sz
Lij
(
0
sz sz )ds = 0 (1.5.16)
midas FEA
ni 1.5.13 ui x , y
N N
x = HTxi ui y = HTyi ui (1.5.17)
i =1 i =1
H xi , H yi
3Pk S ki 3PS i ij

2 L ki (1 + ki ) 2 Lij (1 + ij )
0
3 P S y 3 PS y
i ij ij
H xi = N i + k ki ki
+ (1.5.18)
0 4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )

3PS i ij xij
3Pk S ki xki
4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )
3Pk Cki 3PC i ij

+
2 Lki (1 + ki ) 2 Lij (1 + ij )
0
3Pk Cki yki 3PC i ij yij
H y ,i = 0 + (1.5.19)
N 4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )
i
3PC i ij xij
3Pk Cki xki +
4 Lki (1 + ki ) 4 Lij (1 + ij )

i = 1,2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1 k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1

Bbi
N
= Bbi ui (1.5.20)
i =1
HTyi

x
HTxi
Bbi = (1.5.21)
y
T T
H xi H yi
x y
1.5.16 sz B si
3
= B si ui (1.5.22)
i =1
midas FEA
z 3
S jk S ij S ij S jk ki y ij xij
( N j ki N i ) ( Ni Nk )
Aj Ai Lij (1 + ij ) Ai Lki (1 + ki ) 1
Ak 2 2

B si =
ij y ki
S
( C ki N jk N ) S S ki 1
x ki
Nk Ni )
2
(
Ai i A j j Lij (1 + ij ) Ak Ai Lki (1 + ki ) 2
i = 1, 2,3 j = 2,3,1 k = 3,1, 2 , Ai = Cij S ki Cki Sij (1.5.23)
z 4
N i ij N k ki yij xij

x (1 + ij ) x (1 + ki ) 1
2 2

B si =
N i ij N k ki yki xki
1 2
y (1 + ij ) y (1 + ki ) 2
(1.5.24)
i = 1,2,3,4 j = 2,3,4,1 k = 4,1,2,3

48
|
N i N i
i = 1,3 i = 1,3
N i x N i y
= = (1.5.25)
x N i y N i
i = 2, 4 i = 2, 4
x y
t3
K ij( O ) = (BTbi DBbj + BTsi DB sj t ) dA (1.5.26)
Ae 12
DKT3DKQ4
Kirchhoff-Lovez
w x,y x y 2
N N N N
x = N i xi + N i + N xi y = N i yi + N i + N yi (1.5.27)
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
midas FEA
z 3
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 ) (1.5.28)
z 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4 2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4 2 2 4 2 2
N5 =
1
2
( ) 1
(
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2
2
)
N7 =
1
2
( ) 1
1 2 (1 + ) , N8 = (1 ) 1 2
2
( ) (1.5.29)
xi yi
z Kirchhoff-Love

w w w
x + = 0 y + = 0 n + =0 (1.5.30)
y x s
w( Lij / 2) 3 1 w(0) 3 1 w( Lij )

= wi + wj + (1.5.31)
s 2 Lij 4 s 2 Lij 4 s
1
si = ( si + sj )
2 i = 1,2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1
, (1.5.32)
xi yi 1.5.27 x y u i

N N
x = HTxi ui y = HTyi ui
midas FEA
(1.5.33)
i =1 i =1
H xi H yi
3 3
2 (d ij N i + N d ki N k + N ) 2 (aij N i + N aki N k + N )

H x = N i eij N i + N eki N k + N H yi = bij N i + N + bki N k + N (1.5.34)
b N +b N N c N c N
ij i + N ki k + N
i ij i + N ki k + N

i = 1, 2,.., N 1, N j = 2,3,.., N ,1 k = N ,1,.., N 2, N 1
aij bij cij d ij eij
aij = xij / L2ij bij = 3 xij y ij / L2ij cij = ( 1 xij2 1 y ij2 ) / L2ij
4 4 2
1 1
d ij = yij2 / L2ij eij = ( yij2 xij2 ) / L2ij (1.5.35)
4 2

50
|
1.5.21 Bbi 1.5.21DKTDK

Q
t3
K ij( O ) = BTbi DBbj dA (1.5.36)
Ae 12
MacNeal61.5.4A-B-C-
D K P 1-2-3-4 K S
K = ST K P S (1.5.37)
4
h*
D
midas FEA
z
F32
y
A C
h *
3
x
1
2
B
F23
FZ 2
1.5.4 4
S A-B-C-D FP 1-2-3-4F
F = ST FP (1.5.38)
FP = {FPT1 , FPT2 , FPT3 , FPT4 }

T
(1.5.39)
FPi = {Fx , Fy , Fz , M x , M y , M z }
T
(1.5.40)
Pi

1-2-3-4A-B-C-D

F32 F23
Fz 3 = Fz 2 = h* ( ) (1.5.41)
L23 L23
M 32 M 23
M z 3 = M z 2 = h* ( ) (1.5.42)
L23 L23
M zi S
2

xyzuvw V1i V2i
1 2
midas FEA
ui = {ui wi 1i 2i }
T
vi (1.5.43)
3 Vi 1.5.5 V1 x
V2 V3
V1i = {l1i , m1i , n1i } V2 i = {l2 i , m2i , n2i } V3i = {l3i , m3i , n3i }
T T T
(1.5.44)
V3
V2
ECS
z
y projection V1
1.5.5
Nx,y,zu,v,w

52
|
N
ti N
t N
t
x = N i ( xi + l3i ) y = N i ( yi + i m3i ) z = N i ( zi + i n3i ) (1.5.45)
i =1 2 i =1 2 i =1 2
N
ti
u = N i {ui + ( 11i1i + 12 i 2i )}
i =1 2
N
ti
v = N i {vi + ( 21i1i + 22 i 2i )} (1.5.46)
i =1 2
N
ti
w = N i {wi + ( 31i1i + 32i 2 i )}
i =1 2
t i :
u i :
midas FEA
z 6
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 ) (1.5.47)
z 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N5 N8 N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4 2 2 4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7 N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4 2 2 4 2 2
N5 =
1
2
( ) 1
1 2 (1 ) N 6 = (1 + ) 1 2
2
( )
N7 =
1
2
( ) 1
1 2 (1 + ) N8 = (1 ) 1 2
2
( ) (1.5.48)
G Bi
N
G = Biui (1.5.49)
i =1

G = { xx , yy , zz , xy , yz , zx }
T
(1.5.50)
Bi 1.5.51
N i ti N i t N i
0 0 l2,i i l1,i
2 2

N i ti N i ti N i
0 0 l2,i l1,i
2 2
J 1
0 0 t ti
0 0 0 i N i l2,i N i l1,i
Bi = H 0 J 1 0 2 2 1.5.51)

0 0 J 1 N i t N i t N i
i m2,i i m1, i
0
0
2 2

# # # # #

0 t ti
0 0 i N i n2,i N i n1,i
2 2
midas FEA

H : Boolean
J : Jacobian
Bi G
K ij = BTi TT DTB j dV 1.5.52)

Ve
ZienkiewiczTaylor7

e = f (D M , t n ,( z z ) 2 )d (1.5.53)
e

D M
z

54
|
1-5-3
x

Fi = tN i y dA (1.5.54)
Ae

z
x , y , z :
midas FEA
Px

Fi = N i Py dA (1.5.55)
Ae

Pz
Px , Py , Pz :
z
Px

Fi = N i Py ds (1.5.56)
L

Pz
Px , Py , Pz :
x

Fi = tB D y TdA
T
i (1.5.57)
Ae
0


x , y x, y
Bi :
x
t 3 T Tz
Fi = B D y dA (1.5.58)
Ae 12 bi
0 2H z

Tz / H z
x,y,z
midas FEA
M ij = t N i N j dA ( N i : ) (1.5.59)
Ae
z
tAe
1-5-4 //
341.5.668

t
z 12 I / t 3
Itdefault=1.0)
z ts / t
ts t default=0.83333)

56
|
t3
3
t1
1
t2
2
t4
4
t3
t1 3
1
midas FEA
t2
2
1.5.6
1
1.5.7x

ECS z-axis
MCS y- axis
ECS y-axis
MCS x- axis
MCS
z ECS x-axis
y
projection
midas FEA
1.5.7
1.5.8z
+
z3
3
z1
1
z2
2

58
|
z4
4
z3
z1
3
1
z2
2
1.5.8
midas FEA
1-5-5
/
z = t / 2 ) z = t / 2 )
/
z xx , yy , xy
z Von-Mises (P 1
2
+ P22 PP
1 2 )
xx yy
2
z + xy
2

2
z P1 , P2
xx + yy xx yy
2
Pi = + xy
2
2 2
z xx , yy , xy

z Von-Mises
2
3
(E 1
2
+ E22 E1E2 )
z E1 + E2
z E1 , E2
xx + yy xx yy xy2
2
Ei = +
2 2 4
z N xx , N yy , N xy
z M xx , M yy , M xy
z Qyz , Qzx
/
midas FEA

z 3 1
z 4 4
z 6 3
z 8 4
1.5.11.
5.9 +

60
|
z
y
Nxy
x
ECS N xx
Nxy
N yy
1.5.9
midas FEA

1-6
1-6-1
3468

xx xx

= yy = yy

xy xy
1.6.1 +
midas FEA
y xy , xy
x xx , xx
xy , xy
xx , xx
1.6.1
xyz1.6.2
1423x
12x

62
|
3 ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
1
(1 2 direction)
ECS y-axis
midas FEA
ECS x-axis
3 ECS y-axis
1 ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
4

ECS y-axis
3
4 7
8 6
ECS x-axis
2
5
1.6.2
midas FEA
34
16824
3
3
zz
1-6-2
4
1.5

1 0
1
E (1 )
D= (1.6.1)
(1 + )(1 2 ) 1
1 0

1 2
0 0
2 (1 )


64
|
zz = ( xx + yy ) (1.6.2)
1-6-3
xy
z
midas FEA
M ij = t N i N j dA 1.6.3
Ae
z
tAe
1-6-4
X Y Y Z X Z
X Y
z XX , YY , ZZ , XY
z Von-Mises (P 1
2
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1 )
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
z
2
z P1 , P2 , P3

XX + YY YY
2
Pi = XX + XY ZZ P1 , P2 , P3
2
2 2
z XX , YY , XY ()
z Von-Mises
2
3
(E1
2
+ E22 E1E2 )
z E1 + E2
z E1 , E2
XX + YY YY XY
2 2
Ei = XX +
2 2 4
/

midas FEA
z 3 1
z 4 4
z 6 3
z 8 9
1.6.3 +
XY , XY
ZZ
( ZZ = 0) XX , XX
Y XY , XY
GCS X YY , YY
Z
1.6.3

66
|
1-7
1-7-1

/

xx xx

yy yy
= = //

zz zz
xy
xy
midas FEA
1.7.1
xy , xy
y xx , xx
x
ECS
z
zz , zz
Z
yy , yy
xy , xy
GCS X
1.7.1

x,y,z1.7.2
1423x
12x
3 ECS y-axis
ECS x-axis
1
(1 2 direction)
ECS y-axis
midas FEA
ECS x-axis

68
|
3 ECS y-axis
1 ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)
2
4
ECS y-axis
3
4 7
midas FEA
8 6
ECS x-axis
2
5
1.7.2

zX-Z
1.7.3( 1.0radian )
Z(axis of rotation)
Y
1.0 radian (unit width)
an axisymmetric element
midas FEA
1.7.3
341
682

1-7-2
x, y
u , v
u i = {ui vi }
T
(1.7.1)
N

x, y u , v
N N N N
x = N i xi y = N i yi u = N i ui v = N i vi (1.7.2)
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

70
|
z 3
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 = (1.7.3)
z 4
1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 ) ,
4 4
1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + ) (1.7.4)
4 4
z 6
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)
N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 ) (1.7.5)
midas FEA
z 8
1 1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 ) N 5 N8
4 2 2 ,
1 1 1
N2 = (1 + )(1 ) N5 N 6
4 2 2
1 1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + ) N 6 N 7
4 2 2 ,
1 1 1
N4 = (1 )(1 + ) N 7 N8
4 2 2
N5 =
1
2
( )
1 2 (1 )
,
N6 =
1
2
( )
(1 + ) 1 2
,
N7 =
1
2
( )
1 2 (1 + )


N8 =
1
2
(
(1 ) 1 2 ) (1.7.6)
Bi
N
= Biui (1.7.7)
i =1
Bi
N i
x 0

0 N i
x
Bi = (1.7.8)
N i N i
x x

i N i
N
midas FEA
X X
G JJG JG JJG
x X , : y X
x, y X Bi

K ij = XBTi DB j dA (1.7.9)
Ae
2
MIDAS 1.0 radian

1 1 1
0

1

0
E (1 ) 1 1
D= (1.7.10)
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 0
1 1

0 1 2
0 0

2 (1 )

72
|
1-7-3
2 r )
z
x

Fi = XN i y dA (1.7.11)
Ae

z
x , y , z :
midas FEA
z
Px

Fi = XN i Py ds
L
P
z (1.7.12)
Px , Py , Pz :
z
x

Fi = XBTi D y TdA (1.7.13)
Ae

z
x , y , z
1-7-4
Z
X Z

z XX , YY , ZZ , ZX
z Von-Mises (P 1
2
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1 )
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
z
2
z P1 , P2 , P3
XX + ZZ ZZ
2
Pi = XX + ZX YY P1 , P2 , P3
2
2 2
z XX , YY , ZZ , ZX
2
(E + E22 + E32 E1E2 E2 E3 E3 E1 )
midas FEA
z Von-Mises 1
2
z E1 + E2 + E3
z E1 , E2 , E3
XX + ZZ ZZ ZX
2

2
Ei = XX + YY E1 , E2 , E3
2 2 4
/

z 3 1
z 4 4
z 6 3
z 8 9
1.7.4+

74
|
ZX , ZX
XX , XX
Z YY , YY
GCS X
ZX , ZX
ZZ , ZZ
1.7.4
midas FEA

1-8
1-8-1

MIDAS845/

xx xx

yy yy

zz zz
= =
xy xy
midas FEA

yz yz
zx zx (/)
1.8.1 +
(a) (b)
1.8.1
x, y, z 1.8.28
1423 x 4

76
|
512 x
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
3
1
ECS x-axis
2 (1 2 direction)
midas FEA
ECS z-axis
4
ECS y-axis
10
8
7 9 3
ECS x-axis
1 5 6 (1 2 direction)
2
ECS z-axis
4 6
ECS y-axis
5
1 3
2
ECS x-axis
(1 2 direction)

ECS z-axis
12
6
4 11 15 ECS y-axis
10 9
13
5 3
8
1 14
7
ECS x-axis
2 (1 2 direction)
ECS z-axis
ECS y-axis
8 7
midas FEA
5
4 6 3
ECS x-axis
1 2
ECS z-axis
8
15 7
16
20 19
5 14 ECS y-axis
13 6
17 12
4 11
18 3
10 ECS x-axis
1 9
2
1.8.2
2866544
12061551042

78
|
456
6
midas FEA

1-8-2
8665
x, y, z translation u , v, w
u i = {ui wi }
T
vi (1.8.1)

N
x, y, z u , v, w
N N N
x = N i xi y = N i yi z = N i zi
i =1 i =1 i =1
N N N
u = N iui v = N i vi w = N i wi (1.8.2)
midas FEA
i =1 i =1 i =1
z 4 4
N1 = 1 N 2 = N 3 = N 4 = (1.8.3)
z 6 5

N1 = (1 ) N 2 = (1 ) N3 = (1 ) N 4 = (1 )
2 2 2 2

N5 = (1 + ) N 6 = (1 + ) (1.8.4)
2 2
= 1
z 8 6
1 1
N1 = (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 2 = (1 + )(1 )(1 )
8 8
1 1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + )(1 ) N 4 = (1 )(1 + )(1 )
8 8
1 1
N5 = (1 )(1 )(1 + ) N 6 = (1 + )(1 )(1 + )
8 8

80
|
1 1
N7 = (1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) N8 = (1 )(1 + )(1 + ) (1.8.5)
8 8
z 10 4
N1 = (1 2 ) N 2 = (1 2 ) N 3 = (1 2 ) N 4 = (1 2 )

N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 N 7 = 4 N 8 = 4 N 9 = 4 N10 = 4
= 1 (1.8.6)
z 15 5

(1 2 ) (1 ) N 2 = (1 2 ) (1 ) N3 = (1 2 ) (1 )
midas FEA
N1 =
2 2 2

N4 = (1 2 ) (1 + ) N5 = (1 2 ) (1 + )
2 2

N6 = (1 2 ) (1 + )
2
N 7 = 2 (1 ) N8 = 2 (1 )
N 9 = 2 (1 ) N10 = 2 (1 + )
N11 = 2 (1 + ) N12 = 2 (1 + ) N13 = (1 ) 1 2 ( )
( )
N14 = 1 2 N15 = 1 2 ( ) (1.8.7)
= 1
z 20 6
1
N1 = (1 )(1 )(1 )( 2 )
8

1
N2 = (1 + )(1 )(1 )( 2 + )
8
1
N3 = (1 + )(1 + )(1 )( 2 + + )
8
1
N4 = (1 )(1 + )(1 )( 2 + )
8
1
N5 = (1 )(1 )(1 + )( 2 + )
8
1
N6 = (1 + )(1 )(1 + )( 2 + + )
8
1
(1 + )(1 + )(1 + )( 2 + + + )
midas FEA
N7 =
8
1
N8 = (1 )(1 + )(1 + )( 2 + + )
8
N9 =
1
4
( )
(1 )(1 ) 1 2
,
N10 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2 )
N11 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2 )
N12 =
1
4
(
(1 )(1 ) 1 2 )
,
N13 =
1
4
(
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2 )
N14 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 2 )

82
|
N15 =
1
4
(
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2 )
,
N16 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2 )
N17 =
1
4
(
(1 )(1 ) 1 2 )
N18 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 ) 1 2 )
,
N19 =
1
4
(
(1 + )(1 + ) 1 2 )
1
(
(1 )(1 + ) 1 2 )
midas FEA
N 20 = (1.8.8)
4
u B i
N
= Biui (1.8.9)
i =1
B i
N i
x 0 0

N i
0 y
0

N i
0 0
z
Bi = (1.8.10)
N i N i
y 0
x
N i N i
0
z y
N i N i
0
z x
B i

K ij = BTi DB j dV (1.8.11)
Ve
Ve
1 0 0 0

1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0

0 1 2
D=
E 0 0 0 0 (1.8.12)
2
(1 + )(1 2 )
0 1 2
0 0 0 0
2
1 2
0
midas FEA
0 0 0 0
2
6 5 8 6
z 6 5
u a = {a1 b1 c1}
T
(1.8.13)
6 6 6
u = N i ui + a1P1 v = N i vi + b1P1 w = N i wi + c1P1 (1.8.14)
i =1 i =1 i =1
P1 = 1 2 (1.8.15)

84
|
P1
x 0 0

0 P1
0
y

P1
0 0
z
Ba = (1.8.16)
P1 P1
0
y x

P1 P1
0 z y

P1 P1
0
z x
z 8 6
midas FEA
u a = {a1 b1 c1 a2 c3}
T
b2 c2 a3 b3 (1.8.17)
8 8
u = N i ui + a1P1 + a2 P2 + a3 P3 v = N i vi + b1P1 + b2 P2 + b3 P3
i =1 i =1
8
w = N i wi + c1P1 + c2 P2 + c3 P3 (1.8.18)
i =1
P1 = 1 2 P2 = 1 2 P3 = 1 2 (1.8.19)
P1 P2 P3
x 0 0 0 0 0 0
x x

0 P1 P2 P3
0 0 0 0 0
y y y

P1 P2 P3
0 0
z
0 0
z
0 0
z
Ba = (1.8.20)
P1 P1
0
P2 P2
0
P3 P3
0
y x y x y x

P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3
0 z y
0
z y
0
z y

P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3
z 0 0 0
x z x z x

1-8-3
x

Fi = N i y dV (1.8.21)
Ve

z

x , y , z :
z
midas FEA
Px

Fi = N i Py dA
Ae
P
z (1.8.22)

Px , Py , Pz :
z
x

Fi = B D y TdV
T
i
Ve

z (1.8.23)

x , y , z : x, y , z
x,y,z
z
M ij = N i N j dV (1.8.24)
Ve

86
|
Ve )
1-8-4
z XX , YY , ZZ , XY , YZ , ZX
z Von-Mises (P 1
2
+ P22 + P32 PP
1 2 P2 P3 P3 P1 )
midas FEA
max( P1 P2 , P2 P3 , P3 P1 )
z
2
z P1 , P2 , P3
XX Pi XY ZX

det XY YY Pi YZ = 0 P1 , P2 , P3
ZX YZ ZZ Pi
XX , YY , ZZ , XY , YZ , ZX
z
z Von-Mises
2
3
(E 1
2
+ E22 + E32 E1E2 E2 E3 E3 E1 )
z E1 + E2 + E3
z E1 , E2 , E3
XX Ei XY / 2 ZX / 2

YY Ei YZ / 2 = 0 1 2 3
E ,E ,E
det XY / 2
ZX / 2 YZ / 2 ZZ Ei

z 4 4 : 1
z 6 5 : 6
z 8 6 : 8
z 10 4 : 4
z 15 5 : 9
z 20 6 : 27
1.8.3 +
midas FEA
(a) (b)
1.8.3

88
|
1-9
1-9-1

1.9.1
x 3

(radian)

midas FEA
1.9.1

1-9-2 /
(
)

(radian)

6

midas FEA
1.9.2 /

90
|
1-9-3
(positive
definite)
midas FEA

1-10

1.10.1
U Xs = U Xm + RYm Z RZm Y
U Ys = U Ym + RZm X R Xm Z
U Zs = U Zm + R Xm Y RYm X
(1.10.1)
R Xs = R Xm
RYs = RYm
RZs = RZm
midas FEA
X = X m X s
Y = Ym Ys
Z = Z m Z s

U Xs , U Ys , U Zs
x,y,z
U Xm , U Ym , U Zm
x,y,z
R Xs , RYs , RZs
x,y,z
R Xs , RYs , RZs
:x,y,z
X s , Ys , Z s
:x,y,z
X m , Ym , Z m
x,y,z

6 1.10.1
X Y

U Xs = U Xm RZm Y

92
|
U Ys = U Ym + RZm X (1.10.2)
RZs = RZm
1.10.1
midas FEA
1 2 3 4 5
1.10.1

1.10.1
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 1
1.10.2 6 (64) 24
15
midas FEA

94
|
midas FEA
UX : X RX : X
UY : Y RY : Y
UZ : Z RZ : Z
1.10.2
1.10.3 1.10.3 (a)
1.10.3 (b)

2 1.10.3
a 6

12
Y
midas FEA
*
X
6
(a)

96
|
midas FEA
z X-Z
(XZY
(b)
1.10.3

midas FEA

98
|
2-1
MIDAS

z
z
z
z
midas FEA


2-2
2-2-1
-
-

MIDAS
-
midas FEA
-
-()
-
2.2.1
2 2
1 1 3
2.2.1
100 We Analyze and Design the Future

|
2.2.22.2.2
midas FEA
xx
xx
xx

2.2.2

2-1-2

-
-

MIDAS

- (/)
-
midas FEA
-(/)
-(/)
2.2.3
2.2.4
3 3
6
5
2 2
1 1
4
2.2.3

|
4 4
8 7
1 1
3 3
5 6
2 2
2.2.4
midas FEA
x
y
x
y
yy
xx

yy
xx
2.2.5

2.2.5

x , y xx yy
xx yy x y
x , y

midas FEA

|
2-3
n
X ren , Yren , Z ren 2.3.1

X re1 X re2 " X ren

2.3.1
X re = Yre1 Yre2 " Yren
Z1 2 n
Z re " Z re
re
2.3.2
N = { N1 N2 " Nn } (2.3.2)
midas FEA
N i (i = 1, 2,..., n)
1
N1 ( ) = (1 ) N 2 ( ) = 1 (1 + ) (2.3.3)
2 2
1
N1 ( ) = (1 ) N 2 ( ) = 1 (1 + ) N3 ( ) = (1 2 ) (2.3.4)
2 2
1 1
N1 ( , ) = (1 )(1 ) N 2 ( , ) = (1 + )(1 )
4 4
1
N 3 ( , ) = (1 + )(1 + ) N4 ( , ) = 1 (1 )(1 + ) (2.3.5)
4 4
1 1 1
N1 ( , ) = (1 )(1 ) N5 N8
4 2 2

1
N 2 ( , ) = (1 + )(1 ) 1 N 5 1 N 6
4 2 2
1
N 3 ( , ) = (1 + )(1 + ) 1 N 6 1 N 7
4 2 2
1
N 4 ( , ) = (1 )(1 + ) 1 N 7 1 N 8
4 2 2
N 5 ( , ) =
1
2
( )
1 2 (1 )
(2.3.6)
N 6 ( , ) =
1
2
(
(1 + ) 1 2 )
N 7 ( , ) =
1
( )
1 2 (1 + )
midas FEA
N 8 ( , ) =
1
2
(
(1 ) 1 2 )

N 1 ( , ) = 1
N 2 ( , ) =
(2.3.7)
N 3 ( , ) =
N1 = (1 )(1 2 2 ) N 2 = ( 2 1) N 3 = ( 2 1)

N 4 = 4 (1 ) N 5 = 4 N 6 = 4 (1 )
(2.3.8)
N ( gp j ) Xre (2.3.9)

|
MIDAS FEA
3Dj
G j ( , , ) (2.3.10)
2Dj
G j ( , ) (2.3.11)
j
j
midas FEA
j
in.. = B mother ( G j )
B Re (2.3.12)

xx yy B rein
xx

T yy =
xx
(2.3.13)
# yy

zz
TB
j
B Re
j
in. = TB Re in .
(2.3.14)

D = E xx Ae (2.3.15)
Ae

E t 0
D = xx xx (2.3.16)
0 E xx t xx

E xx t xx 0
D= (2.3.17)
0 E t

yy yy

midas FEA
E xx x
E yy y
t xx t yy x y

xx xx
= D (2.3.18)
yy yy

K erein = BTRe in DB Re in dV (2.3.19)
V
V
BTRe indV = Frein (2.3.20)
2.3.192.3.20
Nip
B
j=1
j
Rrein
T
DB Re
j
in det J
j (2.3.21)
Nip
B
j=1
j
Rrein
T
det J j (2.3.22)

|
Nip
midas FEA

2-4
2-4-1
2.4.1

t
midas FEA
Z
X

element node
xx location point

2.4.1

|
26
2 4
1
25
1 3
24
2.4.2
midas FEA
2.4.2
2.4.21234
xx xx
2-4-2


y t

element node
location
point
x
integration point

Z
midas FEA
2.4.3
xx yy
xx yy x-
x-
x-y-

midas
FEA2.4.4


|
1 1
2 2 3
Z X
2.4.4
midas FEA
2.4.51212

1
26 27

25
24
2.4.5

midas FEA

|
2-5
2-5-1
2.5.1
x xx
midas FEA
Y
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.21234

26
2 4
1
25
1 3
24
Y

X
2.5.2
midas FEA
xx xx

2-5-2
23
Z
2.5.3Z


|
element node
y
location point
integration
point
Y x

2.5.3
midas FEA
xx yy xx yy
x-
x-
midas FEA2.5.4
1 1
2 2 3
Z
Y
X
2.5.4
2.5.51212

section 2
section 1
26 27

25

24
2.5.5

midas FEA
1 1
2 2 3
Z
Y
X
2.5.6
2.5.72.5.5121-61-4
5-6

|
4
5 6
3
2 41
2 31 25 30 6 27 8 45
4
1
22
36
28
1 3 5 7
35
21
2.5.7
midas FEA

2-6
2-6-1
232.6.1
121322
2

section 2
section 1
26 27

midas FEA
25
24
2.6.1
2.6.22.6.1283622
21
30272

31 25 30 27 45
41
2 22 6 8
36 4
28
35
21 1 3 5 7
2.6.2

|
2.6.38
midas FEA
2.6.3
2-6-2

27
24
26
25
2.6.4
midas FEA
2.6.424272526
2.6.4x

|
2-7
2-7-1

23

26272829
midas FEA
29
26
27 28
section 2
section 1
2.7.1
2.7.22.7.1
2412481223
12


35
30 34
36 33
segment 5
31 37 32
segment 4
segment 1 segment 3
segment 2
2.7.2
midas FEA
2.7.320

2.7.3

|
2-7-2
34

33
35
midas FEA
32
36
37
31
30

midas FEA
2.7.4
2.7.43031323334353637
2.7.4


|
1
4
8
4
5 4
7
1 3 3
2 6 2
3
2 1
3 3 1
1
6
1 3
4 5
2
2 2
2.7.5
midas FEA
2.7.5
2.7.6xy
2.7.6

2-8
2-8-1

midas FEA
2.8.1
2.8.1

25

28
24
27
26
2.8.2

|
2.8.22
425262728
z1
z1 1 z2
1
2
z2 z3
2 3
2.8.3
midas FEA
z2.8.3
2-8-2

x t
z
Z
Y
MCS
X
2.8.4
midas FEA
2.8.4
2.8.4
xy

27
24
26
25
2.8.5
2.8.5242526272.8.5

|
2.8.5X
0.2

location point
0.2
0.2 3
0.2
2
0.2 6
5
0.4
1
0.6 4
midas FEA
2.8.6
z
2.8.6

2-9
2-9-1
2-9-2

midas FEA
2-9-3
(1)

midas FEA

|
(2)
1
k
P P
p
midas FEA
2.9.1
r
x ( r ) P P
p =P (2.9.1)

2 x
= (2.9.2)
r 2
P (/radian)
P
= p
r (2.9.3)
CEB-FIP


P (2.9.4)
= 1P
r
P
P = dr (2.9.5)
r
P0 r

P (r ) = P0 e ( +1 )r
(2.9.6)
2.9.6
P (r ) = P0 e
(2.9.7)
r
midas FEA
r
x x
( r) (r r)
r r
2.9.2
2.9.7
x
= r (1 + ) = r1 + (2.9.8)
r
MIDAS P0


|
l
x
P(r )dr = lEA

x (2.9.8)
before penetration
l EA
after penetration
midas FEA
x
x
anchor tendon
2.9.3
2.9.9
P ( x ) dr lEA
L
(2.9.9)
2.9.92.9.9
2.9.9

2.9.4

1. tensioning 2. penetration at 1 3. penetration at 2

P P P P P P
limited
penetration
2 tendon 1 2 tendon 1 2 tendon 1
P P P P P P
large
penetration
P P P P P P
excessive
penetration
midas FEA
2.9.4
2.9.4


|
3-1

0
u t
t = D u (3.1.1)
t D u 3.1.1

t n k 0 u n
midas FEA
t= D= n u = (3.1.2)
t
t 0 kt ut
un tn
ut tt
(a) (b)
3.1.1

3.1.33.1.2
tn kn 0 0 u n

t = ts D = 0
, ks
0 u = us
(3.1.3)
t u
t 0 0 kt t
tn un
tt ut
ts us
(a) (b)
midas FEA
3.1.2
tn t s tt un ,
us ut

|
3-2
u topbottom

= {uitop witop }
T
u top
i vitop (3.2.1)
xyzuvw
N N N
xtop = N itop xitop y top = N itop yitop z top = N itop zitop
i =1 i =1 i =1
N N N
u top = N itopuitop vtop = N itop vitop wtop = N itop witop , (3.2.2)
i =1 i =1 i =1
midas FEA
(3.2.1)(3.2.2)
topbot(3.2.33.2.4
= {uibot wibot }
T
u bot
i vibot (3.2.3)
N N N
xbot = N ibot xibot y bot = N ibot yibot z bot = N ibot zibot
i =1 i =1 i =1
N N N
u bot = N ibot uibot vbot = N ibot vibot wbot = N ibot wibot (3.2.4)
i =1 i =1 i =1

3.2.5
u = utop ubot (3.2.5)

u top = {untop uttop }

T
ustop
u bot = {unbot utbot }

T
usbot

u = Bu (3.2.6)

B = N bot N top
u = {u bot u top }
T
midas FEA

|
3-3
u ntop u ttop
u stop
n t
Z u nbot u tbot
midas FEA
Y
X u sbot
3.3.1
3.3.1

3.3.1midas FEA
xyz
3.3.1
x
( N i )3.3.1
xbot = N1bot x1bot
xtop = N 2top x top
2
(3.3.1)

u bot = N 1bot u1bot

u top = N 2top u top

2
(3.3.2)
3.3.3
N 1bot = N 2top = 1 (3.3.3)

B = N1bot 0 0 N 2top 0 0 (3.3.4)
midas FEA

|
3-4
4 top 4
top ut t op 6 t
un us n
top
top
u t u top n t s
un s 3
s
2
3 bot
bot ut bot 2
bot
un us 5
bot u t u bot
Z un s Z
Y Y 1
1
X X
midas FEA
3.4.1
midas FEA3.4.1

D(3.1.2)2D k s kt

(3.4.1)
xbot = N 1bot x1bot + N 2bot xbot
2
(+ N 5bot x5bot )
xtop = N 3top xtop
3
+ N 4top xtop
4
( + N 6top xtop
6
)
y bot = N 1bot y1bot + N 2bot y bot
2
(+ N 5bot y 5bot )
y top = N 3top y 3top + N 4top y top
4
(+ N 6top y top
6
) (3.4.1)

3.4.2
u bot = N 1bot u1bot + N 2bot u bot
2
(+ N 5bot u 5bot )
u top = N 3top u 3top + N 4top u top
4
(+ N 6top u 6top )

vbot = N 1bot v1bot + N 2bot v bot

2
( + N 5bot v5bot )
vtop = N 3top v3top + N 4top vtop
4
(+ N 6top v top
6
) (3.4.2)
1
N 1bot ( ) = N 3top ( ) = (1 )
2
1
N 2bot ( ) = N 4top ( ) = (1 + ) 3.4.3
2
3.4.4
1
N 1bot ( ) = N 3top ( ) = (1 ) ,
2
1
N 2bot ( ) = N 4top ( ) = (1 + ) ,
2
midas FEA
(
N 5bot ( ) = N 6top ( ) = 1 2 ) 3.4.4
562D
B

B = T' B ' (3.4.5)

T'
B
0 N xbot 0 0 N xtop 0

B = N ybot 0 0 N ytop 0 0 (3.19)
0 0 N zbot 0 0 top
Ny


|
3-5
8 8
7 15
u top 16
4
u ntop t
top 7
n t 3 u s n4
u ntop uttoptop 5 12 t 14 11
us s 13 s
5 u nbot u bot 3
bot t
u n u tbot 6 6 10
1 u sbot
bot
1 us 9
2 2
6
untop uttop 3 12
midas FEA
n t
u stop u top u top
t
n t 11
top
4 s n
u s 3
9 s
u nbot utbot 4 10
bot
u
1 us
bot 5 u bot
n
t
5 8
u sbot
1 7
2 2
3.5.1
midas FEA3.5.1

xbot = N 1bot x1bot + N 2bot x bot
2
+ N 3bot x3bot + N 4bot xbot
4
(+ N 9bot x9bot + N 10bot x10bot + N 11bot x11bot + N 12bot x12bot )
xtop = N 5top x5top + N 6top xtop

6
+ N 7top x 7top + N 8top x8top
(+ N 13top x13top + N 14top x14top + N 15top x15top + N 16top x16top )
y bot = N 1bot y1bot + N 2bot y bot

2
+ N 3bot y 3bot + N 4bot y bot
4
(+ N 9bot y 9bot + N 10bot y10bot + N 11bot y11bot + N 12bot y12bot )

y top = N 5top y 5top + N 6top y top

6
+ N 7top y top
7
+ N 8top y 8top
(+ N 13top y13top + N 14top y14top + N 15top y15top + N 16top y16top )
z bot = N 1bot z1bot + N 2bot z bot

2
+ N 3bot z 3bot + N 4bot z bot
4
(+ N 9bot z 9bot + N 10bot z10bot + N 11bot z11bot + N 12bot z12bot )
z top = N 5top z 5top + N 6top z top + N 7top z top + N 8top z 8top

(3.5.1)
6 7
(+ N 13top z13top + N 14top z14top + N 15top z15top + N 16top z16top )

u bot = N 1bot u1bot + N 2bot u bot
2
+ N 3bot u 3bot + N 4bot u bot
4
(+ N 9bot u 9bot + N 10bot u10bot + N 11bot u11bot + N 12bot u12bot )
u top = N 5top u 5top + N 6top u top

6
+ N 7top u top
7
+ N 8top u 8top
(+ N 13top u13top + N 14top u14top + N 15top u15top + N 16top u16top )
midas FEA
vbot = N 1bot v1bot + N 2bot v bot

2
+ N 3bot v3bot + N 4bot vbot
4
(+ N 9bot v9bot + N 10bot v10bot + N 11bot v11bot + N 12bot v12bot )
vtop = N 5top v5top + N 6top vtop

6
+ N 7top vtop
7
+ N 8top v8top
(+ N 13top v13top + N 14top v14top + N 15top v15top + N 16top v16top )
wbot = N 1bot w1bot + N 2bot wbot

2
+ N 3bot w3bot + N 4bot wbot
4
(+ N 9bot w9bot + N 10bot w10bot + N 11bot w11bot + N 12bot w12bot )
wtop = N 5top w5top + N 6top wtop + N 7top wtop + N 8top w8top

(3.5.2)
6 7
(+ N 13top w13top + N 14top w14top + N 15top w15top + N 16top w16top )
3D

1
N 1bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) = (1 )(1 ) ,
4
1
N 2bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) = (1 + )(1 ) ,
4
1
N 3bot ( , ) = N 7top ( , ) = (1 + )(1 + ) ,
4

|
1
N 4bot ( , ) = N 8top ( , ) = (1 )(1 + ) (3.5.3)
4
1
N 1bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) = (1 )(1 )( 1)
4 ,
1
N 2bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) = (1 + )(1 )( 1)
4
1
N 3bot ( , ) = N 7top ( , ) = (1 + )(1 + )( + 1)
4
1
N 4bot ( , ) = N 8top ( , ) = (1 )(1 + )( + 1)
4
N 9bot ( , ) = N 13top ( , ) =
1
2
( )
1 2 (1 )
,
N 10bot ( , ) = N 14top ( , ) =
1
(
(1 + ) 1 2 )
midas FEA
2 ,
1
( )
N 11bot ( , ) = N 15top ( , ) = 1 2 (1 + )
2 ,
N 12bot ( , ) = N 16top ( , ) =
1
2
(
(1 ) 1 2 ) (3.5.4)
N 1bot ( , ) = N 4top ( , ) = 1
,
N 2bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) =
,
N3bot
( , ) = N ( , ) =
top
6
(3.5.5)
N 1bot ( , ) = N 4top ( , ) = (1 2 2 )(1 )
N 2bot ( , ) = N 5top ( , ) = ( 2 1)
N 3bot ( , ) = N 6top ( , ) = ( 2 1)

N 7bot ( , ) = N 10top ( , ) = 4 (1 )
N 8bot ( , ) = N 11top ( , ) = 4
N 9bot ( , ) = N 12top ( , ) = 4 (1 )
(3.5.6)
Newton-Cotes

--
2D 3.19
midas FEA

|
3-6
t x u x

t y = D u y (3.6.1)
t u
z z
K inter = BTinter DB inter d

(3.6.2)
midas FEA
Finter = BTinter t d
(3.6.3)
3.6.2
Nip
K inter = Binter
j T j
DBinter det J j
j =1
(3.6.4)
Nip

3-7
z
tx , t y , tz
u x , u y , u z
z
Newton-Cotes

z newton-cotes
z newton-cotes
z newton-cotes
midas FEA
z newton-cotes
z newton-cotes
z newton-cotes
z newton-cotes

|
4-1
-
4.1.1AB-

F TIP
A B
B
midas FEA
UTIP
4.1.1

Ku
TLF(total Lagrangian formulation)

ULF(updated Lagrangian formulation)TLFPK2
(2nd Piola-Kirchhoff stress)Green(Green-Lagrange strain)ULF
Cauchy (Cauchy stress)
(linear Euler strain increment)TLF
ULFPK2
( F / A0 ) Cauchy ( F / A)
4.1.2 0
X x
t

y, Y (X, t)
X

0
x, X
4.1.2
midas FEA
Green
E=
1 T
2
( 1
) (
F F I or Eij = ui , j + u j ,i + uk ,iuk , j
2
)
(4.1.1)
F=
x X + u
=
(
=I+
u )
X X X

E or Eij : Green(Green-Lagrange strain)
F : (deformation gradient)
(4.1.1)
1 L2 L2
E11 = (4.1.2)
2 L2
(4.1.2) L L Green
(4.1.3)
E11 =
(
1 LL L+L
=
)(
)
1 L L L L 2L 1 L L L L
+ = +
2
2 L2 2 L L L 2 L L (4.1.3)
LL

L

|
PK2CauchyC
auchyPK2
r = S : EdV0 = : dV = J : dV0 , J = det(F) (4.1.4)
,
S : PK2
: Cauchy
1
: , =
2
(
ui , j +u j ,i )
Green(deformation gradient)
E =
1
2
( FT F + FT F ) (4.1.5)
midas FEA
u u x u
F = = = F (4.1.6)
X x X x
(4.1.6)(4.1.5)
1 u u 1 uT u
T
E = F F + FT F = FT + F = F F (4.1.7)
T

2 x x x
2 x
(4.1.7)(4.1.4)(4.1.8)
( )
r = S : EdV0 = S : FT F dV0 = FSFT : dV0 = J : dV0 (4.1.8)
CauchyPK2
1
= FSFT S = JF 1F T (4.1.9)
J
PK2Green t + t r
t +t
r = t +t Sij t +t E dV0 (4.1.10)
ij

t +t
Sij = t Sij + Sij
t +t
Eij = t Eij + Eij (4.1.11)
1
t +t
(
Eij = ui , j + u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j + uk ,i t uk , j + uk ,i uk , j + uk , j uk ,i
2
)
(4.1.11)(4.1.10)
S e dV +
ij ij 0
t
Sij ij dV0 = t +t
r t Sij eij dV0 (4.1.12)
1
eij : (ui , j +u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j + uk ,i t uk , j )
2
1
ij : (uk ,i uk , j +uk , j uk ,i )
2
midas FEA
S ij

t Sij
Sij = t +t
Sij t Sij = t Sij + t Ekl + high order t Sij (4.1.13)
E
kl
(4.1.13)(4.1.12) Ekl 2
(4.1.14)
t Sij
S e dV = E
ij ij 0 t
Ekl eij dV0 = Dijkl Ekl eij dV0

kl (4.1.14)
1
(
Eij = eij = ui , j +u j ,i + t uk ,i uk , j +uk ,i t uk , j
2
)
t Sij = t S ji (4.1.12)
ui

t
Sij ij dV0 = t S : ( LT L) dV0 , Lij = (4.1.15)
X j
(4.1.12)(4.1.16)
t +t
r = uT t +t f ext
(4.1.16)
Sij eij dV0 = t S : edV0 = uT t fint
t

|
: u1 v1 w1 u2 v2 w2 " uN vN wN
T
u
(4.1.12)(4.1.16)(4.1.17)
t +t
r t S : e dV0 = uT ( t +t fext t fint ) (4.1.17)
(4.1.14-15,17)(4.1.12)(4.1.18)(4.1.18)
e De dV +
T
0
t
S : LT L dV0 = uT ( t +t fext t fint ) (4.1.18)
midas FEA
(4.1.18)(4.1.19) K eL K eNL
(Kt e
L )
+ t K eNL u = t +t fext t fint (4.1.19)

4-2
(Truss) u v w N i

N N N
u = N iui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi (4.2.1)
i =1 i =1 i =1
S = {S xx } , E = { Exx } (4.2.2)
,
midas FEA
x :
(4.1.18) e
e = { u, x } + { u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x + w, x t w, x } (4.2.3)
(4.2.3) u B L
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u (4.2.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u (4.2.5)
(4.2.4)(4.2.5)-
B L 0 = { N1, x 0 0 N 2, x 0 0} (4.2.6)
{
B L1 = t u, x N1, x t
v, x N1, x t
w, x N1, x t
u, x N 2, x t
v, x N 2, x t
w, x N 2, x } (4.2.7)
(4.1.18) L

|
L = { u, x v, x w, x }
T
(4.2.8)
(4.2.8) u B NL
L = B NL u (4.2.9)
L = B NL u (4.2.10)
N1, x 0 0 N 2, x 0 0

B NL = 0 N1, x 0 0 N 2, x 0 (4.2.11)
0 N 2, x
midas FEA
0 N1, x 0 0
(4.2.4-5)(4.2.9-10)(4.1.19)
uT ( t K eL + t K eNL )u = uT ( t + t fext
e
t finte ) (4.2.12)
(4.2.12)
t
K eL = ABTL DB L dL
Le
t
K e
NL = A t BTNL t S t B NL dL (4.2.13)
Le
t
finte = A t BTL t SdL
Le

A : (section area)
t S
tS 0 0
t S = 0 t
S

0 t
S = t S xx (4.2.14)

0 0 t
S


midas FEA

|
4-3
(plane stress)(isoparametric)

u v N i
N N
u = N iui , v = N i vi (4.3.1)
i =1 i =1
{ } { }
T T
S = S xx S yy S xy , E = Exx E yy Exy (4.3.2)
midas FEA
(4.1.18) e
u, x u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x

e = v, y + u, y u, y + v, y v, y
t t
(4.3.3)
u + v u t u + v t v + u t u + v t v
,y ,x ,x , y ,x ,y ,y ,x ,y ,x
(4.3.3) u B L
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u (4.3.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u (4.3.5)
(4.3.4)(4.3.5)-
N1, x 0 " NN ,x 0

BL0 = 0 N1, y " 0 NN, y (4.3.6)
N1, y N1, x " N N , y N N , x


t
u, x N1, x t
v, x N1, x "

B L1 = t
u, y N1, y t
v, y N1, y "
(t u, x N1, y + t u, y N1, x ) (t v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x ) "
(4.3.7)
t
u, x N n , x t
v, x N n , x
t t
u, y N n , yy v, y N n , y
(t u, x N n , y + t u, y N n , x ) (t v, x N n , y + t v, y N n , x )
(4.1.18) L
L = { u, x u, y v, x v, y }
T
(4.3.8)
(4.3.8) u B NL
L = B NL u (4.3.9)
midas FEA
L = B NL u (4.3.10)
N1, x 0 " NN ,x 0
N 0 " NN,y 0
=
1, y
B NL (4.3.11)
0 N1, x " 0 NN,x

0 N1, y " 0 N N , y
(4.3.4-5)(4.3.9-10)(4.1.18)
e
t finte ) (4.3.12)
(4.3.12)

|
t
K eL = tBTL DB L dA
Ae
t
K e
NL = t t BTNL t S t B NL dA (4.3.13)
Ae
t
finte = t t BTL t SdA
Ae
t :
t S
tS 0 tS t
S xy
t
S = t
t
S = t xx t (4.3.14)
0 S S xy S yy
midas FEA
y : 1
y : 4
y : 3
y : 9

4-4

(continuum shell approach)
/
(drilling) Mindlin (Mindlin plate theor
y)

,
{ } { }
T T
midas FEA
S = S xx S yy S zz S xy S yz S zx , E = Exx E yy Ezz Exy E yz Ezx (4.4.1)
U = u0 + t (4.4.2)
t
t = (T T) (4.4.3)
2
,
T :
T :
(4.1.18) e

|
(u0, x + t x , x )
( v + t )
0, y y, y
( w0, z + t z , z )
e =
(u 0, y + t x, y ) + ( v 0, x + t )
y,x
(v0, z + t y , z ) + ( w0, y + t z , y )

( w0, x + t z , x ) + (u0, z + t x , z )
(4.4.4)
(u 0, x + t , x )T ( t u 0, x + t t , x )

(u 0, y + t , y ) ( u 0, y + t , y )
T t t

(u 0, z + t , z )T ( t u 0, z + t t , z )
+
(u 0, x + t , x ) ( u 0, y + t , y ) + (u 0, y + t , y ) ( u 0, x + t , x )
T t t T t t
(u 0, y + t , y )T ( t u 0, z + t t , z ) + (u 0, z + t , z )T ( t u 0, y + t t , y )

(u 0, z + t , z ) ( u 0, x + t , x ) + (u 0, x + t , x ) ( u 0, z + t , z )
T t t T t t
(4.1.18)
midas FEA
(u0, x + t x , x )
(u + t )
0, y x, y
(u0, z + t x , z )

(v0, x + t y , x )

L = (v0, y + t y , y ) (4.4.5)
(v + t )
0, z y, z

( w0, x + t z , x )

( w0, y + t z , y )
( w0, z + t z , z )
B L B NL
4.4.1
Ezz

T

T
U
u0

x

X
O (Ref. Frame)
4.4.1

midas FEA
u i = {ui wi Xi Yi Zi }
T
vi (4.4.6)
(Lagrangian)
T = R RT R
sin 1 cos
R = I + S ( ) + S ( )S ( ) (4.4.7)
2
,
S( ) : (skew symmetric matrix)
midas FEA(quaternion)
(large rotation)t
t t 4.4.44.4.5 (t )
4.4.2ANS(assumed natural shear
strain)(locking)
1 1
= (1 ) (0, 1) + (1 + ) (0,1) (4.4.8)
2 2

|
1 1
= (1 ) (1,0) + (1 + ) (1,0) (4.4.9)
2 2
z
= P (4.4.10)
z
,
P : (coordinate transform matrix)
3
4
midas FEA

1 2
4.4.2 ANS
V1i , V2i V1i , V2i
ui = {ui wi 1i 2 i }
T
vi (4.4.11)

V1i , V2i
/
/z
( z = t / 2 ( z = t / 2 )

y : 1
y : 4
y : 3
y : 4
midas FEA

|
4-5

u v

e
t finte ) (4.5.1)
(4.5.1)- D

midas FEA
y : 1
y : 4
y : 3
y : 9

4-6

u v N i
N N
u = N iui , v = N i vi (4.6.1)
i =1 i =1
{ } { }
T T
S = S xx S yy S xy S zz , E = Exx E yy Exy Ezz (4.6.2)
midas FEA
(4.1.18) e
u, x u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x
v
u, y u, y + v, y v, y
t t
,y

e = u, y + v, x + u, x t u, y + v, x t v, y + u, y t u, x + v, y t v, x (4.6.3)

u u tu
r r2
(4.6.3) e B L
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u (4.6.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u (4.6.5)
(4.6.4)(4.6.5)-
N1, x 0 " NN ,x 0
0 N1, y " 0 N N , y

BL0 = N1, y N1, x " N N , y NN ,x (4.6.6)

N1 0 "
NN
0
r r

|
t
u, x N1, x t
v, x N1, x "
t t
u , y N 1, y v , y N1, y "
B L1 = (t u, x N1, y + t u, y N1, x ) (t v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x ) "

t N
u 21 0 "
r (4.6.7)
t
u, x N N , x t
v, x N N , x
t t
u, y N N , y v, y N N , y
(t u, x N N , y + t u, y N N , x ) (t v, x N N , y + v, y N N , x )
t

t N
u 2N 0
r
(4.1.18) L
T
u
L = u, x u, y v, x v, y (4.6.8)
r
midas FEA
(4.6.8) u B NL
L = B NL u (4.6.9)
L = B NL u (4.6.10)
N1, x 0 " NN ,x 0
N 0 " NN,y 0
1, y
0 N1, x " 0 NN,x
B NL = (4.6.11)
0 N1, y " 0 NN,y
N NN
1 0 " 0
r r
(4.6.4-5)(4.6.9-10)(4.1.18)
e
t finte ) (4.6.12)
(4.6.12)

t
K eL = rBTL DB L dA
Ae
t
K e
NL = r t BTNL t S t B NL dA (4.6.13)
Ae
t
finte = r t BTL t SdA
Ae
t S xx t
S xy 0 t S xx t
S xy 0

t
S = t S xy t
S yy 0 t
S = t S xy t
S yy 0 (4.6.14)
0 0 t
S 0 0 t
S zz

midas FEA
y : 1
y : 4
y : 3
y : 9

|
4-7

u v w N i
N N N
u = N iui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi (4.7.1)
i =1 i =1 i =1
{ } { }
T T
S = S xx S yy S zz S xy S yz S zx , E = Exx E yy Ezz Exy E yz Ezx (4.7.2)
midas FEA
(4.1.18)
u, x u, x t u, x + v, x t v, x + w, x t w, x
v
, y u,y
t
u,y + v,y
t
v,y + w,y
t
w,y
w, z u, z u, z + v, z v, z + w, z w, z
t t t
e = +
u, y + v, x u, x u, y + v, x v, y + w, x w, y + u, y u, x + v, y v, x + w, y w, x
t t t t t t
v, z + w, y u, y t u, z + v, y t v, z + w, y t w, z + u, z t u, y + v, z t v, y + w, z t w, y

w, z + u, z u, z u, x + v, z v, x + w, z w, x + u, x u, z + v, x v, z + w, x w, z
t t t t t t
(4.7.3)
(4.7.3) u B L
e = B L 0 u + B L1 u = B L u (4.7.4)
e = B L 0 u + B L1u = B L u (4.7.5)
(4.7.4)(4.7.5)-

N1, x 0 0 N 2, x " N N ,x 0 0

0 N1, y 0 0 " 0 NN ,y 0
0 0 N1, z 0 " 0 0 N N ,z
B L0 = (4.7.6)
N1, y N1,x 0 N 2, y " NN ,y N N ,x 0
0 N1, z N1, y 0 " 0 N N ,z NN ,y

N1, z 0 N1, x N 2, z " N N , z 0 N N , x
t
u, x N1, x t
v, x N1, x t
w, x N1, x t
u, x N 2, x " t
w, x N N ,1
t t t t t
u, y N1, y v, y N1, y w, y N1, y u, y N 2, y " w, y N N ,2
t
u, z N1, z t
v, z N1,z t
w, z N1, z t
u,z N 2, z " t
w, z N N ,3
B L1 = t
, x 1, y + u, y N1, x v, x N1, y + t v, y N1, x w, x N1, y + t w, y N1, x u, x N 2, y + t u, y N 2, x " w, x N N , y + t w, y N N , x
t t t t t
u N
tu N + tu N t
v, y N1, z + t v, z N1, y t
w, y N1, z + t w, z N1, y t
u, y N 2, z + t u, z N 2, y " t
w, y N N , z + w, z N N , y
t
, y 1, z , z 1, y
t u, x N1, z + t u, z N1, x t
v, x N1, z + t v, z N1, x t
w, x N1, z + t w, z N1, x t
u, x N 3, z + t u, z N 3, x " t
w, x N N , z + t w, z N N , x
(4.7.7)
(4.1.18) L
midas FEA
L = { u, x u, y u, z v, x v, y v, z w, x w, y w, z } (4.7.8)
T
(4.7.8) u B NL
L = B NL u (4.7.9)
L = B NL u (4.7.10)

B 1 0 0 B 2 " B

N 0 0

B NL
= 0 B1 0 0 " 0 B N 0
(4.7.11)
0 0 B 1 0 " 0 0 B
N
{ }
T
B i = N i , x Ni, y Ni,z
(4.7.4-5)(4.7.9-10) (4.1.18)
e
t finte ) (4.7.12)

|
(4.7.12)
t
K eL = BTL DB L dV
Ve
t
K e
NL = t
BTNL t S t B NL dV (4.7.13)
Ve
t
finte = t
BTL t SdV
Ve
tS 0 0 t S xx t
S xy t
S zx

t
S = 0 t
S 0 t
S = t S xy t
S yy t
S yz (4.7.14)
0 0 t
S tS t
S yz t
S zz
zx
midas FEA
y 1
y 6
y 8
y 4
y 9
y 27

midas FEA

midas FEA

|
1-1
1-1-1
= e + p (1.1.1)

e
(elastic strain)
midas FEA
p
(plastic strain)
(Hooks law)(1.1.1)

= D e = D ( p ) (1.1.2)

:
D : (material stiffness matrix)

f ( , ) = 0 (1.1.3)

f : (yield function)
: (hardening parameter)
f 0 f 0
1-1-2 (Plastic flow rule)

midas FEA
f i
ni = (1.1.4)

n i
Koiters law
n
g i n
p = i = im i (1.1.5)
i =1 i =1
gi (plastic potential function)

(plastic multiplier)
i
Kuhn-Tucker
f 0 i 0 i f = 0 (1.1.6)
f 0 i 0
(1.1.5) m g
f f /
(associated flow rule) g /

|
(non-associated flow rule)von MisesTresca

(hydrostatic axis)
Mohr-CoulombDrucker-Prager
1-1-3
midas FEA
2 p T
p = =
3
( ) Q p (1.1.7)
1 0 0 0 0 0
xxp 0 1 0 0 0 0
p
yy 0 0 1 0 0 0
p
zz 1
p = p , Q = 0 0 0 0 0
2
xy
p 0 1
0 0 0 0
yz 2
p 1
zx 0 0 0 0 0
2

2 p p
p = = (1.1.8)
3

1p

= 2p
p
p
3
W p (plastic work)

W p = = T p (1.1.9)
= dt (1.1.10)
midas FEA

1.1.1(a)
1.1.1(b)
RankineMohr-CoulombDrucker-Prager
von Mises
midas FEA
1 1
P
P
O3
P2 P1 P4 P O2
P3
O O1
2 3 2 3
(a) (b)

|
P3
P2
O3
P1 O2
O1
2
3
(c)
1.1.1
1-1-4
midas FEA

(1.1.2)
= E( p ) = E( m) (1.1.11)
(Taylor
series)
T
f f
f ( , ) = + = n T h = 0 (1.1.12)

f f
n = h (hardening modulus) h =

f / f /
1.2
(1.1.12)(1.1.11)
nTE
= (1.1.13)
h + n T Em

(1.1.13)(1.1.11)
Emn T E
= E = E
ep
(1.1.14)
h + n T
Em
Eep m n
Eep
1-1-5 (Integration of rate form)

A(1.1.21.1.3)
B(1.1.4)

midas FEA

(1.1.3)
(1.1.3)

|
e B

X
Yield
surface
(a) A
midas FEA
e

r B
e - mA

- r)
(1
C
A D
X

Yield surface
(b) ACD
1.1.2

- B mB
- A mA
- BmB
B B C
A
D
X
Yield
surface
1.1.3
1-1-6
midas FEA
(1.1.2(a)B)
e = E
(1.1.15)
B = X + e

(1 r ) e r e (
1.1.2(a)A)
( )
f X + (1 r ) e , = 0
fB (1.1.16)
r=
fB fX
(1.1.14)(1.1.15)1.1.2
e
r k(1.1.3)
(1.1.17)
k = INT 8 ( effB effA ) effA + 1 (1.1.17)
effA effB
1.1.2(a)AB

|
(1.1.3D)
fC
C =
h + n TCEm C (1.1.18)
D = C CEm C
1-1-7
e B

midas FEA
-mB
X
Yield
surface
1.1.4
A
B
C = X + e Em B = B Em B (1.1.19)
f B1
T
f f
f = f B + + = f B n TBEm B hB (1.1.20)


fB
= (1.1.21)
hB + n TBEm B
C = B - Em B (1.1.22)
C C C

1-1-8

midas FEA
( )
= E p = E Em (1.1.23)
(1.1.23)
(1.1.13)
DmnT D
= D = D
ep
(1.1.24)
h + n T
Dm
(Newton-Raphson)

(1.1.20)
m m
= D Dm D D (1.1.25)

(1.1.25)
A = E Em (1.1.26)
m m
A = I + E , m = m +


|
H = A 1E (1.1.26)
(
= H m ) (1.1.27)
(1.1.27)(linearized consistency condition)
Hmn T H
= H = C
ep
(1.1.28)
h + n T Hm
(1.1.24) Dep (tangent stiffness matrix)(1.1.28) Cep
midas FEA
midas FEA


1-2
f ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0 (1.2.1)
1-2-1 (stress invariants)

midas FEA
ij n j

( ij ij ) n j = 0 (1.2.2)
ij
(1.2.2) n j 0 (1.2.2)
ij ij = 0 (1.2.3)
(1.2.3)
3 I1 2 + I 2 I 3 = 0 (1.2.4)

|
I1 = x + y + z = ii
1 2
I 2 = ( x y + y z + z x ) ( xy2 + yz2 + zx2 ) = ( I1 ij ji ) (1.2.5)
2
x xy xz
1 1 1
I 3 = yx y yz = ij jk ki I1 ij ji + I13
3 2 6
zx zy z
I1 , I 2 , I 3 1 , 2 , 3
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 (1.2.6)
I 3 = 1 2 3
midas FEA

ij
ij = sij + m ij (1.2.7)
m = ( x + y + z ) / 3 = I1 / 3 sij = ij m ij
(1.2.3)
sij s ij = 0 (1.2.8)
(1.2.8)
s 3 J1s 2 + J 2 s J 3 = 0 (1.2.9)

J1 = sii = s x + s y + sz = 0
1
J2 = sij s ji
2
1
= ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) + xy2 + yz2 + zx2
2 2 2
(1.2.10)
6
s x xy xz
1
J 3 = sij s jk ski = yx s y yz
3
zx zy sz
J1 J 2 J 3 s1 s2 s3
J1 = s1 + s2 + s3 = 0
midas FEA
1 2
J2 =
2
( s1 + s22 + s32 ) = 16 ( 1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2 (1.2.11)
1
J 3 = ( s13 + s23 + s33 ) = s1s2 s3
3
I1 I 2 I 3 J1 J 2 J 3
I1 J 2 J 3 I1
J 2 J 3

P ( 1 , 2 , 3 )

|
1
P( 1, 2, 3 )
0 3
r =
2
1 =
N
e
O 3
2
1.2.1
1.2.1 P ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
midas FEA
OP OP ON
NP
1
ON = = I1
3 (1.2.12)
NP = r = 2 J 2
P( 1 , 2 , 3 )
0
2 3
1.2.2
1.2.2 P

NP 1 0 0 (similarity angle)
1 3 3 J
0 = cos 1 3/ 2
3
(1.2.13)
3 2 J 2
0

0 0 (1.2.14)
3
1 3 3 J
= sin 1 3
3/ 2
(1.2.15)
3 2 J 2

= 0
6
midas FEA

(1.2.16)
6 6
2
sin +
3
1 1
2 J2 I1

2 = ( )
sin + 1 (1.2.17)
3 3 1
3 sin + 4

3

|
1-2-2
Rankine
Rankine 1
t
f (, ) = 1 t ( ) = 0 (1.2.18)
RankineMohr-C
oulombDrucker-Prager
(1. 2.18) I1 , J 2 ,
2 2 I
midas FEA
f ( I1 , J 2 , , ) = J 2 sin + + 1 t ( ) = 0 (1.2.19)
3 3 3
(1.2.18) , r , ,
2 2
f ( , r , , ) = r sin + + t ( ) = 0 (1.2.20)
6 3 3
1.2.3Rankine1.2.4
Rankine
1

p = m = 0 (1.2.21)

0
(1.2.21)(1.1.8)

2
= (1.2.22)
3
midas FEARankine t

- 1
midas FEA
- 3
- 2
1.2.3 Rankine
deviatoric axis
=
6
1 3
rt = f'
2 t
2
r rt 3 f t'
rc
hydrostatic axis
1 rc = 6 f t'
2 2
3
=
6
(a) (b) =
6
1.2.4 Rankine

|
1-2-3
Tresca
= 0 Tresca
y ( )
1
f ( , ) = 1 3 y ( ) = 0 (1.2.23)
2
1 2 3 (1.2.23)2 J 2 ,
2 2 4
f ( J2, ) = J 2 sin + sin + 2 y ( )
3 3 3 (1.2.24)
midas FEA
= 2 J 2 cos y ( ) = 0
y ( ) = 2 y ( )
(1.2.23) r ,
f ( r , ) = 2r cos y ( ) = 0 (1.2.25)
Tresca(1.2.24)
I1 1.2.6(a) r Lodes angle
Tresca
1.2.51.2.6
Tresca

1

= m = 0
p
(1.2.26)
1

(1.2.26)(1.1.8)
2
= (1.2.27)
3
midas FEATresca y

- 1
is
ax
tic
ta
os
dr
hy
midas FEA
- 3
- 2
1.2.5 Tresca

|
deviatoric axis
1
rc
rc
r rt =
6
hydrostatiic axis
2 3
rt
=
6
(a) (b) =
6
1.2.6 Tresca
midas FEA

1-2-4
Von Mises oct

y
2
f ( oct ) = oct y = 0 (1.2.28)
3
f ( J 2 , ) = 3 J 2 y ( ) = 0 (1.2.29)
y ( ) = 3 y
(1.2.29) J 2 J 2 Von
midas FEA
Mises1.2.7
von MisesTresca, rc ( = / 6) rt ( = / 6)
von Mises Tresca (
1.2.8(a)) ( = 0) von Mises
Tresca 2 / 3 = 1.15
von MisesTresca
( = / 6) ( = / 6) (1.
1.8(b))

|
- 1
is
ax
tic
ta
os
dr
hy
- 3
midas FEA
- 2
1.2.7 von Mises
1 1
Von mises
Tresca
Tresca Von mises
rc
r r
rt
2 3 2 3
(a) Tresca (b) Tresca

deviatoric axis
rc
=
6
hydrostatiic axis
rt
=
6
(c) =
6
1.2.8 von Mises

midas FEA
Von Mises
2 1 2 3
1
p = m = 1 +2 2 3 (1.2.30)
2 e
1 2 +2 3
1 T
e = P
2
xx 2 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1
yy 0 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 0
zz
= , P=
xy 0 0 0 6 0 0
0 0 0 0 6 0
yz
zx 0 0 0 0 0 6

|
= (1.2.31)
midas FEAvon Mises y
1-2-5 -
Mohr(1900)
= F ( ) (1.2.32)
(1.2.32)
Mohr F ( ) Mohr
midas FEA
MohrCoulomb
2 ( 1 2 3 )
Coulomb
= c + tan (1.2.33)

c =
=
(1.2.33)Mohr-Coulomb
Mohr-Coulomb
1
(1 + sin ) (1 sin ) = 1 (1.2.34)
2c cos 2c cos
3
(1.2.34) I1 , J 2
1 1 (1.2.35)
f ( I1 , J 2 , ) = I1 sin + J 2 cos + sin sin c cos = 0
3 3

Mohr-Coulomb1.2.9
( 1 + 2 + 3 = 0) 1.2.10(a)
= / 6 1.2.10(b)
rt 0 rc 0
2 6c cos
rt 0 = (1.2.36)
3 + sin
2 6c cos
rc 0 = (1.2.37)
3 sin
(1.2.36)(1.2.37) rt 0 / rc 0
rt 0 3 sin
= (1.2.38)
rc 0 3 + sin
midas FEA
Mohr-Coulomb(
I1 ) rt / rc
rt rt 0 3 sin
= = (1.2.39)
rc rc 0 3 + sin
1 1
g ( I1 , J 2 , ) = I1 sin + J 2 cos + sin sin (1.2.40)
3 3

|
- 1
is
ax
tic
ta
os
dr
hy
- 3
midas FEA
- 2
1.2.9 Mohr-Coulomb deviatoric axis
1 =
6
rt0 = 26c cos
3 + sin
3c cot
hydrostatic axis
rt0
r rc0
26c cos
rc0 =
3 - sin
2 3 =
6
(a) (b) =
6
1.2.10 Mohr-Coulomb

Morh-Coulomb
1
2 (1 + sin )

p = m = 0 (1.2.41)
1
(1 sin )
2
(1.2.41)(1.1.8)
1
=
3
(1 + sin 2 ) (1.2.42)
midas FEAMohr-Coulomb c
midas FEA

|
1-2-6 -
Drucker-PragerDruckerPrager(1952)von Mises
von Mises (extended von Mises)Drucker-
Prager I1 J 2
f ( I1 , J 2 ) = 3J 2 I1 c = 0
(1.2.43)
g ( I1 , J 2 ) = 3 J 2 I1
2sin 6cos 2sin

= , = , =
3 sin 3 sin 3 sin
k Mohr-Coulomb c
(1.2.43)von Mises
g
midas FEA
Drucker-Prager1.2.11(
1 = 2 = 3 )
Drucker-Prager von
Mises

- 1
is
ax
tic
ta
os
dr
hy
- 3
midas FEA
- 2
1.2.11 Drucker-Prager
deviatoric axis
=
6
6
1 1 r0 = 2 c
c
3

r0 hydrostatic axis
r
1 r0 = 2 c
6
2 3 =
6
(a) (b)
1.2.12 Drucker-Prager

|
Drucker-Prager
2 1 2 3 1
1
p = m = 1 +2 2 3 + 1 (1.2.44)
2 e +2 3 1
1 2
1 T
e = P
2
xx 2 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1
yy 0 0 0
1 1 2 0 0 0
zz
midas FEA
= , P=
xy 0 0 0 6 0 0
0 0 0 0 6 0
yz
zx 0 0 0 0 0 6
(1.2.44)(1.1.8)
= 1 + 2 2 (1.2.45)
midas FEADrucker-Prager c

midas FEA

|
2-1
2-1-1
2.1.1(discrete crack model)

(smeared crack model)

Discrete Crack Smeared Crack
midas FEA
crn crn
fct fct
Gf w Gf /h crnn
2.1.1

-

midas FEA

|
2-1-2
midas FEA
midas FEA
2.1.2
midas FEA
2.1.2(a)
2.1.2(b)
midas FEA

VecchioCollins1
SelbyVecchio2

midas FEA
1 Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P. The modified compression field theory for reinforced
concrete elements subjected to shear. ACI Journal 83, 22 (1986), 219231.
2 Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete. Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept. Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.

|
2-2
- (crack model type)

- (general concrete properties)
- (tensile behavior)
- (compression behavior)
- (shear behavior)
- (lateral influences)
2-2-1
midas FEA
midas FEA

2-2-2
(CEB-
FIP 1990)
1)

(1) (Youngs modulus)
(2) (Poissons ratio) [ = 0.0]
(3) (tensile strength)
(4) (compressive strength)
(5) (fracture energy) [if necessary]

2)
CEB-FIP 1990

:
Dmax :
f ck (characteristic compressive strength)

: C12, C20, C30, C40, C50, C60, C70, C80
midas FEA
C60 f ck =60[N/]
CEB-FIP 1990
(mean compressive strength)(mean tensile strength)

f cm = f ck + f (2.2.1)
f = 8 [MPa]

1
f 3
Ec = Ec 0 cm (2.2.2)
f cm 0
Ec 0 = 2.15 10 [N/]fcm010 [N/]

4

|
2
f 3
f ct , m = f ctk 0, m ck (2.2.3)
f ck 0
f ctk 0 1.40 [N/] f ck 0 10 [N/]
0.7
f
G f = G f 0 cm (2.2.4)
f cm 0
Gf 0
f cm 0 10 [N/]
midas FEA
Dmax [mm] G f 0 [J/m2]
8 25
16 30
32 58

2-3
midas FEA(cracking)(crushing)

(unloading)

(damage variables) k ( k = 1,..., 2 nstr ( nstr = )
( k = 1,.., nstr )
( k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr )

midas FEA
--(loading-unloading-reloading)
(unloading constraints) rk
(stiffness degradation)
0 if > k
t + t
i +1 k

rk = (k = 1,..., nstr ) (2.3.1)
1 if k
t + t
i +1 k
0 if
t + t
i +1 k 3 < k

rk = ( k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr ) (2.3.2)
1 if
t + t
k
i +1 k 3
t + t
i +1 = t
+ W (2.3.3)

|
Wk , k = 1 rk k = 1,..., nstr
W = (2.3.4)
Wk + nstr , k = 1 rk k = 1 + nstr ,..., 2 nstr
j = f j (, nst ) g j (, nst ) (2.3.5)
-jj

gj-
j j j
1 = if j >0
j j
gj = 0 g 1 (2.3.6)
midas FEA
1 j + nstr j = j if j <0
j + nstr j + nstr

--midas FEA
-

2-4
midas FEA

(principal direction)

xyz

t + t
i +1 xyz = t
xyz + t +i +1t xyz (2.4.1)
midas FEA

t + t
i +1 nst = T t +i +1t xyz (2.4.2)
T = T( t +i +1t xyz ) (2.4.3)
(strain tensor)

xx xy xz

E = yx yy yz (2.4.4)
zx zy zz

(eigenvector)(rotation matrix) R
cxn cxs cxt

R = n s t = c yn c ys c yt (2.4.5)
czn czs czt

|
cxn = cos ij i j
T
cxn 2 2
c yn czn2 cxn c yn c yn czn czn cxn
2 2 2
cxs c ys c zs cxs c ys c ys czs czs cxs
c2 c 2
c 2
cxt c yt c yt czt czt cxt
T = xt yt zt
(2.4.6)
2cxn cxs 2c yn c ys 2czn czs cxn c ys + c yn cxs c yn czs + czn c ys czn cxs + cxn czs
2c c 2c ys c yt 2czs czt cxs c yt + c ys cxt c ys czt + czs c yt czs cxt + cxs czt
xs xt
2cxt cxn 2c yt c yn 2czt czn cxt c yn + c yt cxn c yt czn + czt c yn czt cxn + cxt czn
nst
t + t
i +1 = ( t +i +1t nst ) (2.4.7)
midas FEA
xyz
t + t
i +1 = TT t +i +1t nst (2.4.8)

2-5

midas FEA(secant stiffness)

(crack propagation)
2-5-1
D = TT D tangent T
midas FEA
(2.5.1)
T D tangent

D Dn
D tangent = nn (2.5.2)
D n D
DnnD
DnDn

3D
3 Crisfield, M. A., and Wills, J., Analysis of R/C panels using different concrete models, J. Eng.
Mech. Div., ASCE 115, 3 (1989),
578597.
Feenstra, P. H., Computational Aspects of Biaxial Stress in Plain and Reinforced Concrete, PhD
thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1993.
Rots, J. G., Computational Modeling of Concrete Fracture, PhD thesis, Delft University of

|
1 2
0 0
2(1 2 )
2 3
D = 0 0 (2.5.3)
2( 2 3 )
3 1
0 0
2( 3 1 )
0 (shear-
retention)Dn
0 Dn
midas FEA
ns ns ns

nn ss tt
st st
Dn = st (2.5.4)
nn ss tt
tn tn
tn
nn ss tt
Technology, 1988.
Willam, K. J., Pramono, E., and Sture, S., Fundamental issues of smeared crack models, In Proc.
SEM/RILEM Int. Conf. on Fracture of Concrete and Rock, Houston 1987 (New York, 1989), S. P.
Shah and S. E. Schwartz, Eds., Springer-Verlag, pp. 142157.

ns
0 0
ns
st
D = 0 0 (2.5.5)
st
tn
0 0
tn
DnnDnn

nn nn nn

nn ss tt
ss ss
Dnn = ss (2.5.6)
nn ss tt
midas FEA
tt tt
tt
nn ss tt
i = f i (, nst ) g i (, nst ) (2.5.7)
nst
i T fi f T g i gi
= g i (, nst ) + i + f i (, nst ) +
nst nst nst nst nst
f f g gi
= g i (, nst ) W T i + i + f i (, nst ) W T i + (2.5.8)
nst nst
T
W =
nst

|
{m1r1 + (1 m1 )r4 } E1 0 0

Dnst = 0 {m2 r2 + (1 m2 )r5} E2 0

0 0 {m3r3 + (1 m3 )r6 } E3
f1 f1 f1

2 3
g1 0 0 1
f f 2 f 2
+ 0 g2 0 2
2 3
0 0 g 3 1
f f 3 f 3
3
1 2 3
f1 f1 f1 1 r1 0 0

2 6 0 1 r2 0
midas FEA
g1 0 0 1
f f 2 f 2 0 0 1 r3
+ 0 g2 0 2
2 6 1 r 0 0
0 0 g 3 1 4
f f 3 f 3 0 1 r5 0
3
1 2 6 0 0 1 r6
(2.5.9)
mi
1 if i > 0
mi = (2.5.10)
0 if i < 0
f j (, nst ) f j (, nst )
Ej = , Ej = (2.5.11)
j j + nstr

(forward-difference) j
h
f i f (, nst + he j ) f i (, nst )
= i
j h
(2.5.12)
f i f ( + ha j , nst ) f i (, nst )
= i
j h
ajejj
Dnst
i
i
(2.5.13)
f f i
midas FEA
= {mi ri + (1 mi )ri + nstr } Ei + g i (1 ri ) i + (1 ri + nstr )

i i + nstr
mi=1ri+nsrt=1
i f
= ri Ei + g i (1 ri ) i (2.5.14)
i i
E
i i
if unloading, ( ri = 1, g i 1)
= f i (2.5.15)
i if loading, ( ri = 0, g i = 1)
i
mi=1ri+nsrt=1
i f i
= ri + nstr Ei + g i (1 ri + nstr ) (2.5.16)
i i + nstr
i
Ei if unloading, ( ri + nstr = 1, g i 1)
= f i (2.5.17)
i if loading, ( ri + nstr = 0, g i = 1)
i + nstr

|
2-5-2
(orthotropic material)
(principal coordinate system)
E1 0 0 0 0 0

E2 0 0 0 0

E3 0 0 0
Dsecant = (2.5.18)
G12 0 0

sym. G 23 0
G 31

midas FEA

2-6
2-6-1
(isotropic stress)
-
-fcfp

crcr

f p = cr f cf p = p
cr
(2.6.1)
midas FEA
fpp
(constant)(linear)(linear hardening)(saturation
hardening)(multi-linear)-(ha
rdening-softening)(parabolic)Thorenfeldt et. al.4
4 Thorenfeldt, E., Tomaszewicz, A., and Jensen, J. J., Mechanical properties of high-strength
concrete and applications in design, In Proc. Symp. Utilization of High-Strength Concrete
(Stavanger, Norway) (Trondheim, 1987), Tapir.

|
ft ft
E har ft
(a) elastic (b) constant (c) Thorenfeldt (d) linear

( 0 , 0 ) -1 /

( 1 , 1 ) Gc 1
fc
h 3
( 2 , 2 ) E har f c0
fc
( n , n ) f c
(e) mult-linear (f) saturation type (g) parabolic
midas FEA
2.6.1
(2.6.1(a))
(2.6.1(b))
f c > 0.0
y Thorenfeldt
f c > 0.0 (2.6.1(c))

f
p

fp
2.6.2 Thorenfeldt
Thorenfeldt
midas FEA

i n
f = fp (2.6.2)
p
nk

n 1 + i
p

1 if 0 > > p
f cc
n = 0.80 + , k = f cc
17 0.67 + 62 if p

Ehar (2.6.1(d))
f c > 0.0, Ehar > 0.0

|
-30
(00)(2.6.1(e)))
[< 0]
(2.6.1(f))
(initial compressive strength) : f co > 0.0
(ultimate compressive strength) : f c > 0.0
(constant hardening modulus) : Ehar > 0.0
midas FEA
(decaying factor) : > 0.0
5
Feenstra
(2.6.1(g))
(compressive strength) f c > 0.0
(compressive fracture energy) Gc > 0.0
(characteristic element length) h > 0.0
5 FEENSTRA, P. H., Computational Aspects of Biaxial Stress in Plain and Reinforced

Concrete, PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, 1993.

f
u c c/3

Gc /h fc /3
fc
2.6.3
f c 1/3
1 fc
c / 3 = (2.6.3)
midas FEA
3 E

4 fc
c = = 4 c / 3 (2.6.4)
3 E

3 Gc
u = c (2.6.5)
2 h fc
1 j
f c if 0 j < c / 3
3 c / 3
2

f 1 1 + 4 j c / 3 2 j c / 3 if c / 3 j < c
c 3
f = c c / 3 c c / 3 (2.6.6)

2
f 1 j c
if c j < u

c
c
u

0 if u j

|
Gc h
u
u 1 j c
3
Gc
f d j = f c j = (2.6.7)
3 u c h
c c
midas FEA

2-7
2-7-1
cr
nncr ( nncr ) = f t y crnn (2.7.1)
nn.ult
f t nn.ult y (..)
cr
(softening diagram)
midas FEA
I
(crack bandwidth) h I G f
cr
nn =
G If = h cr nncr ( nncr ) d nncr (2.7.2)
nn = 0
(2.45)(2.46)
cr
nn = cr
G If = h ft cr y crnn d nn
cr
(2.7.3)
nn.ult
nn = 0
f t
(2.7.4) nn.ult (2.7.5)

cr
nncr
x = (2.7.4)
nncr .ult
G If = h ft ( x =
x=0
y ( x) dx nn
cr
)
.ult (2.7.5)
(2.7.6) nn.ult
cr

|
1 G If
nncr .ult = (2.7.6)
h ft
x =
= x=0
y ( x)dx (2.7.7)
I
(mesh refinement)
(snap-back)
(softening diagram)
midas FEA
(tension softening diagram)
d nn
cr
E (2.7.8)
d nn
cr
cr
nn =0
(2.7.9)(2.7.6)(2.7.9)(2.7.
10)
ft dy
E (2.7.9)
nncr .ult dx x=0
f t dy
nncr .ult = nn
cr
.ult . min (2.7.10)
E dx x =0

(2.7.10)

I
G f f t

(2.7.10)

2 G If E
f t .red = (2.7.11)
dy
h
dx x = 0
G If E
midas FEA
hmax = (2.7.12)
dy
ft 2
dx x = 0

|
2-7-2
(elastic)(constant)(brittle)
(linear)(exponential)Hordijk(multi-linear)
(linear softening
curve)(exponential softening curve)(nonlinear s
oftening curve - Hordijk6)
ft ft ft
midas FEA
G f /h

(a) elastic (b) constant (c) brittle (d) linear
ft ft ( 1 , 1 )
( 2 , 2 )
( 0 , 0 )
I
G /h I
G /h ( n , n )
f f

(e) exponential (f) Hordijk (g) multi-linear
2.7.1
6
Hordijk, D. A., Local approach to fatigue of concrete, PhD thesis, Delft University of
Technology, 1991.

(2.7.1(a))
(2.7.1(b))
f t > 0.0
(2.7.1(c))
midas FEA
f t > 0.0
2.7.2 nn
peak
1
Gf = f t nnpeak h (2.7.13)
2
nn
ft
nn
peak
nn
2.7.2

|
(linear softening)(2.7.1(d))
f t > 0.0 G f > 0.0

I
h > 0.0
cr
nn
ft
midas FEA
G If h
crnn
crnn.ult
2.7.3
(crack stress)
nncr
nncr ( nncr ) 1 cr (if 0 < nn
cr
< nn
cr
.ult )
= nn.ult (2.7.14)
ft 0
( if cr
nn.ult < < )
cr
nn
1 1 1
= y ( x)dx = y ( x)dx + 0dx = (1 x)dx = (2.7.15)
0 0 0 0 2
G If
nncr .ult = 2 (2.7.16)
h ft

(2.7.17)((2.7.18))
(2.7.19)
dy
= 1 (2.7.17)
dx x=0
ft
nn.ult.min
cr
= (2.7.18)
E
G If E
ft = 2 (2.7.19)
h
y
(2.7.1(e))
midas FEA

ft > 0.0 G If > 0.0
h > 0.0
y Hordijk
Hordijk(2.7.1(f))

f t > 0.0 G f > 0.0
I
h > 0.0
Hordijk7CornelissenReinhardt8
7 HORDIJK, D. A. Local Approach to Fatigue of Concrete. PhD thesis, Delft University of

Technology, 1991.
8 CORNELISSEN, H. A. W., HORDIJK, D. A., AND REINHARDT, H. W.
Experimental determination of crack softening characteristics of normalweight and lightweight
concrete.
Heron 31, 2 (1986).

|
cr
nn
ft
G If h
crnn
cr
nn.ult
2.7.4 (Hordijk et al.)
midas FEA

3

1 + c1 nn exp c2 nn ...
cr cr

nn cr
.ult nn.ult
cr

nncr ( nncr ) cr

ft
=
nn.ult
(
crnn 1 + c13 exp ( c2 ) ) ( )
if 0 < nn < nn.ult
cr cr

0 ( cr cr
)
if nn.ult < nn < 0

(2.7.20)
c1 = 3, c2 = 6.93

1
= 0
y ( x)dx = 0
y ( x)dx + 0dx
1
(1 + (c x) ) exp(c x) x(1 + c )exp(c )dx

1
= 1
3
2
3
1 2
0
12c 12c c 6c c 2c 2c c
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 (2.7.21)
= 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
c24 c13c24 + 12c13 exp(c2 ) + 2c23 exp(c2 )

2c24 exp(c2 )

c1 = 3, c2 = 6.93 = 0.195
G If
nncr .ult = 5.136 (2.7.22)
h ft
Hordijk
dy
dx x=0
( )
= 3c1 (c1 x) 2 c2 (1 + (c1 x)3 ) exp( c2 x) (1 + c13 )exp(c2 ) x=0
(2.7.23)
= c2 (1 + c )exp(c2 )
3
1
midas FEA
ft
nncr .ult . min = 6.957 (2.7.24)
E
1
GI E 2
ft = 0.739 f (2.7.25)
h

(2.7.1(g))30
(00)
[< 0]

|
cr
nn
(ft.0, 0)
(ft.1, crnn.1)
(ft.n, crnn.n)
crnn
2.7.5
midas FEA
f t .1 f t .0
E (2.7.26)
nncr .1

2-8
m
idas FEA(shear retention factor)
midas FEA
2-8-1
Elastic Modulus
Elastic Modulus G
midas FEA
( , )
2 2
( , )
2 2
( , )
1 1
( , )
1 1
( , ) ( , )
0 0
0 0

2.8.1

|
Elastic Modulus G
2.8.2
midas FEA
y
G cr = G [0 1] (2.8.1)
Elastic Modulus
2.8.3

midas FEA

( , )
2 2
( , )
1 1
( , )
0 0

midas FEA
2.8.4 (-)
( , )
2 2
( , )
1 1
( , )

0 0
2.8.5 (-)

|
2-9
2-9-1
(Poisson effect)
SelbyVecchio9

-
1
E
nst = 1 v nst (2.9.1)
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 v
midas FEA

1

(1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )
E 0 0
1
nst = 0 E 0 nst
0 0 E (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )
1

(1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )
(2.9.2)
9
Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete, Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept.Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.

E 0 0
nst = 0 E 0 nst (2.9.3)
0 0 E
1

nst = 2

3
1

midas FEA
(1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (2.9.4)

1
1
= 2
(1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )
3
1

(1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 ) (1 + )(1 2 )
nst = nst (2.9.5)
Dnst
nst nst
Dnst = = (2.9.6)
nst nst

|
2-9-2
Hsieh-Ting-Chen
J2 J f I
f = 2.0108 + 0.9714 2 + 9.1412 c1 + 0.2312 1 1 = 0 (2.9.7)
f cc2 f cc f cc f cc
J2I1
J2 =
1
6
{( c1 c 2 ) + ( c 2 c 3 ) + ( c 3 c1 )
2 2 2
} (2.9.8)
midas FEA
I1 = c1 + c 2 + c 3 (2.9.9)
fc110
f c1 = max( c1 , c 2 , c 3 ) (2.9.10)
fc3
Hsieh-Ting-Chen
c = s E nst (2.9.11)
f c 3 = s min( c1 , c 2 , c 3 ) (2.9.12)
sfc3
10 Braa, H. Private communication, 1997.

(-30fcc)fcf
f cf = f c 3 (2.9.13)
11
K Selby
f cf
K = 1 (2.9.14)
f cc
K = K (2.9.15)
1
-
midas FEA
f cf = K f cc , p = K 0 (2.9.16)

n f
0 = cc (2.9.17)
n 1 Ec
-
-

11
Selby, R. G., and Vecchio, F. J., Three-dimensional Constitutive Relations for Reinforced
Concrete, Tech. Rep. 93-02, Univ. Toronto, dept. Civil Eng., Toronta, Canada, 1993.

|
unconfined
low lateral confinement
medium lateral confinement
triaxial loading
2.9.1 -
midas FEA
Thorenfeldt
j p
f j = f p 1 (1 r ) r f p (2.9.18)

u p
f
u p

rfp
fp
2.9.2
r(residual strength)

fp
u = p (2.9.19)
f cc

fp
r = r0 (2.9.20)
f cc
r00.1
(fp / fcc > 1.05) -(compression-

softening)Thorenfeldtfp / fcc < 1.05
midas FEA

|
2-9-3
fpj(tensile damage),1
,2
cr = cr ( lat ) , cr = cr ( lat ) (2.9.21)
lat
lat = l2,1 + l2,2 (2.9.22)
VecchioCollins12
1
midas FEA
cr = 1 (2.9.23)
1 + Kc
lat
K c = 0.27 0.37 cr = 1
0
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2.9.3
12
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., Compression response of cracked reinforced concrete, J.
Str. Eng., ASCE 119, 12 (1993), 35903610.

midas FEA

|
3-1
midas FEA3.1.1

t
n t
midas FEA
(a) (b)
n
t n
t
s
s
(c) (d)
3.1.1 midas FEA
n t
s
(traction vector)((3.1.1))


t
t = n (3.1.1)
tt
(relative displacement)
u
u = n (3.1.2)
dt
tn kn 0 un
= (3.1.3)
tt 0 kt dt

kn : (penalty stiffness) ( N / m3 )
kt : ( N / m3 )
midas FEA
midas FEA
-(Newton-Cotes)
(3.1.3)
t = Du (3.1.4)

t :
u :
D D12
D = 11 (3.1.5)
D21 D22

|
3-2
fn
ft
kn
midas FEA
u n
3.2.1

tn = f n ( un )
(3.2.1)
tt = f t ( dt )

f n
D11 = u D12 = 0
n (3.2.2)
f t
D21 = 0 D22 =
dt
tn Imidas FEA

1. (brittle cracking model)
2. (linear tension softening model)
3. (nonlinear tension softening model)
3-2-1
tn
ft
midas FEA
u n
3.2.2
f n ( un ) 1 if un 0
= (3.2.3)
ft 0 if 0 < un <

|
3-2-2
tn
ft
G fI
midas FEA
u n
u n,ul t
3.2.3
un
f n ( un ) 1 if 0 < un < un ,ult
= un ,ult (3.2.4)
ft
0 if un ,ult < un <
G If
un ,ult : =2
ft
G If : I
ft :

3-2-3
HordijkCornelissenReinhardt
tn
ft
G fI
u n
midas FEA
u n,ul t
3.2.4

3

1 + c un exp c un
1 un ,ult 2 u

n , ult
f n ( un )
= un (1 + c3 ) exp(c ) if 0 < un < un ,ult (3.2.5)
ft un ,ult
1 2

0 if un ,ult < un <

G If
un ,ult : = 5.136
ft
c1 : =3
c2 : = 6.93

|
(hysteresis model)
tn
ft
u n
u n,ul t
3.2.5
midas FEA

3-2-4 (Shear Retention)
I tt
tt
kt dt if un <
kn
tt = (3.2.6)
k dt tt
if un
t kn

kt : (reduced shear stiffness)
midas FEA
0 1 I = 0
0 < 1 0.10.3

|
3-3
un un ,ult
(dilatancy)
tn
dt
tt
midas FEA
u n
tt t
tn
3.3.1 (Rough crack)
tn = f n ( un , dt )
(3.3.1)
tt = f t ( un , dt )

(3.3.1)
f n f n
D11 = un
D12 =
dt
(3.3.2)
ft f
D21 = D22 = t
un dt
(empirical crack models)
(physical crack models)midas FEA

midas FEA
1. I(rough crack model (BazantGambarova))
2. II(rough crack model (GambarovaKarakoc))
3. (aggregate interlock model (WalravenReinhardt))
1. (two-phase model (Walraven))
2. (contact density model (Li et al.))

|
3-3-1 I (BazantGambarova)
BazantGambarova3.3.2
1. ( r = dt / un )
2.
1
3. ( un > Dmax
2
Dmax )
10
midas FEA
|f t |
un
0.1
5 0.5
1.0
0
1 2 |dt|
1.0
0.5
-5
0.1
fn
-10
3.3.2

PaulayLoeber
a3 + a4 | r |3
ft = u r
1 + a4 r 4
(3.3.3)
a
f n = 1 ( a2 | f t |)
p
un

0.231
p = 1.30 1
1 + 0.185un + 5.63 ( un )2

t
r=
un
midas FEA
0 a0
u =
a0 + ( un )
2
a0 = 0.01Dmax
2
a1 = 0.000534
a2 = 145.0
2.45
a3 =
0
4
a4 = 2.44 1
0
0 = 0.245 f c = 0.195 f cc

fc :
f cc :

|
3-3-2 II (GambarovaKarakoc)
10
|f t |
un
0.1
5 0.5
1.0
0
1 2 |dt|
1.0
0.5
midas FEA
-5 0.1
fn
-10
3.3.3 II
DaschnerKupfer
BazantGambarova
2un a3 + a4 | r |3
f t = 0 1 r
Dmax 1 + a4 r 4

(3.3.4)
r
f n = a1a2 un f
( )
0.25 t
1+ r2

a1a2 = 0.62
2.45
a3 =
0
4
a4 = 2.44 1
0
0 = 0.25 f c = 0.2 f cc
3-3-3 (WalravenReinhardt)
WalravenReinhardt
midas FEA

u n = 0.1 0.5
10
|f t |
5 1.0
0
1 2 |dt|
1.0
-5
fn
-10
0.1 0.5
3.3.4

|
ft =
f cc
30
( ( ) )
+ 1.8un0.80 + 0.234un0.707 0.20 f cc dt
(3.3.5)
fn =
f cc
20
( ( ) )
1.35un0.63 + 0.191un0.552 0.15 f cc dt
dt 0
ft 0
fn 0
3-3-4 (Walraven)
Walraven(two-phase)
midas FEA
1.
2. (Fuller)
3. (inclusion)(matrix)
4.

Walraven(3.3.6)
u n = 0.1
10
|f t | 0.5
1.0
5
0
1 2 |dt|
1.0
-5
midas FEA
0.5
fn
-10 0.1
3.3.5
f t = pu ( An + At )
(3.3.6)
f n = pu ( At An )

An , At : n t
pu :
:
dt un

|
3-3-5
1. ( )( ( ) )
2.
3. ( ( ) )
4.
5. ( un ) K (un )
midas FEA
u n = 0.1
10 0.5
1.0
|f t |
0
|dt|
1 2
-5
fn 1.0
-10
0.1 0.5
3.3.6

1

f t = 21 con K ( un ) At ( ) sin d

2
1
(3.3.7)

fn = 2
1 con K ( un ) At ( ) cos d

2

At : (1.27)
midas FEA

|
3-4
(bond-slip)
midas FEA
tn = kn un
(3.4.1)
tt = f t ( dt )
(3.4.1)
D11 = kn D12 = 0
(3.4.2)
D21 = 0 f
D22 = t
midas FEA
dt

3-4-1 (Cubic Function (Dorr))
Dorr3.4.1(3.4.3)
1.9c
|dt|
midas FEA
|dt 0|
3.4.1
dt dt
2
dt
3
c 5 4.5 + 1.4 0 if 0 dt dt
0
f t = dt 0

0
dt dt (3.4.3)

1.9c if dt dt 0

c :
0
dt : (shear slip)

|
3-4-2 (Power Law (Noakowski))
Noakowski3.4.2( dt 0 )
ft
midas FEA
|dt|
b-1
b |d t 0 | 1
3.4.2
a ( dt )b if dt dt 0
ft = (3.4.4)
a ( dt ) ut
b 1
if 0 dt dt 0
a, b : ( b < 1 )
dt 0 : (shear slip)

3-5
midas FEA
(coulomb friction theory) u
u = u e + u p (3.5.1)
(
t = De u e = De u u p ) (3.5.2)
midas FEA
tt
c / tan
c
tn
3.5.1

|
f g c
(3.5.3)3.5.1
f = t 2 + t tan ( ) c( ) = 0
t n
(3.5.3)
g = tt + tn tan
2
(k ) :
c( k ) :
:
u p
midas FEA
g
u p = (3.5.4)
t
f T f
f = t+ =0 (3.5.5)
t
(3.5.2)(3.5.4)(3.5.5)
f T e f T e
D D
= t u = t u (3.5.6)
f f T e g f T e g
+ D h + D
t t t t

T
g g g
= utp = = = 1 + tan 2 = tan << 1 (3.5.7)
t t t
g / t = {tan tt / | tt |}
(3.5.4)(3.5.6)(3.5.2)

g f T e
e De D
t = D t t
u (3.5.8)
f T
g
h + De
t t

k 0
De = n
0 kt
f f t utp
h= =
t utp
g tt
= tan
t tt
f T t
midas FEA
= tan (k ) t
t tt
tt
k n ( h + kt ) kn kt tan
1 tt u
t= (3.5.9)
h + kn tan tan + kt t
kn kt tan (k ) t kt (h + kn tan tan )
tt
(3.5.9)
= (3.5.9)

midas FEA
20

|
3-6 (Combined Cracking-Shearing-Crushing)
3.6.1
LourencoRot
svan Zijl
interface joint / interface

mortar
interface joint / interface
brick brick
midas FEA
potential brick crack potential brick crack
3.6.1
3-6-1
midas FEALourencoRotsvan Zijl
3.6.12
t u
t = n= , u = n (3.6.1)
tt dt

tn , un :
tt , dt :

| |
coulomb friction
mode
compression
cap mode

tension
mode
intermediate residual yield surface

yield surface initial yield surface
3.6.2
midas FEA
t = D u (3.6.2)
D = diag kn ks (3.6.3)

|
(coulomb friction yield criterion)
f =| tt | +tn c (3.6.4)
tt :
tn :
= tan :
c :
midas FEA
c
c0

c0 c
c ( tn , ) = c0e ( tn , ) = 0 + ( r 0 )
G IIf
, (3.6.5)
c0
c0 :
II
G f : II
0 :
r :
a tn + b if tn < 0
G IIf = (3.6.6)
b if tn 0
a b

u p
g
u p = (3.6.7)
t
(3.6.8)
g
= (3.6.8)
tn sign(tt )
(3.6.7)(3.6.8)( = tan )
unp
= sign(tt ) (3.6.9)
utp
midas FEA
= 1 (unp ) 2 (ttp ) (3.6.10)

T
g
g = dt = tt + 2 (ut ) 1 (tn ) dtn
p
(3.6.11)
tn

0 if tn < u

t
(
u = 0 1 n 1 e ut
p
u
p
) if u tn < 0 (3.6.12)

0

(
1 e ut
p
) if tn 0

|
0 if tn < u

t
(
= 0 1 n 1 eut
u
p
) if u tn < 0 (3.6.13)

(
0 1 e ut
p
) if tn 0
0 :
u :
:
midas FEA
=| utp |= (3.6.14)
( , )-
(Rankine criterion)
f 2 = tn t (3.6.15)
t (brick-mortar bond strength)

ft
2
G If
t = ft e (3.6.16)

ft :
I
G f : I
2 =| u p | (3.6.17)
f 2
u p = 2 (3.6.18)
t

midas FEA
= 2 (3.6.19)
f 3 = tn +Cstt c2
2 2
(3.6.20)

Cs :
c :
3 = u Tp u p (3.6.21)

|
f 3
unp = 3
tn
3 = 23 tn + ( Cstt )
2 2
(3.6.22)
fc
1
2
midas FEA
Gf
c
i
3
K3
Kp Km
3.6.3 -
3.6.3( f c )

(
1 ( 3 ) = i + f c i ) 2 3
p

32
p2
2
3 p
(
2 ( 3 ) = f c + m f c )
m p
(3.6.23)

f 3 m
( )
3 ( 3 ) = r + m r exp 2 m c
p

m m r
1 1 1
(3.54) i = fc , m = fc , r = fc
3 2 10
(Corner)
midas FEA
g1 g
unp = 1 + i i (3.6.24)
tn tn
i=1 :
i2 :
i3 :
3-6-2
midas FEA
tn un kn 0 0

t = ts , u = us , D=0 ks 0 (3.6.25)
t u 0 0 kt
t t

|
s
s
C0
C0 ft
t
3.6.4
f = ts2 + tt2 + tn c (3.6.26)
midas FEA

g ts
u p = = (3.6.27)
t
t s + tt
2 2

t
t

ts2 + tt2
( u ) + ( u )
2 2
= s
p
t
p
= (3.6.28)

midas FEA

|
1-1
()
(
)6
1.1.1
X-ZYXZ

N2 N4 N6
midas FEA
z
x
N1 N5 y angle of
Z N3 inclination
X : fixed support condition

Y
: pinned support condition
: roller support condition
1.1.1
N1 X ZY
N3ZN5
X
Z

1.1.21.1.2a

X
1.1.2b6

Y

connecting node
(DX, RX, RY and RZ are constrained)
midas FEA
supports (all degrees of

freedom are constrained)
(a)

|
supports (all degrees of

freedom are constrained)
top flange (beam element) : nodes without constrains

: DY, RX, RY and RZ are constrained
DX : displacement in the GCS X direction
DY : displacement in the GCS Y direction
DZ : displacement in the GCS Z direction
web (plane RX : rotation about the GCS X-axis
stress element) RY : rotation about the GCS Y-axis
RZ : rotation about the GCS Z-axis
bottom flange
(beam element)
in-plane vertical
midas FEA
(b)H
1.1.2

1-2
1.2.1

z x
midas FEA
z x
z x
Z
X
X
Y
1.2.1

|
1-3

U M , m = a1U I ,i + a2U J , j + ... + b1RI ,i + b2 RJ , j + ...
(1.3.1)
RM , m = c1U I ,i + c2U J , j + ... + d1RI ,i + d 2 RJ , j + ...
(1.3.2)

U M ,m
: m M
U I ,i
midas FEA
: i I
RM , m
: m M
RI , i
: i I
ai , bi , ci , d i
:
1.3.11.3.2

1.3.1

1.3.3

1 1
RY ,3 = U X ,1 U X ,2
h h (1.3.3)

midas FEA
U x ,1
N1
Ry3
N3
N2
Ux , 2
1.3.1

1.3.11.3.2


|

-
ai , bi ci , d i
- ( )
- (1.3.1) (1.3.2)

-
-
w
- i
-
wi w
U I ,m = U I ,i RI , m = i RI ,i
i S i S
midas FEA
S ( wi )
i
1-4

1-5
(
)

1.5.1
P1
P1 P2
N3
N4 Edge 3
midas FEA
Edge 4 Edge 2
N1 Edge 1
P2 N2 P1
P1
P2
(a)

|
(b)
midas FEA
(c)
1.5.1

1-6
XYZ
1.6.1 x , y , z
( N i )
x

Fi = N i y dV (1.6.1)

Ve

Fi :
x : x
y
midas FEA
: y
z : z
Ni :

|
1-7
(prescribed displacement)

midas FEA

midas FEA

|
2-1
(2.1.1) u
Ku = p (2.1.1)

midas FEA

ILUT
midas FEA

Jacobi

ILUT

Jacobi

2-2
(decomposition)
(forward-backward substitution : FBS)
K LLT LDLT
LLT u = p LDLT u = p (2.2.1)
L (lower-triangular matrix) D (diagonal matrix)

D (positive definite) K
( = LLT = LDLT )FBS v = LT u v = DLT u
(2.2.1)
Lv = p (2.2.2)
midas FEA
Lv = p v L v v = LT u
v = DLT u u
(sparsity)
K (sparse matrix)
midas FEAsingle
frontSkylinemulti frontMulti Frontal
2-2-1 Skyline
Skylinesingle frontSkyline


|
2.2.1
2.2.13(2.2.3)
midas FEA
K11 K T21 0

K = K 21 K 22 K T32 (2.2.3)
0 K 32 K 33

P1 P2 P3 P1 P2
K11 = L11LT11
L 21LT11 = K 21 (2.2.4)
K 22 L L = K (= L L )
T
21 21
*
22
T
22 22
P2 P3 Single front
(renumbering)2.2.2
1
Sloan
(wavefront reduction method)(forward substitution)
(backward substitution)
1
S.W.Sloan, An Algorithm for Profile and WaveFront Reduction of Sparse Matrices,
International Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, Vol. 23, 239-251, 1986

2.2.2 Skyline
2-2-2 Multi Front

midas FEA
Multi FrontFront
2.2.1(2.2.5)
K11 0 K T21

K = 0 K 33 K T23 (2.2.5)
K 21 K 23 K 22

( P1 , P3 ) P2 (2.2.6)(2.2.7)
K11 = L11LT11
L 21LT11 = K 21 (2.2.6)
K 22 L L = K
T
21 21
*
22
K 33 = L33LT33
L 23LT33 = K 23 (2.2.7)
K *22 L 23LT23 = K **
22
Multi Front2.2.3
(recursive bisection)
(forward substitution)(backward substitut
ion)

|
2.2.3 Multi Front
midas FEA

2-3
(iterative method) ui ( ri = p - Ku i )
(2.1.1) u i +1 (2.3.1)
u i +1 = u i + iQ(p Ku i ) (2.3.1)
i Q (pre-conditioner)
ri = p - Ku i
(convergence tolerance)midas FEA
N / 4 > 1000 N /4
N / 4 < 1000 1000
midas FEA
ri < 10 6
f
2-3-1
3
midas FEA (CG:conjugate gradient)
4
GMRES generalized minimal residual)
ri Krylov span{r0 , K r0 , K r0 ,...}
2
N()

(conjugated direction : d i = ri + i d i 1 )
K
GMRES ri Krylov
3
H.R. Hestenes and E. Stiefel, Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems, J.
Res. Nat. Bur. Standards Vol. 49 409-436, 1952
4
Y. Saad and M.H. Schultz, GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving
Nonsymmetric Linear Systems. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput. Vol. 7, 856-869, 1986

|
Gram-Schmidt(orthogonalization)Gram-Schmidt
Krylov
2-3-2
(2.3.1) K 1 Q
K 1 ( Q K 1 )
5
midas FEAILUT (incomplete LU decomposition with threshold)
(Jacobi)ILUT
Fill-In LU
K Q = diag (K )
midas FEA
5
Y. Saad, ILUT: a Dual Threshold Incomplete ILU Factorization, Numerical Linear Algebra
with Applications Vol. 1, 387-402. 1994

2-4
midas FEA
Lanczos Multi Front

Multi Front
(constraint equation) Multi Front
() GMRES

midas FEA
(condition)

- Skyline
- Multi Front

- ILUT
-

|
3-1

(iteration method)

t+t
f ext
K i+ 1
gi
f int ,i
midas FEA
t
f ext
ui u i+ 1
ui+ 1
u
t
u t+t
u
3.1.1
t t + t
3.1.1 fext fext t t + t
t t + t
t + t
u =t u + u (3.1.1)

: t
u
(total displacement increment)
t
n
u = ui or ui +1 = ui + ui +1 (3.1.2)
i =1

: i
u i
(cumulated incremental displacement)
: i + 1
u i +1
(incremental displacement)
midas FEA
u i +1 (tangent stiffness matrix) K i +1

ui +1 = K i+11g i (3.1.3)

gi : i (out-of-balance force)
g i
g i =t + t fext fint,i (3.1.4)
(total incremental displacement) t t + t

t + t
u t + t u fext
fint,i (path-dependent)
t t + t
(convergence toleranc
e)

|
midas FEA(initial stiffness method)

(Newton-Raphson method)
midas FEA

3-2

f
t +t
f ext
gi
f int ,i
t
f ext
midas FEA
ui u i+ 1
u i+ 1
u
t
u t +t
u
3.2.1
3.2.1


|
3-3 Newton-Raphson
3.3.1

f
t+t
fext
gi
f int ,i
t
fext
ui u i+ 1
midas FEA
ui+ 1
u
t
u t +t
u
3.3.1

3-4 Newton-Raphson
f
t +t
f ext
gi
f i nt ,i
midas FEA
t
f ext
u i ui+ 1
ui+ 1
u
t
u u
t +1
3.4.1

|
3-5
A
A C
B
B
(a) snap through (b): snap back
3.5.1 -
midas FEA
-3.5.1snap-through)
snap-back)
1
2
f
Load Load Load

Step1 Step2 Step3
3.5.2
3.5.2(number of load step)
(initial load step)0.5

-

(desired number of iterations)

(incremental step) i

ui +1 = K i+11g i (3.5.1)

u i +1 : i + 1
gi : i
midas FEA
gi
g i =t + t fext fint, i + i feq (3.5.2)

f eq : (reference force)
i :
(3.5.2)(3.5.1)
ui +1 = K i+11 ( t + t fext fint,i + i feq )

= K i+11 ( t + t
)
fext fint,i + i K i+11feq (3.5.3)
= u I + i u II

u i +1 = u i + u i +1 (3.5.4)
u i +1 = u i + u I + iu II (3.5.5)

|
uTi+1ui +1 = l 2 (3.5.6)
(3.5.6)(3.5.5) i i
a1i2 + a2i + a3 = 0 (3.5.7)
,
a1 : uTII u II
a2 : 2uTII ( ui + u I )
a3 ( ui + u I ) ( ui + u I ) l 2
T
:
(3.5.7) a1 = 0 i = a3 / a2 a1 0
midas FEA
ui ui +1
uTi ui +1 ui ( ui + u I )
T
uT u
cos = = + i i 2 II
l 2
l 2
l (3.5.8)
a4 + a5i
=
l 2
a4 : uTi u I + uTi ui
a5 : uTi u II
(3.5.7) i ,1 i ,2
l 2 cos 1 = a4 + a5i ,1
(3.5.9)
l 2 cos 2 = a4 + a5i ,2

i = i ,1

( l 2 cos1 > l 2 cos2 )

i = i ,1 = i ,2 ( l cos1 = l cos 2 ) (3.5.10)
2 2

i = i ,2 ( l 2 cos1 < l 2 cos2 )
(3.5.10) i (3.5.5)
midas FEA

|
3-6

(force norm)
(displacement norm)(energy norm)
gTi g i
Force norm ratio = (3.6.1)
gTi g i
uTi ui
Displacement norm ratio = (3.6.2)
uTi u i
( u g )( u g )
T
i i i i
Energy norm ratio =
midas FEA
(3.6.3)
( u g )( u g )
T
i i i i

(softening)(hardening)


3-7
midas FEA
(auto-switching)

g i u i
ki = (3.7.1)
uTi u i
(3.7.1) ki k1 Cs
k
Cs = (3.7.2)
k1
Cs Cs Csd
midas FEA
Cs Cs1 Csd Cs1

Csd Cs1 Csd 0
Csd Cs1

midas FEA

|
1-1
MIDAS FEA

Ku = p (1.1.1)

K
u
p
midas FEA

1-2
MIDAS FEA

midas FEA

( K + K n , s )= P
K:
K n, s :
U, U :
P : (-)

|
2-1

2(2.1.1)
(t ) + Ku(t ) = 0
Mu (2.1.1)

M
u Y(t )
+ KY = 0
MY (2.1.2)
midas FEA
Y(t)
Y (t ) = { y1 (t ) " ym (t ) " yn (t )}
T
(2.1.3)

n
ym (t ) = cos(mt + m )
2.1.32.1.2
(M + K)Y = 0 (2.1.4)

1

%
= m m = m2 (2.1.5)

%
n

= [1 " m " n ] (2.1.6)
2.1.4 ym (t )
Km m Mm = 0 (2.1.7)

2.1.72.1.
8
K mM = 0 (2.1.8)
2.1.8m 1 2 , m m m
m 2.1.7MK m
m 0
m
m m
f m Tm m f m Tm
1
Tm = , fm = m (2.1.9)
fm 2
midas FEA
m m 12n
2.1.1
u u u
t t t
2.1.1
MIDAS FEA

2.1.10

|
mT M1 X mT M1Y T M1
mX = , mY = T , mZ = mT Z
m Mm
T
m Mm m M m
(2.1.10)
M1RX
T
M1RY
T
M1RZ T
mRX = m
, mRY = m
, mRZ = m
Mm
m
T
Mm
m
T
Mm m
T
mX , mY , mZ XYZm
mRX , mRY , mRZ XYZm
1X , 1Y , 1Z XYZ
1RX , 1RY , 1RZ XYZ
midas FEA
m m
(2.1.11)

90%

2 2 2
mT M1 X mT M1Y mT M1Z
*
M mX = T *
, M mY = T *
, M mZ = T
m M m m Mm m Mm
(2.1.11)
2 2 2
m M1RX
T
m M1RY
T
m M1RZ
T
*
M mRX = T *
, M mRY = T *
, M mRZ = T
m M m m M m m Mm
*
M mX *
, M mY *
, M mZ mXYZ
* * *
M mRX , M mRY , M mRZ mXYZ

MIDAS FEA
(2.1.7)

midas FEA

|
2-2
Krylov span(V1, V2 ,..., Vk ) Tk

2.1.7 m
m = + 1/ m -
-
V1
U k = MVk

(K M ) Wk = U k

Wk* = Wk Vk 1BTk 1

Ck Ck = Vk MWk*

midas FEA
Wk** = Wk* Vk Ck

Wk** = Vk +1B k

MIDAS FEA Vm
Tk
C1 B1T

B1 C2 %
Tk = % % % (2.2.1)

% Ck 1 B k 1
T
BTk 1 Ck

Tk Tk m = m* I m* = + 1/ m* m* m*
2.1.7 Vk N b Tk
N b m* m m m*
m*
m* = [ V1 V2 V3 ... Vk ] m* (2.2.2)

Km* m* Mm*
(2.2.3)
K

. MIDAS FEA = 2.22 1016

midas FEA

|
2-3
Ek N s Ek 12 ......n
12 ......n Ek X k
- E1 N s X1
- KYk = MX k
K k +1 = YkT KYk
-
- M k +1 = YkT MYk
- K k +1Q k +1 = M k +1Q k +1 k +1
Q k +1 = 1* 2* ... N* s
midas FEA
1*

*
k +1 = 2

%

N s
*
X k +1 = Yk Q k +1
- X k +1
n* X k
m* m , X k 1 2 ... Ns
(2.3.1)
X k N s X k M k N s N s
n*

m( k +1) m( k )
(2.3.2)
m( k +1)

2-4
2-4-1

2.4.1

Consistent Mass

midas FEA
Frequency

Lumped Mass
Number of Element

2.4.1
2-4-2
f1 f 2
- = (2 f1 ) 2
2.4.2 f1 f 2
N f f1 f 2
- f1 = f 2 f1 N f

|
- f1 < f 2 [ f1 , f 2 ] f1 N f
- f1 > f 2 [ f1 , f 2 ] f 2 N f
f1 =f2
4 1 2 3
f
f1 f2
1 2 3 4
f
f2 f1
midas FEA
4 3 2 1
f
2.4.2
2-4-2-1 Sturm Sequence

MIDAS FE
A
(K M ) Wk = U k (2.4.1)
LDLT D
n = N f +
N f + N f

N f < N f + < N f +1 (2.4.2)
Strum Vk N b = 7
Strum LDLT

Nb = 1
Strum

2-4-2-2
K = 0
0 -
MIDAS FEA K M
1 1 = 1
2-4-3
midas FEA
MIDAS X k N s N I (2.3.
2 N s D N s
N s = max{N s , min(2 N f , N f + 8)} (2.4.3)
N I = 30
= 1.0 106

|
3-1
3.1.1
(t ) + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = F (t )
Mu
(3.1.1)

K
F (t )
u(t ) u (t ) u
(t ) , ,
midas FEA
3.1.1 F(t ) = 0 C = 0
F (t )
midas FEA

3-2
3.1.1

3.2.1
n
u(t ) = Y (t ) = iYi (t) (3.2.1)
i= j
3.2.13.1.16.3
(t ) + C Y
M Y (t ) + K Y(t ) = F(t ) (3.2.2)
3.2.2 m3.2.3
T
m
(t ) + T CY
mT MY (t ) + T KY (t ) = T F(t ) (3.2.3)
m m m
midas FEA

iT M j = mij ij
(3.2.4)
iT K j = kij ij

ij
( i = j ; ij = 1 , i j ; ij = 0 )
3.2.33.2.
5n
mT MmY(t ) + mT CmY (t ) + mT KmY (t ) = mT F(t ) (m = 1,2,.....,n) (3.2.5)
m3.2.5
3.2.6
T F (t )
Ym ( t ) + 2 mmY m ( t ) + m2 Ym ( t ) = Tm
m Mm
Cm
T
2 mmY m ( t ) = m
(3.2.6)
Mm
T
m
mT Km
m2 Ym ( t ) =
mT Mm

|
m : m
m : m
q m (t ) : m
q m (t ) : m
qm (t ) : m
3.2.7
q (0) + qm (0)
qm (t ) = e mm t qm (0) cos Dmt + m m m sin Dmt
Dm
1 t
mmDm 0
m m ( t )
+ Pm ( )e sin Dm (t )d
midas FEA
Dm = m 1 m2
(3.2.7)
3.2.73.2.1

3-3

MIDASnewmark-
ti < t < ti +1
u(t ) 3.3.1
i + u
u i +1
(t ) =
u = const. (3.3.1)
2
ti+1

i + u
u i +1
u i +1 = u i + t (3.3.2)
2
midas FEA
i + u
u i +1 2
ui +1 = ui + u i t + t (3.3.3)
4
3.3.23.3.3newmark-
u i +1 = u i + (1 ) tu
i + tu
i +1 (3.3.4)
1
ui +1 = u i + tu i + t 2u
i + t 2u
i +1 (3.3.5)
2
=0.25 = 0.25
3.3.5
1 1 2
i +1 =
u ui +1 u i tu i t u
i (3.3.6)
t 2 2
3.3.63.3.4

u i +1 = u i +1 u i + 1 u i + 1 t u
i (3.3.7)
t t 2
3.3.63.3.7 ti +1 u i +1


|
1
M+ C+K u i +1
t t 3.3.8)
2

1 1 1
= F + M u + u i + 1 u
i + C u i + 1 u i + 1 tu
i
t t 2 t 2
2 i

3.3.8 ti +1 u i +1 3.3.63.3.7
3.3.9
C = a0M + a1K (3.3.9)
a0 , a1
3.3.83.3.9
1 a a
+ 1 M+ 2 + 1 K ui +1
t t t
2
1 1 1
=F + M u + u i + 1 u
i + a1D + a 2KD (3.3.10)
t 2 i
t 2
midas FEA

D= u i + 1 u i + 1 tu
i
t 2
u(t ) u (t ) u
(t )
3.3.11
g ,i +1 + u
u i +1 :
u g ,i +1 + u i +1 : (3.3.11)
u g ,i +1 + u i +1 :
g ,i +1 u g ,i +1 u g ,i +1
u
midas FEA
1u g ,i +1 u g ,i 2
u g ,i +1 = u g ,i + tu
g ,i + t
2 t
(3.3.12)
1 1u g ,i +1 u
g ,i 3
u g ,i +1 = u g ,i + tu g ,i + t 2u g ,i + t
2 6 t

3-4
midas FEA

-
- ()

- ()
3-4-1
midas FEA
3.4.1
R r r s r r
rs
C = a0 M + a1K (3.4.1)
1 a0
i = + a1 i (3.4.2)
2 i
2 r s ( r s s r )
:
( r2 )
a0 2
s
2 ( s s r r )
:
( r2 )
a1 2
s

|
Rayleigh Damping
i Mass Proportional i C = a0 M + a1K
C = a0 M a a
a C = a1K i = 0 + 1 i
i = 0 2i 2
2i a
i = 1 i
2
Stiffness Proportional
1 2 3 4 r s
Natural frequencies i Natural frequencies i
(a) (b)
3.4.1
midas FEA
3-4-2

3-5

1/10
MIDAS FEA

midas FEA

|
4-1
4.1.1
(t ) + rug (t )] + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = 0
M[ u
midas FEA
(4.1.1)
(t ) + Cu (t ) + K u(t ) = M rug (t )
Mu
M :
K :
C :
r :
ug (t ) :
u(t ) u (t ) u
(t )

( ) u(t )
4.1.2
u(t ) = y (t ) (4.1.2)
4.1.24.1.1 4.1.3 T
(t ) + T Cy (t ) + T K y (t ) = T Mr ug (t )

T M y (4.1.3)

i ( M or C or K ) j = 0 (i j ) (4.1.4)
M = 1 4.1.3
T
4.1.5
1 211 12
%
% %
1 y (t ) +
2 mm y (t ) + m2

% % %
2
1 2 n n n
y (t ) = T M rug (t ) 4.1.5
4.1.5m4.1.6
midas FEA
ym (t ) + 2 mm y m (t ) + m2 ym (t ) = m ug (t )

4.1.6
m = m Mr
T
4.1.6 m

4.1.64.1.
7
u(t ) = y (t ), u (t ) = y (t ), u
(t ) = y
(t ) (4.1.7)
4.1.1~4.1.7

4.1.5
m
4.1.8
S S
S dm = am2 , Svm = am
m m
(4.1.8)
ym = m S dm , y m = m Svm ,
ym = m Sam
4.1.84.1.9

|
u m = m m Sdm , u m = m m Svm , u
m = m m Sam
(4.1.9)
S dm :m
Svm : m
S am : m
4.1.9
midas FEAXYZ
(modal combination)ABS(ABsolute Sum)
SRSS(Square Root of the Sum of the Squares)CQC(Complete Quadratic Comb
midas FEA
ination)
ABS (ABsolute Sum)
Rmax = R1 + R2 + + Rn (4.1.10)
SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares
12
Rmax = R12 + R2 2 + + Rn 2 (4.1.11)
CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination)
12
N N
Rmax = Ri ij R j (4.1.12)
i =1 j =1
8 i j (i + rij m ) rij 3 2
ij =
(1 rij 2 ) 2 + 4i j rij (1 + rij 2 ) + 4(i2 + j2 ) rij 2
8 2 (1 + rij ) rij
32
ij = (i = i = )
(1 rij ) 2 + 4 2 rij (1 + rij ) 2
2
i
rij = j > i
j

0 ij 1 ij = 1 (i = j )

Rmax :
Ri : i
rij : i j
i , j : i j
i , j : i j
4.1.12 i = j ( i , j ) ij =10C
QC SRSSABSSRSS
midas FEA
0.05
3SRSSCQC

1 = 0.46 , 2 = 0.52 , 3 = 1.42
Dij ( j i )
0.036 0.012 0.019
Dij = 0.012 0.044 0.005
0.049 0.002 0.017
SRSS
= {0.042 0.046 0.052}

12
Rmax = R12 + R2 2 + R32
CQC
12 = 21 = 0.3985
13 = 31 = 0.0061
23 = 32 = 0.0080
12
Rmax = R1 + R2 + R3 + 2 12 R1R2 + 2 13 R1R3 + 2 23 R2 R3
2 2 2

|
= {0.046 0.041 0.053}
SRSSCQC
SRSS
midas FEA

4-2
midas FEA
4.2.1
4.1.6
( ) ug (t )
4.1.6
4.2.1Mid
as FEA

midas FEA

|
5-1
Ku + K G u = p (5.1.1)

K :
KG :
u :
p :
midas FEA
p p K G
KG = KG (5.1.2)
p = p (5.1.3)

p :
KG :
:
5.1.25.1.35.1.1
Ku + K G u = p (5.1.4)
5.1.4
u u
K (u + u) + K G (u + u) = p (5.1.5)
5.1.45.1.5
(K + K G ) u = 0 (5.1.6)

K + K G > 0
K + K G 0
5.1.6
( = u )
p 5.1.1

P
P
midas FEA
u
u
5.1.1
K G 5.1.6
MIDAS FEA


|
5-2
MIDAS FEA

K Ge = G T SGdV (5.2.1)
S G
5-2-1
midas FEA
YZ
ui = {vi wi }
T
(5.2.2)
2 2
v = N i vi w = N i wi (5.2.3)
i =1 i =1

N i : 2
S xx
0
S = xx (5.2.4)
0 xx
G i 5.2.5
N i
x 0
Gi = (5.2.5)
0 N i
x
G i

K Gij = A G Ti SG j dL (5.2.6)
Le

A :
Le
:
5.2.6
1 0 1 0

N x 0 1 0 1
KG = (5.2.7)
Le 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1
midas FEA

N x :
5-2-2
N x
yz
u i = {vi wi yi zi }
T
(5.2.8)
2 2
v = ( H 0i vi + H1i zi ) w = ( H 0i wi H1i yi ) (5.2.9)
i =1 i =1
H 0 i H1i Hermite
H 01 = 1 3 2 + 2 3 H 02 = 3 2 2 3 H11 = Le ( 2 2 + 3 ) H 02 = Le ( x 2 + x 3 )
, , ,

: 0 1

|
Le
:
G i
H 0 i H1i
x 0 0
x
Gi = (5.2.10)
0 H 0i H1i
0
x x
S
6
5L
e
6
0 symm.
5 Le
midas FEA
1 2 Le
0
10 15
1 2 Le
0 0
10 15
KG = Nx (5.2.11)
6 1 6
15 L 0 0
10 5 Le
e
6 1 6
0 0 0
15Le 10 5 Le
1 Le 1 2 Le
0 0 0
10 30 10 15
1 Le 1 2 Le
0 0 0 0
10 30 10 15
midas FEA

5-2-3
xyz
ui = {ui wi }
T
vi (5.2.12)
n n n
u = N i ui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi (5.2.13)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n :
Ni
:
S
midas FEA
S 0 0
xx xy
S = 0 S 0 , S= (5.2.14)
0 0 S xy yy

G i 5.2.15
T
N i N i
0 0 0 0
x y
N i N i
Gi = 0 0 0 0 (5.2.15)
x y
N i N i
0 0 0 0
x y
G i
K Gij = t G Ti SG j d A (5.2.16)
Ae

t :
Ae :

|
5-2-4
xyzxy
u i = {ui wi xi yi }
T
vi (5.2.17)
n n n
u = ( N i ui + zN i yi ) v = ( N i vi zN i xi ) w = N i wi (5.2.18)
i =1 i =1 i =1
n :
Ni
:
midas FEA
5.2.18
S zz
S 0 0 xx xy zx

S = 0 S 0 S = xy yy yz (5.2.19)
0 0 S zx yz 0

G i
N i N i
T

x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y

N i N i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x y
N i N i
Gi = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (5.2.20)
x y
N i N i
0 0 0 z z Ni 0 0 0
x y
N N i
z i z Ni 0 0 0 0 0 0
x y
G i

K Gij = G Ti SG j dV (5.2.21)
Ve

Ve :

5-2-5
xyz
u i = {ui wi }
T
vi (5.2.22)
midas FEA
n n n
u = N i ui , v = N i vi , w = N i wi (5.2.23)
i =1 i =1 i =1
n :
N i :
S

S 0 0 xx xy zx

S = 0 S 0 S = xy yy yz
0 0 S zx yz zz
, (5.2.24)
G i 5.2.25

|
T
N i N i N i
0 0 0 0 0 0
x y z
N i N i N i
Gi = 0 0 0 0 0 0 (5.2.25)
x y z
N i N i N i
0 0 0 0 0 0
x y z
G i
K Gij = G Ti SG j dV (5.2.26)
Ve
V :
midas FEA

5-3
5.1.6
(K + mK G )m = 0
(5.3.1)

m
:
m
:
MIDAS FEA5.3.1

5.3.1 K G
m = m /(1 m ) -
midas FEA

|
5-4
p +-
midas FEA
+

midas FEA

(K + K *G + m K G )m = 0 (5.4.1)
midas FEA
K *G :
Z
MIDAS FEA
Z

midas FEA

|
1-1
midas FEA
midas FEA
-
-
midas FEA
midas FEA
1.
2.
3.
4.

1-2
(base model)
(construction stage)
1-2-1
1-2-2
midas FEA
-
-
-
midas FEA1.2.1
0

|
midas FEA

0days 10days 20days 30days 40days
Duration of construction stage Duration of construction stage
First Additional Last First Last

Step Step Step Step Step

Element, Load,
Additional Load

Element, Load,
Boundary Activate
Boundary
Activate
&
Deactivate Activate
& Deactivate
& Deactivate
midas FEA
1.2.1

|
midas FEA

1-3

n
K = LTi k i Li (1.3.1)
i =1
,
K :
Li :
midas FEA
ki :
n :
1.
3.11.3.
1 L i
L i


|
1-4

F current F current
F previous

F current = F current F previous (1.4.1)
(surface force)(body force)
midas FEA
F current = Fsurface
current
+ Fbody
current
(1.4.2)

L i
1.4.1 F current
(load factor) i
Ficurrent = F previous + icurrent F current (1.4.3)
Fiubf = K i di (1.4.4)
K i i di i Fi
ubf
i

Fiubf = Ficurrent Fiinternal

1 (1.4.5)

Fi 1.4.3 Fi 1
current internal

( B dV )
n n
Fiinternal
1 = LTj f j = LTj T
j j (1.4.6)
V
j =1 j =1

fj :
Lj :
Bj :
j :
V :
n :
i = 1 F0
internal

midas FEA

|
1-5
midas FEA

midas FEA

|
1-1

()

midas FEA
midas FEA


1-2
V S

( V ) = ( S ) + ( V )
V (specific heat)(density)
T
V = c dV (1.2.1)
V t
,
c : ( J / kg C )
midas FEA
: ( kg / m3 )
S = k (T )indS (1.2.2)
S
,
k : ( J / m hr C )
T : ( C / m )
Q
(1.2.1)(1.2.2)
T
c = k 2T + Q (1.2.3)
t
CT + KT = R (1.2.4)

|
,
C : (capacitance)
K : (conduction)
R :
midas FEA
(consistent matrix)
(heat source), (heat flux),
midas FEA(steady state)(transient)

(1.2.4)
midas FEA
KT = R (1.2.5)
ti ( Ti ) ti +1
( Ti +1 )(1.2.4)
CTi + KTi = R i
(1.2.6)
CTi +1 + KTi +1 = R i +1
(1.2.6) 1
( )
C Ti +1 + (1 )Ti + K ( Ti +1 + (1 )Ti )
(1.2.7)
= R i +1 + (1 )R i
(1.2.7) Ti Ti +1
Ti +1 - Ti
Ti +1 + (1- )Ti = (1.2.8)
ti +1
C + ti +1K Ti +1 =
(1.2.9)
C (1 ) ti +1K Ti + ti +1 Ri +1 + (1 ) Ri

K Ti +1 = R
K = C + ti +1K Ti +1 (1.2.10)
R = C (1 ) ti +1K Ti + ti +1 R i +1 + (1 )R i
(1.2.10)( )
= 0.0 : (forward difference) ( t )

= 0.5 : Crank-Nicolson ()
= 2/3 : Galerkin()
= 1.0 : (backward difference) ()
midas FEA = 0.0
(1-dimensional
midas FEA
diffusion equation)
2
: =
x 2 t
(0, t ) (0, t ) ( L, t )
: = 0 ( t < 0 ), = 1 ( t > 0 ), =0
x x x
: ( x, 0) = 0
- Crank-Niconsol ( = 0.5)
(o
scillation)
- Galerkin ( = 2/3)
Crank-Nicolson


|
- ( = 1.0)

=0.5Crank-Nicolson
( O(t ) )
2
midas FEA
(a) t=0.10 (b) t=0.05
1.2.1

1-3

(elastic link)(interface)
Cij = cAN i N j dL (1.3.1)

Le
N i N j
K ij = kA dL (1.3.2)
Le x x
midas FEA
,
A :
Cij = ctN i N j dA (1.3.3)

Ae
N i N j N i N j
K ij = kt ( + )dL (1.3.4)
Ae x x y y
,
t :


|
Cij = cN i N j dV (1.3.5)
Ve
N i N j N i N j N i N j
K ij = k ( + + )dV (1.3.6)
Ve x x y y z z
,
Ve :
(thermal conductance)
K ii = k A
midas FEA
K ij = k A (i j ) (1.3.7)
,
ke : ( J / hr C )
(convection coefficient)
K ij = hN i N j dA ( i, j )
Ae
K ij = hN i N j dA ( i, j ) (1.3.8)
Ae
,
h : ( J / m2 hr C )

1-4

midas FEA
/
1.4.1midas FEA

Flux
Flux
Convection

midas FEA
Cooling
Convection

Heat generated internally
Heat generated internally
Insulated

Insulated
Temperature
prescribed
Temperature prescribed
1.4.1 /

|
(prescribed temperature),
(1.2.4) R
midas FEA
R i = Fs N i dS (1.4.1)
S
,
Fs : ( J / m 2 hr )
(forced convection),
(free convection)midas FEA
(ambient temperature) T h
R i = s hNi (T T )dS (1.4.2)

,
T : ( T j N j )
T + Ts , o Tm ,i + Tm, o
qconv = hp As (Ts Tm ) = hP As s ,i
2 2 (1.4.3)
qconv = mcm (Tm , o Tm ,i )
,
hp :
midas FEA
As :
Ts , Tm :
Ts ,i , Ts , o :
Tm i Tm o :
m : ( kg / hr )
cm :
(1.4.3)

(heat source)
R i = QN i dV (1.4.4)
V
,
Q : ( J / m3 hr )

|
T
Q = c (1.4.5)
t
midas FEA

1-5
midas FEA

(temperature history)

//

midas FEA
T
:
x
T
: k
x
T T
: ,
x y
T T
: k , k
x y

|
T T T
: , ,
x y z
T T T
: k , k ,k
x y z
k A (Ti T j )
midas FEA
: i j
: i j h(Ti T j )

|
2-1

8001000mm
500mm

midas FEA

(heat transfer)
(thermal stress)

2-2

1.21-3.11
kcal /(m h oC )
/

(solid element)(truss element)
(reinforcement element)
midas FEA

(2.2.1)
hc (kcal /(m 2 h oC )) = hn + h f = 5.2( kcal /(m 2 h oC )) + 3.2V (m / sec) (2.2.1)

|
(heat source)
( kcal /(m3 h) )
1
g= cK e t / 24 (2.2.2)
24
( DC )
T = K (1 e t ) (2.2.3)
midas FEA
T : ( D C )
K : ( D C )
:
t : (days)

2-3

(mother element)

midas FEA
(prestress)

(equivalent age),
CEB-FIP Model Code 90
CEB-FIP Model Code 90

n 4000
teq = ti exp 13.65
i =1 273 + T (ti ) / T0

teq : (days)
ti : (days)
T (ti ) : ( D C )
T0 : 1

|
n
10 + T (ti )
teq = ti
i =1 30
midas FEA/
midas FEA
< >
t
c (t ) = c
a + bteq (91)
a, b :
c (91) : 91
< ACI 209(1995) >

t
c (t ) = c (28)
a + bteq
a, b :
c (28) : 28

ACI committee 209, 1992 , Materials and general properties of concrete

prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete
structures.
ACI manual of concrete practice 1995, Part I, 209R-4
< CEB-FIP Model Code 90 >
28
1/ 2

c (t ) = exp s 1
teq / t1
c (28)

s :
midas FEA
c (28) : 28
t1 : 1
COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU ETON, 1991

CEB-FIP Model Code, p51
< >
dt
c (t ) = c (28)
a + bt
tensile (t ) = c c (t )

c (28) : 28

|
a , b, d :
a = 4.5, b = 0.95, d = 1.11 (Normal Portland cement)
a = 6.2, b = 0.93, d = 1.15 (Moderate Portland cement)
a = 2.9, b = 0.97, d = 1.07 (High-early-strength cement)
c : ( 0.44 )
midas FEA
midas FEA
ACI 209CEB-FIP Model Code 90
JAPAN Code
midas FEAACI 209CEB-FIP Model

Code 90JAPAN Code

2-4

2.4.1

/

/
midas FEA
convection boundary
stru
ctur
e 2
stru stru
ctur ctur
e 1 e 1
soil soil
prescribed temperature
(a) (b)
2.4.1.

|
2-5
midas FEA(aging)
2-5-1
2.5.1

2.5.1(true elastic strain)
(apparent elastic strain)

midas FEA

1.5~3
5

Total strain
Creep strain
Shrinkage strain
True elastic strain Apparent elastic strain
to
Time
2.5.1

(t ) = i ( ) + c (t , ) = J (t , ) (2.5.1)
J (t , ) : (creep function)
:
t :
J(t, )
J(t, ) curve
C(t, )
midas FEA
= 1(unit)
1
E()
Time Time
t t
2.5.2
2.5.2 J (t , )
1
J (t , ) = + C (t , ) (2.5.2)
E ( )
E ( ) :
C (t , ) : t(specific creep)
J (t , ) :
1 + (t , )
J (t , ) = (2.5.3)
E ( )
(t , ) : (creep coefficient),

|
(t , ) = E ( ) C (t , ) (2.5.4)
(t , )
C (t , ) = (2.5.5)
E ( )
midas FEACEB-FIPACI
(creep coeffici
ent)(creep function)(specific creep)
midas FEA
2.5.3
2.5.4
(aging)

()

Creep Function J ( t, )
midas FEA
1 2 3 4 Time t
2.5.4
2-5-2
( )( t )
2.5.4

(superposition)

midas FEA

j t
c (t , j ) = (t , j ) ( j ) (2.5.6)

|
Pcr = E (t ) c (t , j )dA : (2.5.7)

A
( j ) : j
(t , j ) : j t
c (t , j ) : j t
( )
c (t ) = C (t , )
t
d (2.5.8)

midas FEA
0
c (t ) : t
C (t , ) : (specific creep)
:
n 1
c , n = j C (tn , j ) (2.5.9)
j =1
tn tn 1 ( c , n )(2.5.10)
n 1 n2
c ,n = c ,n c ,n 1 = j C( tn , j ) j C( tn 1 , j ) (2.5.10)
j =1 j =1
DirichletDegenerate Kernel
C (t , ) = ai ( ) 1 e
( t ) / i
(2.5.11)
i =1

ai ( ) :
i :
( ai ( ) )
1. m i
( j )
2.( ti )( j )
( ti )
3. C (ti , j )

midas FEA
4.3~4
1 e ( t1 j ) / 1 1 e
( t1 j ) / 2
" 1 e
( t1 j ) / m
a1 ( j ) C( t1 , j )

a2 ( j ) C( t2 , j )
( t ) / ( t2 j ) / 2 ( t2 j ) / m
1 e 2 j 1 1 e " 1 e
=
# # # # # #

1 e ( tn j ) / 1 " 1 e n j m am ( j ) C( tn , j )
( tn j ) / 2 ( t ) /
1 e
Ai ,1 = 0 ai ( j )
(2.5.12)
A nm am1 = Cn1 (n > m)
5. (least square method)
AT A a = AT C
a = ( AT A ) ( A C)
1 T
m i
-
- a ( i j ) (ultimate creep strain)

|

- ai ( j ) 1 e
( t j ) / i
( j )3~5 ai ( j ) ( j )
ai ( j ) ( j ) ai ( j )
m
n2
c ,n = j ai ( j )e
( tn 1 j ) / i
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 ) 1 e
t n / i
i =1 j =1
m
c ,n = Ai ,n 1 e tn / i
i =1
midas FEA
n2
Ai , n = j ai ( j )e
( tn 1 j ) / i
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 ) (2.5.13)
j =1
Ai , n Ai , n 1
n3
Ai , n 1 = j ai ( j )e
( t n 2 j ) / i
+ n 2 ai ( n 2 ) (2.5.14)
j =1
Ai , n Ai , n 1
+ n 1 ai ( n 1 )
t n 1 / i
Ai , n = Ai , n 1e
Ai ,1 = 0 ai ( 0 ) (2.5.15)
(2.5.13)
m
c ,n = Ai ,n 1 e ( tn ) / + R n i
i =1
n = i (1 e tn / i ) / tn

m
Rn = a (
i =1
i n )(1 n )
+ n 1 n 1 ai ( n 1 )
( tn 1 ) / i
Ai , n = Ai , n 1e (2.5.16)

( n 1 )
,
(2.5.13)(2.5.16)
(2.5.16)
(2.5.13)

midas FEA
midas FEA


|
2-5-3
, t0 t
sh (t , t0 ) = f (t , t0 ) (2.5.17)
:
f (t , t0 ) :
t :
midas FEA
t0 :
midas FEACEB-FIP Model CodeACI209
sh (t2 , t1 ) = sh (t2 , t0 ) sh (t1 , t0 ) (2.5.18)
sh (t2 , t1 ) : t1 t2
sh (t1 , t0 ) : t0 t1
sh (t2 , t0 ) : t0 t2
(non-mechanical)( F )
F = EA( sh ) (2.5.19)

2-5-4

midas FEA
2.5.5ACI209CEB-FIP

midas FEA
2.5.5

|
2-5-5 /
midas FEA
< >
F.1.1 :
c , s (t , ts ) = cso s (t ts ) F.1.1-1
cso = s ( f cm ) RH F.1.1-2
s ( f cm ) = [160 + 10 sc (9 f cm / f cmo )] 10 6
F.1.1-3
RH = 1.55 1 ( RH / RH 0 )3 F.1.1-4
midas FEA
0.5
(t ts ) / t1
s (t t s ) = F.1.1-5
350( h / h0 ) 2
+ ( t t s ) / t1
t (d)
ts (d)3-7d
cs (t , ts ) ts t
cso
s
f cm C20-C5028d (MPa)
f cm = 0.8 f cu ,k + 8MPa
f cu ,k 28d95%(MPa)
RH F.1.1-4 40% RH 90%
RH (%)
sc sc =5.0

h (mm) , h = 2 A / u A u
;
RH 0 =100%
h0 =100mm
t1 =1d
f cmo =10MPa
F.2.2 C20-C50 0 (F.2.1-2)
F.2.2
40% RH 70% 70% RH 90%

hmm hmm
d 100 200 300 600 100 200 300 600
midas FEA
3 3.90 3.50 3.31 3.03 2.83 2.65 2.56 2.44
7 3.33 3.00 2.82 2.59 2.41 2.26 2.19 2.08
14 2.92 2.62 2.48 2.27 2.12 1.99 1.92 1.83
28 2.56 2.30 2.17 1.99 1.86 1.74 1.69 1.60
60 2.21 1.99 1.88 1.72 1.61 1.51 1.46 1.39
90 2.05 1.84 1.74 1.59 1.49 1.39 1.35 1.28
2-20- +40
3 C40 C50
32.4 f ck MPa
f ck
4 40% RH 70% RH =55%
70% RH 90% RH =80%

|
(5)
<> p118-121
< >
y
c = f c ( t' ) / Eci ( t,t' )
1 ( t,t' )
c ( t ,t' ) = f c ( t' ) '
+
Eci ( t ) Eci
( t,t' ) = 0 c ( t t' )
0 = RH ( f cu ) ( t' )
midas FEA
1 0.01RH
RH = 1 +
0.10 3 h
16.8
( f cu ) =
f cu
1
( t' ) =
0.1 + ( t' )0.2
0.3
( t t' )
c ( t t' ) =
H + ( t t
'
)
{
H = 1.5 1 + ( 0.012RH )
18
} h + 250 1500
2 Ac
h=
u
cc :
c (t ) : (t )
Eci : 28
(t , t ) :
o : notional creep coeeicient
f cu : 28( MPa )

RH : (%)
h : ( mm )
Ac : ( mm 2 )
u : ( mm )
t : (day)
t : (day )
y
sh ( t,ts ) = sho s ( t ts )
sho = s ( f cu ) RH
f cu
s ( f cu ) = 160 + 10 sc 9 10 6
10
midas FEA
RH 3
1.55 1 ( 40% RH 99%)
RH = 100

0.25 ( RH 99%)
( t ts )
s ( t ts ) =
0.035h 2 + ( t ts )
cs (t , ts ) : ( ts )( t )

cso :
s (t ts ) :
sc :
sc = 4 2
sc = 5 1, 5
sc = 6 3
2003,p38~p44

|
< ACI209 (1995) >

y
c ( t,t' ) = c ( t' )
1
J( t,t' ) = 1 + ( t,t' )
Eci ( t' )
( t t' )0.6
( t,t' ) = u
10 + ( t t' )0.6
u = 2.35Ccu Ch Ct Cs C f Ca
1) ( Ccu )
1.25( t ' )0.118 (moist cured)
Ccu = ' 0.094
1.13( t ) (steam cured)
midas FEA
2) ( Ch )
1.27 0.0067 H (H > 40 )

Ch =
1.0 (H 40 )
3) -( Ct )
2
Ct = 1 + 1.13e 0.0213 v / s (unit : mm)
3
4) Cs )
CS = 0.82 + 0.00264 S (unit : mm)
5) ( C f )
C f = 0.88 + 0.0024
6) ( Ca )
Ca = 0.46 + 0.09 A 1.0

t' :
H : (%)
v/s : -
S :
:
A : (%)
( t t0 )
35 + ( t t sh ,u ( )
)
sh ( t,t0 ) = 0
midas FEA
( t t0 ) sh ,u ( )
55 + ( t t0 )
sh ,u = 780 10 6 Csh
Csh = Ccp Ch Ct Cs C f Ca Cc
1) ( Ccp )
() 1 3 7 14 28 90
( Ccp ) 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.93 0.86 0.75
2) ( Ch )
1.40 0.010H ( 40 H 80 )
Ch =
3.00 0.030H (80 H 100 )
3) -( Ct )
Ct = 1.2e 0.00472 v / s (unit : mm)
4) ( Cs )
CS = 0.89 + 0.00161S (unit : mm)

|
5) ( C f )
0.30 + 0.014 ( 50 )
Cf =
0.90 + 0.002 ( 50 )
6) ( Ca )
Ca = 0.95 + 0.008 A
7) ( Cc )
Cc = 0.75 + 0.00061C (unit : kg/m3)
sh ( t,t0 ) : to
sh,u :
to : (day)
midas FEA
H : (%)
v/s : -
S :
:
A : (%)
C : ( kg/m3 )
ACI committee 209, 1992 , Materials and general properties of concrete

prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete
structures.
ACI manual of concrete practice 1995, Part I, 209R-6~209R-9

< CEB-FIP Model Code 90 >
y
cc ( t,t0 ) = c ( t0 ) / Eci ( t,t0 )
( t,t0 ) = 0 c ( t t0 )
0 = RH ( f cm ) ( t0 )
0 = RH ( f cm ) ( t0 )
1 RH / RH o
RH = 1 +
0.46( h / h0 )1 / 3
5.3
( f cm ) =
( f cm / f cmo )0.5
1
( t0 ) =
0.1 + ( to / t1 )0.2
midas FEA
2 Ac
h=
u
0.3
( t to ) / t1
c ( t to ) =
H + ( t to ) / t1
RH h
18
H = 150 1 + 1.2 + 250 1500

RH o ho

cc :
c (to ) : (to )
Eci : 28
(t , to ) :
o :
f cm : 28( MPa ), f cmo = 10 MPa
RH : , RH o = 100%
h : ho = 100 mm

|
Ac : ( mm 2 )
u : ( mm )
to : (day)
t : (day), t1 = 1day
y
cs ( t ,t s ) = cso s ( t t s )
cso = s ( f cm ) RH
s ( f cm ) = [160 + 10 sc ( 9 f cm / f cmo )] 10 6
RH = 1.55 sRH ( 40% RH 99%)
RH = +0.25 ( RH 99%)
3
RH
sRH = 1
midas FEA
RH o
0.5
( t t s ) / t1
s ( t ts ) =
350( h / ho ) + ( t t s ) / t1
2
cs (t , ts ) : ( ts )( t )
cso :
s (t ts ) :
sc :
sc = 4 Slowly hardening cements
sc = 5 Normal or Rapid hardening cements
sc = 8 Rapid hardening high strength cements
COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU ETON, 1991

CEB-FIP Model Code, p53~p58

< >
cc' = cp' / Ect

( t,t' ,t0 ) = 1 e 0.09( t t cr'
'
) 0.6
cc
'

cr' = bc' + dc
'
bc' = 15( C + W )2.0 (W / C )2.4 (log e t' )0.67

= 4500( C + W )1.4 (W / C )4.2 [log e (V / S / 10 )]
2.2
dc
'
( 1 RH / 100 )0.36 t00.30
midas FEA
cc' :
cp' :
Ect :
10
'
cr
: ( 10 /( N / mm2 ) )
10
bc' : ( 10 /( N / mm2 ) )
10
'
dc : ( 10 /( N / mm 2 ) )
: ( kg / m ) ( 260 kg / m C 500 kg / m )
3 3 3
C
: ( kg / m ) ( 130 kg / m C 230 kg / m )
3 3 3
W
W /C : ( 40% C 65% )
RH : ( 45% C 80% )
V : ( mm3 )
S : ( mm 2 )
V /S : -( mm ) ( 100 mm V / S 300 mm )
t0 : (day)
'
t : (day)
t : (day)

|
cs' ( t,t0 ) = 1 e 0.108( t t0 ) sh

0.56
'

sh' = 50 + 78 1 e( RH / 100 ) + 38 log e W 5 [log e (V / S / 10 )]
2
sh' (t , t0 ) : t0 t
5
( 10 )
5
sh' : ( 10 )
< (812) >
midas FEA
y
cc = c / Ect
( t ,t0 ) = d 0 d ( t t0 ) + f 0 f ( t ) f ( t0 )
Ac
hth =
u
cc :
c 2
: ( N / mm )
2
Ec : ( N / mm )
:
d 0 :
d (t t0 ) : d 0 (2.5.6)
f 0 :
f (t ) : f 0 (2.5.7)
RH : ( 45% C 80% )
: (2.5.1)

Ac : ( mm 2 )
u : ( mm )
hth : ( mm )
t0 : (day)
t : (day)
1.00
0.80
0.60
d
0.40
midas FEA
0.20
01 2 4 6810 100 1,000 10,000
2.5.6 d 0 ( d (t t0 ) )
1.80 1.85
1.70
1.60 mm
50 1.55
1.40 = 00
h th 1 1.40
1.20 2 00 1.25
0 1.12
1.00 40
0
f
0.80 80 mm
00
0.60 16

h =
ht
0.40
0.20
0
1 4 6 810 100 1,000 10,000
2.5.7 f 0 ( f (t ) )

|
f 0
0.8 60
90% 1.3 10
70% 2.0 3
40% 3.0 2
2.5.1 f 0
cs ( t ,t0 ) = s0 s ( t t0 )
cs (t , t0 ) : t0 t
so :
midas FEA
s (t ) :
so
- 10 10-5
90% + 10 10-5
70% + 25 10-5
40% + 50 10-5
2.5.2 so

2
1.9
m
m
1.6 50

= 100 1.5
h th
1.2
200 1.05
s
0.8 0.8
0 0.75
40
0 mm 0.7
8 0 160 0
0.4

h th =
0
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
2.5.8 ( s )
midas FEA
812
(IIII)p37~p44

|
2-6

(cr
ack ratio)
midas FEA
-
- /
-
- (crack ratio)
=/

midas FEA

|
1-1
(contact analysis)
(general contact)(weld contact)

ABA(master body)
B(slave body)

(slave node)
(master surface)
midas FEA(penalty method)
midas FEA
(penalty spring)


1-2 (Contact search)
midas FEA

(1) (global search)

(bucket sort)
(2) (local search)(contact surface)

(3) (contact search)
(contact point)
midas FEA
1-2-1
N
N ( N 1) / 2
( ) +( y y ) +(z z )
2 2 2
l 2 = xi x j i j i j (1.2.1)
midas FEA

(bucket)

27
3N 9N 27 N
N 1 , N 1 , N 1 (1.2.2)

NBx NBx NBy NBx NBy NBz

NBx , NBy , NBz : xyz

|
1-2-2
(maste
r surface)
ci+1 ns
x sr
s
ci
xm
midas FEA
1.2.1
1.2.1 ns x s x m
x s = { xs zs }
T
ys (1.2.3)
x mi = { xmi zmi }
T
ymi (1.2.4)
i ( = 1, 2,3, 4 ) nm
x m = { xm zm }
T
ym (1.2.5)
nm ns x sm

x sm = x s x m (1.2.6)
x sm s
s = x sm ( x sm m ) m (1.2.7)

ci , ci+1 s
: i
ci ci+1
m : ci , ci+1
ci ci+1
(1.2.8) nm si
midas FEA
( ci s ) ( ci ci+1 ) > 0
(1.2.8)
( ci s ) ( s ci+1 ) > 0
1-2-3
midas FEA

|

ns 4
r

1
Z 3
xm r

Y

2
X
1.2.2
midas FEA
ns
u s = {us ws }
T
vs (1.2.9)
u mi = {umi wmi }
T
vmi (1.2.10)
nm N i ( i = 1, 2,3, 4 )

4 4 4
xm = N i xmi , ym = N i ymi , zm = N i zmi (1.2.11)
i =1 i =1 i =1
nm
x = ( xs x m1 xm2 xm3 xm4 ) (1.2.12)
p = (us u m1 u m 2 um3 um 4 )

x m x sm
4
x m = x m , + x m , + N i I u mi (1.2.13)
i =1
(
x sm = x s x m = u s x m , + x m , + N i I u i ) (1.2.14)

4
x m , : N i , x mi
i =1
4
x m , : N i , x mi
i =1
midas FEA
x m = x m , + x m , + C p (1.2.15)
x sm = F p ( x m , + x m , ) (1.2.16)

C : 0 N1I N 2I N 3I N 4I
F : I N1I N 2I N 3I N 4I
x m
x m , = x m , + C, p (1.2.17)
x m , = x m , + C, p (1.2.18)
ns nm x m x sm x m ,
x m ,

|
a = x m , T x sm = 0 (1.2.19)
b = x m , T x sm = 0 (1.2.20)
-(Newton-Raphson)

a = x m, T F p x m, x m , + x smT ( x m, + C, p ) (1.2.21)
b = x m , T F p x m, x m, + x smT ( x m, + C, p ) (1.2.22)
( , ) p = 0
midas FEA
a = x m, T x m , x m, + x smT ( x m, ) (1.2.23)
b = x m , T x m , x m, + x smT ( x m , ) (1.2.24)
a = D (1.2.25)

a : { a b}
T
0 1
D : AT A + x smT x m ,
1 0
{d d}
T
d :
A : x m, x m,
(Truncated Taylor series) ( , )
ai+1 = ai + D i = 0 (1.2.26)

ai : {x m ,
T
x sm x m , T x sm }
i
(contact force)
g N
g N = nT x sm (1.2.27)

x sm
n=
x sm : g N
ns si
si
midas FEA
f s = g N ki n i (1.2.28)
K i Ai2
ki = f si : si
Vi
Ki : (bulk modulus)
Ai : si
Vi :
f si
: (0.1)
(1.2.28) (1.2.29)

f mi = N i ( , ) f s (1.2.29)
i = 1, 2,3, 4 :

|
1-3
1-3-1
midas FEA(symmetric weld contact)

(symmetric general contact)midas FEA

(stiffness scale factor)
(static friction coefficient)midas FEA

midas FEA
(symmetric weld contact)

(symmetric general contact)

1-3-2
midas FEA

midas FEA

|
1-1

--
S-N-
S-N(constant amplitude)(reverse loading)
(stress amplitude, S)(cycle to failure,
N)
(.
) S-N
()(damage)
S-N
midas FEA
S-NS-N
(variable amplitude)
(Rainflow-counting)S-N

1-2
1.2.1(stress amplitude, a )(mean

stress, m )
max min
a = (1.2.1)
2
max + min
m = (1.2.2)
2
stress stress
midas FEA
a
max
a max min
O t O t
min m
m = 0
1.2.1
-1.2.2S-N


|
Su
Se
Miner
Haibach
endurance limit
modified Miner
Cycle to failure (Log N)
1.2.2 S-N
1.2.2 Su Se MinerS-N
(endurance limit)Miner
midas FEA
1000-midas
FEAMinerS-N
S-N ( Su )90%1000
( Se = 0.5Su )(cycles at endurance)
MinerS-N

Se S 1000 = 0.9 S u

Su
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
S e = 0.5 S u
0.6
0.5
0.4
2 3 4 5 6 7 Life to failure (Log N)
1.2.3 S-N
1.2.3S-NbS
N
midas FEA
b=
( log S log Se ) (1.2.3)
log N e log N
1
S b
N = Ne (1.2.4)
Se
-
-
-
-
-

|
1-3
1.3.1 a m
m Su Se Hai
gh1.3.1

.
a a
Su Su
N=1
m = 0
m + N+
midas FEA
Se Se
N 0 m
0 2 4 6 8
Su
10 10 10 10
1.3.1
GoodmanGerber1.3.2
a m
Goodman (England, 1899) + =1 (1.3.1)
Se Su
2
a
Gerber (Germany, 1874) + m =1 (1.3.2)
S e Su

a
Se
Gerber
Goodman
m
Compressive mean stress Su
1.3.2

max = 758.42MPa min = 68.95MPa Su = 1034.21MPa
midas FEA
a = 344.74MPa m = 413.69MPa
Goodman Se = 574.57MPa Se


|
1-4
S-N(fully reversed bending)

(endurance limit) S e S e

S-N
- (component size and shape)

- (loading type)
- (surface finish)
- (surface treatment)
- (temperature)
midas FEA
- (environment)
Se = SeCsizeCsur ... (1.4.1)

1
Kf = (1.4.2)
( CsizeCload Csur ...)
1.4.1S-N

S-N1.4.1

S1000 = 0.9 Su
Stress Amplitude
Se
Se (modified - endurance limit)
N1000 Ne Life to failure (Log N)
1.4.1 S-N
1-4-1
midas FEA
Csize = 1.0 ( d 8mm ) (1.4.3)
Csize = 1.189d 0.097 ( 8mm d 250mm ) (1.4.4)
d eq
d eq2 = 0.65wt (1.4.5)
w :
t :

|
1-4-2
S1000 Se S1000
1.4.1 S1000
Measured Loading Target Loading Cload
Axial to Bending 1.25
Axial to Torsion 0.725
Bending to Torsion 0.58
Bending to Axial 0.8
midas FEA
Torsion to Axial 1.38
Torsion to Bending 1.72
Se
1.4.2 Se
Measured Loading Target Loading Cload
Axial to Torsion 0.82
Bending to Torsion 0.82
Torsion to Axial 1.22
Torsion to Bending 1.22

1-4-3

(polished) (Forged)
( R A , the root mean square)(AA, arithmetic average)

Csur (surface factor) Su (tensile Strength)
1.4.2
midas FEA
1.4.2
1-4-4
(mechanical)(thermal)
(plating)


|
(mechanical treatment)
(shot peening)
max Tension
MB MB
Compression - max
(a)
R
midas FEA
R
(b)
max - R
MB MB
- max +R
(c)
1.4.3
1.4.3
(short peening)
1.5-2.0

(plating treatment)
(thermal treatment)
(decarbonization)

1-4-5
midas FEA

(creep)
(anneali
ng)
1-4-6

(corrosion-fatigue)


|
1-5
S-N(constant amplitude)
(variable amplitude)

S-N
midas FEA

A ( i 1) A ( i + 1) A ( i ) A ( i + 2 ) (1.5.1)
A ( i 1) A ( i + 1) A ( i ) A ( i + 2 ) (1.5.2)
midas FEA
S(1.5.1)1.5.1
(1.5.2)1.5.1
A(i+2) A(i-1)
A(i) A(i+1)
S S
A(i+1) A(i)
A(i+2)
A(i-1)
t t
1.5.1
1.5.2 S1 S 2 S 3
Miner

S1 S3
S1 S2 S2
t t
S3
1.5.2
1.5.3(stress spectrum)
midas FEA
S
S2
S3
S1 S-N Curve
n2
S2
S3 n3
n1 n2 n3 S1 n1
N2 N3 N1 N
1.5.3
i
ni
Di = (1.5.3)
Ni
ni : i

|
Ni :
n n
ni
Dtotal = Di = (1.5.4)
i =1 i =1 Ni
midas FEA

1-6
midas FEA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. S-N
6.
7. Miner
8.
midas FEA

CFD
CFD
midas FEA

| CFD
CFD
1-1
(Computational Fluid Dynamics : CFD)

()CFD

midas FEA
Navier-StokesFavreRANS(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes)
Favre(density weighted)
midas FEA
(steady state)(unsteady)
(density based)(finite volume method)
midas FEA
(far-field)
(solid wall)
(symmetric)
q : (wall function)
k SST(Shear Stress Transport)
k BSL(Base Line)

CFD
1-2 RANS
RANS
W E F Ev Fv
+ + = + +S (1.2.1)
t x y x y

: { , u , v, e, s1 , s2 }
T
W
E F x y (inviscid)(flux) Ev Fv

E = { u , u 2 + p, uv, (e + p)u , us1 , us2 }

T
(1.2.2)
midas FEA
F = { v, uv, v 2 + p, (e + p )v, vs1 , vs2 }

T
(1.2.3)
s s
T

Ev = 0, xx , xy , x , ( m + S 1t ) 1 , ( m + S 2 t ) 2 (1.2.4)
x x
T
s s
Fv = 0, yx , yy , y , ( m + S 1t ) 1 , ( m + S 2 t ) 2 (1.2.5)
y y

:
p :
e :
ij , i :
m , t :
s1 s2 S
(source term)

| CFD
midas FEACoakley q Menter

1 2
k BSL/SST q (turbulent velocity) q

(specific dissipation rate)
(turbulence kinetic energy) k (turbulent dissip
ation rate)

s1 = q = k , s2 = = (1.2.6)
k
Menter k BSL/SST k k
k k k BSL/SST

s1 = k , s2 = = (1.2.7)
k
midas FEA
k BSL k (free stream)
k SST(adverse
pressure gradient)
(1.2.1)
(local preconditioning method)
(1.2.1)(primitive variable)
3
midas FEAWeissSmith
Q E F Ev Fv
+ + = + +S (1.2.8)
t x y x y
1
Coakley, T.J., Turbulence Modeling Methods for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations,
AIAA paper 83-1693, 1983
2
Menter, F.R., Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering
Applications, AIAA Jorunal, Vol. 32, 1994
3
Weiss, J.M and Smith, W.A., Preconditioning Applied to Variable and Constant Density
Flows, AIAA Journal, Vol. 33, 1995

CFD

{ p, u, v, T , s1 , s2 }
T
Q :
(1.2.8) Q / t = 0
midas FEARANS(non-dimensionalize)
(1.2.1)
midas FEA

| CFD
1-3
(1.2.8)
Q
+ F = Fv + S (1.3.1)
t
1.3.1(computational cell)
(divergence theorem)
d
dt V
QdV + F nd = Fv nd + SdV (1.3.2)
V
midas FEA1.3.1

midas FEA

dQ ( i , j )
+R=0 (1.3.3)
dt
1.3.1
R F c

CFD
1
R= ( F c n) + S ( i , j ) (1.3.4)
V( i , j )
Roe F c
4
(entropy correction)(wiggle)
6
(upwind difference) van Leer
MUSCL(extrapolation)limiter

midas FEA
4
Roe, R.L., Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors and Difference Schemes, J. of
Comp. Physics, Vol. 43, 1981
6
van Leer, B., Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme. V. A Second Order
Sequel to Godunovs Method, J. of Comp. Physics, Vol. 32, 1976

| CFD
1-4
Q p (1.2.1)

Q
+ R n +1 + (1 )R n = 0 (1.4.1)

midas FEA = 1 R n +1

[D + ( A + B)]Q = R n (1.4.2)
V
D
D = K (1.4.3)
midas FEA

K : (Jacobian)
A : i 1/ 2 F c
B : j 1/ 2 F c
K midas FEA

(1.4.2) - AF-ADI ,
Approximate Factorization-Alternative Direction Implicit)

[D + A ]D1[D + B]Q = R n (1.4.4)
V V
(block tri-diagonal)

CFD
1-5
AF-ADI7
2(A-Stable)(2-parameter family)
8
W n W n 1
(1 + ) + R n +1 + (1 )R n = 0 (1.5.1)
2 t 2 t
midas FEA = 1, = 1

3 W 1 W n 1 Q l
+ + R l +1 = 0 (1.5.2)
2 t 2 t
W = W l +1 W l (1.5.3)
midas FEA

l : (iteration)(index)
n :
R l +1

[D + ( A + B)]Q = R (1.5.4)
V
3
D= M + K (1.5.5.)
2 t
7
Merkle, C.L. and Athavale, M., Time-Accurate Unsteady Incompressible Flow Algorithm
Based on Artificial Compressibility, AIAA paper 87-1137
8
Beam, R.M. and Warming, R.F., Implicit Numerical Methods for the Compressible Navier
Stokes and Euler Equations, von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics Lecture Series, 1982-04,
1982

| CFD
n 1
= 3 W W 1 W W + Rl
l n n
R (1.5.6)
2 t 2 t

R :
M : Q W
= 0
R
W l +1 = W l = W n +1 (1.5.7)
(1.5.4)AF-ADI
midas FEA

CFD
1-6
Navier-Stokes(convection)(diffusion)

1 1 1
= + (1.6.1)
h p
h CFL p .(von Neumann

)CFL.10.05.0
RoeRiemannmi
das FEARoe
(numerical viscosity)
midas FEA
= , if 1
1
2
(1.6.2)
= { + 1}, if < 1
2 1
1 = 0.0~0.25(dissipative)
0.050.0
midas FEA
(laminar)


| CFD
1-7 CFD
midas FEA
(aerodynamic coefficient)
: u, v [ m / sec ] z [ sec1 ]
: p [ N / m2 ]
: turb [ N sec/ m 2 ] turb /
: KEturb [ m 2 / sec2 ] uturb / U [ % ]
midas FEA

: C
L
: C
D
: C
M

midas FEA

midas FEA

A B

A
B

Angshuman Maziar

299879485 FEA第二册 分析与计算原理 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

299879485 FEA第二册 分析与计算原理 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MIDAS Family Program()

MIDAS Family Program

ADINA is a trademark of ADINA R&D, Inc.

MIDAS Family Program

MIDAS Family Program

MIDAS Family ProgramPOSCO

MIDAS/FEAMIDAS Family Program

MIDAS/FEAMIDAS Family Program2005MIDAS Family Program

Advanced Nonlinear and Detail Analysis Program

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future

Analysis and Algorithm

We Analyze and Design the Future

z (GCS: global coordinate system)

z ECSelement coordinate system

We Analyze and Design the Future 3

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 5

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 7

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 9

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 11

We Analyze and Design the Future

Fi = BTi PdL (1.2.9)

Fi = BTi EATdL (1.2.10)

(lumped mass)(consistent mass)

We Analyze and Design the Future 13

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 15

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 17

We Analyze and Design the Future

Local z x-z plane

We Analyze and Design the Future 19

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 21

K ij = (BTbi DbBbj + BTsi D s B sj )dL (1.3.16)

Db = I y { E} D s = Asy {G} (1.3.17)

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 23

Fi = BTi PdL ( Bi :) (1.3.21)

Fi = BTi EATdL (1.3.22)

We Analyze and Design the Future

J : (polar moment of inertia)

We Analyze and Design the Future 25

(c) (Pin Connection)

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 27

column member column member

B clear length of beam A

length between nodes (L)

We Analyze and Design the Future

We Analyze and Design the Future 29

ECS y-axis 1/2 pt

We Analyze and Design the Future

299879485 FEA第二册分析与计算原理 PDF

299879485 FEA第二册分析与计算原理 PDF