IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 22, No.

2; April 2015 815

An Engineering Approach to Calculation of Channel-base

Lightning Current Parameters
Andrey A. Reykherdt
Select Solutions of AusNet Services
308 Hyde Street, Yarraville, VIC 3013, Australia

and Kira P. Kadomskaya

Novosibirsk State Technical University
Prospect Karla-Marks, 20, Novosibirsk
630092, Russia

ABSTRACT
An alternative approach to calculation of the channel-base lightning parameters
using a well-known Heidler function without discontinuity of its first derivative at
t=0 of the lightning current is presented in the article. Based on a graph-analytical
method, the lightning parameters of the Heidler current can be derived from
statistical characteristics of the registered lightning activity such as the current
peak, the current rise-time and decay-time to half of the peak value. The effect of
the lightning current wave-shape on the estimated over-voltages has been studied
during lightning strikes to a 500 kV overhead power line in a vicinity of a
transformer-generator block of a power station using the Heidler and double
exponential functions. It appears that the calculated over-voltages in power systems
depend on the adopted channel-base lightning current. This becomes very critical
for fast transient processes of less than 2s current rise-time with reactive electrical
plants in the circuit.
Index Terms - Lightning current, lightning parameters, insulation, over-voltage
protection.

1 INTRODUCTION A few engineering models were summarized for the return-

MORE than half of the outages of the overhead transmission
power lines (OHTLs) and other electrical equipment are caused
by over-voltages from lightning strikes. The level of
atmospheric over-voltages which appear on different high
voltage equipment depends on many factors including a current
peak, rise-time and duration of the lightning current as well as a
surge impedance of the affected equipment at the striking point.
The knowledge of the lightning parameters and the related over-
voltages is of primary importance for the design and
coordination of an electrical insulation system such as
appropriate selection of surge arresters or insulator strings due
to their flashover characteristics which are time dependent.
Different estimates of lightning current parameters have
been obtained by researchers from direct or indirect
measurements using instrumented towers, triggered lightning
and lightning electromagnetic fields using empirical or
theoretical relationship between the measured field and the
lightning current[1, 2]. However engineering models were
developed to describe the return-stroke process and the
lightning current distribution along the lightning channel by
using different equations of the channel-base current.
Manuscript received on 7 October2013, in final form 10 November 2014,
accepted 21 November 2014.
stroke process of the lighting initiated from the ground level
[3-14]. The most common models are as follows: the
transmission line (TL) model [3, 8], where the lightning
channel is assumed to be an ideal transmission line and the
return stroke current propagates from the ground along the
lightning channel without attenuation; the modified
transmission line model with linear (MTLL) [4] and
exponential decay (MTLE) [6] with height; the traveling
current source (TCS) model [7, 8], where release of the leader
charge occurs by the current source located at the front of the
upward propagating return stroke which gives an increase to
the return stroke current; as well as the Diendorfer-Uman
(DU) [13] model and earlier Bruce-Golde (BG) model [14].
None of the models successfully predict an overall calculated
electromagnetic field wave-shape from initial peak of the
measured field for calculating the channel-base current.
From an engineering point of view, an adequate return-stroke
lightning model would be one that adequately describes the
channel-base current at the ground level and one that provides
satisfactory correlation of the lightning parameters with those
experimentally measured by using the lightning triggering
technique or the tall structures due to their practical importance
for lightning protection.

DOI 10.1109/TDEI.2014.004419
816 A. A. Reykherdt and K. P. Kadomskaya: An Engineering Approach to Calculation of Channel-base Lightning Current Parameters

The channel-base current which was earlier proposed by statistically evaluated parameters: the current peak ( I 0 ) and its
Bruce and Golde was a double exponential (DEXP) form due to steepness ( di0 dt ), the current rise-time ( t f ) and the current
easy differentiation and calculation of the lightning parameters
in early engineering applications [14, 15]: decay-time ( t d ) to half of the peak value. Quite often the rise-
time is described in more detail using the rise-time of 0.1 or 0.3 ,
I0 t t
i0 (t ) exp exp (1) which are the rise-time for the lightning current between 10% to
1 2 90% and 30% to 90%, respectively (Figure 1). The front duration
( t f ) is also determined as approximately 1.25 times of 0.1 or
where I 0 is the current peak; is a correction coefficient for 1.67 times of 0.3 according to [17, 18, 24, 25].
the current peak; 1 and 2 are time constants, which can be
derived from the current rise-time and the current decay-time.
However this function (1) has a discontinuity of the first
derivative at the initial time of t = 0 and is not suitable for the
lightning electromagnetic pulse calculations (LEMP).
More functions have been proposed to overcome this
td
discontinuity problem, but they are still based on double
exponential form [16], e.g.:
1
I t 1 t 1
i0 (t ) 0 exp exp (2) tf
2 2
Apparently, the DEXP lightning current models have physically Figure 1. Definitions of lightning waveshape.
non-realistic wave-shape with very steep current in the rising part
In addition to the above lightning parameters, the authors
that makes it difficult to use in LEMP applications and over-
consider in this article that it is worth describing an overall front
voltage assessment.
rise-time ( t f ), which is the front time from nearly zero current to
In order to better reflect the physics of the channel-base
lightning current and overcome the discontinuity problem where its peak. This rise-time ( t f ) determines the time duration to the
the function derivative is equal to zero at t = 0, Heidler proposed highest peak of the lightning current, when even small
the following functional form of the current [7,8]: oscillations of the current exist around its peak. It also helps to

i0 (t )
I0 t 1 n exp t I x(t ) y(t ) (3)
perform better modeling of the lightning current and integration
of the total current.
1 t 1 n 0
2 A charge transfer parameter (Q0 ) is another indirect quantity of
n the lightning current, which has been used for estimation of the
t
t current decay-time parameter ( 2 ) in the current decay-
where x(t ) 1 n and y (t ) exp are function of y (t ) in (3). However, the Q0 is more problematic
2
1 t to estimate for engineers as well as to recognize in engineering
1 applications in relation to the lightning parameters.
lightning current rise- and decay-functions, respectively, and n
Authors have made an attempt to calculate the lightning
is a current steepness factor of rise-time.
channel-base current parameters in equation (3) using a different
Equation (3) has also been used for the lightning current in the approach based on those parameters, which are already known
International standard IEC 62305 [17]. In some cases, researchers or earlier estimated by researchers such as the current peak,
use a sum of two Heidler functions with different lightning the rise-time ( 0.1 ) and the decay-time ( t d ) of the lightning
parameters for better correlation of the calculated current
waveform with the observed ones by Oscillograph measurements current. The effect of the lightning current wave-shape is also
of the lightning current on elevated objects e.g. transmission shown in comparison with the DEXP current based on
towers [18-21] or by recording the electric and magnetic fields of calculated over-voltages in a generator-transformer block
the triggered lightning [22, 23]. presented at the end of this article.
It is worth pointing to another function for representing the
lightning current proposed by Nucci et al [12] as a sum of the
2 CALCULATION OF CHANNEL-BASE LIGHTNING
DEXP (1) and Heidler functions (3). However despite its PARAMETERS FOR HEIDLER FUNCTION OF
flexibility for approximation of the channel-base lightning EQUATION (3)
current, the lightning parameters cannot be easily related to the The channel-base lightning current based on Heidler
observed shape in engineering applications. function allows researchers to represent the lightning wave-
The lightning current parameters, which represent the above shape without discontinuity of its first derivative at the base of
wave-shapes in equations (1) to (3), are based on the following the current at t=0 [7, 8]. As one can see, the lightning current
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 22, No. 2; April 2015 817

assumed to have two components: initial or breakdown If one assumes that t I max is approximately half of the rise-
current, which flows during the development of downward
and upward leaders near a breakdown point following by time ( 0.1 ), then the rise-time constant is:
corona leakage current. The second part of this process 0.1
contains most of the lightning energy which can be integrated 1 1/ n
(9)
to obtain a charge transfer parameter at the striking point. n 1
2
However, in general the statistical distribution law of the Q0 n 1
is unknown and a graphical solution was presented in [8] to To determine the decay-time constant ( 2 ), one can take
overcome this issue.
the rise-time component x(t ) in equation (3) equivalent to 1.0
In this paper a new solution for calculation of the channel-
base lightning parameters in equation (3) is analyzed. and the decay function y (t ) is 0.5, then the 2 is

2.1 THE CORRECTION COEFFICIENT td

2 (10)
The correction coefficient ( ) for the current peak can be ln(2 / )
di0 (t ) where t d is the duration of the lightning current to half of the
found from 0 and the time to reach the current peak
dt peak value (Figure 1).
can be determined from the following expression:
2.3 FRONT RISE TIME ( t f )
t peak 1 ( 2 1 ) n 1
1 /( n 1)
. (4)
To assist with a better description of the lightning wave-
shape, an entire front rise-time of the lightning current is
By substituting t in equation (3) and 2 1 r , the
defined from Figure 1 as follows:
correction coefficient for the lightning current can be
expressed as follows: t f k1 0.1 0.1 k 2 0.1 (11)
where k1 and k 2 are empirical coefficients, which represent a
r n 1 n1 exp 1 r n 1 n1
n 1

r relative portion of the rise-time ( 0.1 ) in each particular part

(5)
n of the front namely prior to and after 0.1 . It means one can
1 r n 1 n 1
present the front rise-time in relation to the lightning current
By accepting a relatively small error in calculation of the as follows:
correction factor, it can be simplified into the following t1 0.1k1 0.1 I 0
expression as proposed in [8]:
t 2 0.1 (k1 1) 0.9 I 0 (12)
1 t f 0.1 (k1 k 2 1) 1.0 I 0
r n n1
1
exp (6)
r The above additional coefficients allow one to write three
additional equations by substituting the time (t) and current
2.2 THE CURRENT RISE- AND DECAY TIME
( I 0 ) in equation (3).
CONSTANTS
The current rise-time constant ( 1 ) can be determined from Figure 2 shows graphical representation of k1 and k 2
a maximum steepness of the lightning current di0 (t ) dt max coefficients versus the current decay-time to the front rise-
time ( t d / 0.1 ) in the range of 6 to 100.
from the equation d i0 (t ) dt 0
2 2

Because the maximum steepness is calculated during the

rise-time of the lightning impulse, the decay function in 0.35 2.5

equation (3) can be assumed to be y (t ) 1 and for the second

0.30 2.0
differentiation one obtains the following equation:
t n t
n k1 0.25 1.5 k2
(n 1) 1 2n 0 (7)
1 1
0.20 k1
k2
1.0

Hence the t I max of a maximum steepness of the lightning 0.15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.5

current of equation (3) is 0.1

1/ n Figure 2. Empirical coefficients k1 and k 2 in (11) versus t d / 0.1 in the

n 1
t Imax 1 (8) range of 6 to 100.
n 1
818 A. A. Reykherdt and K. P. Kadomskaya: An Engineering Approach to Calculation of Channel-base Lightning Current Parameters

Figures 3 demonstrates the lightning current parameters, Figure 5 shows the approximation of the lightning current
and n , versus the ratio t d / 0.1 in the range of 6 to 100, and for 0.1 =1 s obtained using the DEXP function (1) and the
Figure 4 in the range of 6 to 20 for more detailed proposed method of calculation of the lightning parameters in
equation (3) providing a zero derivative of the current at t = 0.
representation of these parameters. A probability of the ratio
of t d / 0.1 < 6 is less likely to appear in nature as it will be
shown in a statistical distribution of the lightning parameters
in the next paragraph.

Figure 5. Lightning current according to DEXP (1) and Heidler function (3)
Figure 3. Current ccorrection coefficient and steepness factor n in (3) using parameters in Table 1.

versus t d / 0.1 in the range of 6 to 100.

3 A CASE STUDY OF STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
LIGHTNING CURRENT PARAMETERS FOR t d / 0.1
RELATIONSHIP
The lightning current parameters have certain probabilistic
distribution laws, which may depend on many factors
including, but not limited to, climatic and geophysical factors
as well as a striking object (design of overhead transmission
lines, towers, their height, etc.) [26-30].
For statistical distribution of lightning parameters one can
use a logarithmic distribution law:
Figure 4. Current ccorrection coefficient and steepness factor n in (3)
ln x mln x 2
1
f X x
2 ln2 x
versus t d / 0.1 in the range of 6 to 20. e (13)
2 x ln x
One can see that the lightning parameters in (3) can be
found by either 1 ln x mln x
F X ( x) 0 (14)
- computing of the transcendent equations (5) or (6), (9),
(10) and using additional equation (12) or
2 ln x
where f X x and F X (x) are the probability density function
- using Figures 2 and 3 to determine and n , and then 1
and cumulative distribution function of a random variable (x),
and 2 from equations (9) and (10). In this case, no need to respectively, where one can replace x with the current peak,
estimate the k1 and k 2 because of already solved rise- and decay time, mln x is mathematical expectation of
equations and graphed parameters of and n . natural logarithm, ln x is standard deviation of lightning
As an example, Table 1 demonstrates the lightning
parameters and 0 ( x) is Laplace function.
parameters for the ratio of t d / 0.1 = 10 and 20 (e.g. 0.1 = 1 s
The lightning parameters in Table 2 represent a general
and 2 s with the current duration time of 20 s) including those
statistic for the first negative lightning stroke into an elevated
additional parameters in equation (11).
object (for example into transmission power line towers) in the
Table 1. Calculated parameters of the lightning current (3) using the
far eastern Europe [26] and they slightly vary from those
proposed method. given in [27-30]. The M [x] and [x] in Table 2 are
Lightning Parameters in (3) mathematical expectation and standard deviation of the
t d / 0.1 k1 k2 lightning current, respectively.
n 1 (s) 2 (s)
Let us consider the lightning current rise-time and decay-
10 0.731 2.232 1.541 19.88 0.250 0.905
time as probabilistic values (X) and (Y), respectively. Thus one
20 0.867 2.532 0.695 23.93 0.276 1.179
can determine a statistical distribution law of Z Y / X
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 22, No. 2; April 2015 819

using the expression: In a likely event of the lightning stroke to one of the phases of the
zx
OHTL link, a flashover of external line insulation may occur
creating a chopped lightning wave travelling towards the
P( Z z ) FZ ( z ) f X ( x)dx f Y ( y )dy
500/15.75kV generator transformer. The calculated over-voltages
0 0
will depend on both a voltage-time (V-t) characteristic of insulator

strings of the OHTL and on the adopted lightning current.
f X ( x) FY ( zx)dx (15)
0
Figure 7 illustrates a different chopping time of the lightning
current of equations (1) and (3) for a V-t characteristic of
Table 2. Statistical characteristic of lightning parameters using log-normal external line insulation. Apparently, the estimated breakdown
distribution law.
voltage of the insulator string caused by the lightning current
is expected to be less when using the lightning current (3).
LIGHTNING M [x] [x] m
ln x ln x FX ( x)
PARAMETERS
0.05 0.50 0.95
I 0 (KA) 28.0 23.8 3.061 0.737 6.3 21.3 71.9
0.1 ( S) 4.5 2.8 1.338 0.576 1.5 3.8 9.8

t d ( S) 75.0 47.0 4.152 0.576 24.6 63.6 164.1

Using the log-normal distribution law of X and Y, one can

write from equation (15):

1

1 ln x mln X 2
FZ ( z )
2 ln X 0 x 2 ln2 X
exp

1 ln( zx) mln Y

0 dx (16) Figure 7. Illustration of different chopping time of the lightning current (1)

2 ln Y
and (3) using V-t characteristic of external line insulation.

Table 3 shows the calculated distribution function FZ (z ) as The generator block during the lightning stroke in one of the
phases can be represented by a single phase diagram shown in
a ratio of the lightning current decay-time to its rise-time
Figure 8. For high frequency processes such as a rise-time of
( t d / 01 ) using equation (16). the lightning current, the generator transformer can be
As one can see from Table 3, a probability of this ratio simplified by equivalent capacitances, which are calculated
( t d / 01 ) 5 appears to be relatively low. from the measured transformer capacitances of HV and LV
windings [26, 31]:
Table 3. Statistical distribution of Z function.
C1 C C
Z t d / 0.1 C1E , C2 E C2 12 , C12 E 12 , (17)
2 2 2
1 2 3 5 10 20 50 70 100
where C1 and C 2 are the capacitances of HV and LV
0.0003 0.0046 0.0176 0.070 0.265 0.589 0.911 0.961 0.986
windings to the transformer tank, respectively; C12 is the
capacitance between windings. In some cases for longer rise-
4 THE EFFECT OF LIGHTNING CURRENT WAVE-
time of the lightning current, one can use an inductance ( LT )
SHAPE ON ESTIMATED OVER-VOLTAGES IN A
of the transformer circuit to account for magnetic coupling
500/15.75 KV GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER BLOCK between windings.
OF A POWER STATION
In Figure 8 the following circuit parameters are specified for
In this example, the effect of the lightning current wave- calculation of over-voltages in the 500/15.75 kV generator-
shape on estimated over-voltages has been studied during a
lightning stroke to a 500 kV overhead transmission line
(OHTL) adjacent to a 500/15.75 kV generator-transformer
block (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Lightning stroke to a 500 kV OHTL link adjacent to a generator Figure 8. Single phase diagram for calculation of lightning over-voltages in
transformer the 500/15.75 kV generator block
820 A. A. Reykherdt and K. P. Kadomskaya: An Engineering Approach to Calculation of Channel-base Lightning Current Parameters

Table 4. Calculated over-voltages on generator stator winding and LV surge arrester current. CONCLUSION
Case
I0 0.1 Lightning Lightning LV side without LV side with LV surge
A new engineering approach to
study chopping current surge arresters surge arresters arrester current
(KA) ( S) time (S) equation U (kV) U (kV) calculation of the channel-base
I (kA)
1 71.9 1.5 0.3 (1) 102.0 33.4 2.75 lightning parameters has been
provided for the Heidler lightning
0.8 (3) 73.2 32.2 1.66
current wave-shape (3). The proposed
2 28.0 4.5 1.5 (1) 82.4 33.2 2.57
graph-analytical method allows
3.4 (3) 92.4 33.7 3.03 engineers to determine the current
3 71.9 9.8 1.0 (1) 88.3 33.3 2.61 parameters ( 1 , 2 , and n ) more
4.1 (3) 90.5 33.6 2.99 easily without need to know a charge
transfer value (Q) at the striking point.
transformer block: The method can be used for a ratio of the lightning decay-time
Z OHTL = 315 is the surge (wave) impedance including constant ( 2 ) to the rise-time constant ( 1 ) above 5 utilizing
corona effect of the OHTL link between the transformer and the statistical distribution of the lighting current peak ( I 0 ), its
station switchyard; rise- ( 0.1 ) and decay time ( t d ).
R 10 is the ground resistance of OHTL towers to the The estimated over-voltages in the power network depend
lightning current during flashover across insulator strings; on the adopted lightning current. For a study of transient
Z G = 30 is the surge impedance of the stator generator processes in power systems this becomes very critical with a
rise-time of the lightning current of less than 2 s, where over-
winding; voltages appear on power equipment with winding insulation
AL and AG are surge arresters on the 500 kV transformer side such as power and measurement transformers, rotating
and LV generator side; machines and generators.

LT = 0.15 mH; C1E = 12.8 nF; C2 E = 15 nF; C12 E = 6.4 nF.
Transient over-voltages will appear on the stator winding
mainly through electrostatic coupling between transformer
windings (C12 + C2)/C12 = 3.3, which is approx. 6 times
higher in comparison with the HV to LV transformer ratio
of 500/3/15.75 kV = 18.3.
These over-voltages on the 15.75 kV stator winding were
evaluated with- and without surge arresters for both DEXP
lightning current (1) and Heidler function (3) using a new
approach to calculation of the lightning parameters. Three
case studies are presented in Table 4 for the rise- and decay
time of the lightning current according to Table 2.
As one can see from Table 4, an insulation breakdown
time of the 500 kV insulator string strongly depends on the
adopted lightning current, which is apparently earlier for
the DEXP current. The calculated over-voltages on the
generator stator windings appear to be of less magnitude
when using Heidler expression (3) in comparison with the
DEXP current of equation (1). However, this is only valid
for a steep rise-time of the lightning current of less than 2
s (Case No.1). The current of more than 2s rise-time
shows nearly the same level of over-voltages as the
transient processes become of lower frequency as well as
magnetic coupling between transformer windings becomes
more significant.
Although typical breakdown voltage to earth of 15.75 kV
generator stator winding is around 38 kV, the insulation
level can be exceeded by relatively low stroke current if
there are no surge arresters for lightning protection in the
circuit. The calculated surge arrester current on LV side of
the transformer is relatively small due to the chopped
lightning current and existing protection on the primary
side of the transformer.
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821
[30] J. Takami and S. Okabe, Observational Results of Lightning Current on
Transmission Towers, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No.1, pp.
547-556, 2007.
[31] K.P. Kadomskaya, U.A. Lavrov and A.A. Reykherdt, Over-Voltages in
Power Networks and Protection, Novosibirsk, ISBN 5-7782-0460-4,
2004 (in Russian).
Andrey A. Reykherdt (M10) received the M.Sc.
and Ph.D. degrees in High-Voltage Power
Engineering from Novosibirsk State Technical
University, Russia, in 1998 and 2000, respectively.
Currently he is a Condition Monitoring Engineer
with Select Solutions of AusNet Services power
company, Australia. Before joining AusNet Services
in 2007, he was a Resercher in the Centre for Power
Transformer Monitoring, Diagnostics and Life
Management with the Department of Electrical and
Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University,
Australia, since 2001. He was an Electrical Engineer in the Diagnostic and
Test Department of Electroservice of Federal Grid Company in Russia since
1998. His research interests include high-voltage engineering, condition
assessment, monitoring and diagnosis of high voltage power equipment;
optimization, coordination and protection of external line insulation.
Kira P. Kadomskaya (SM96) received the Ph.D.
and the post Doctoral degrees in high voltage
engineering from Saint Petersburg State
Polytechnical University, Russia, in 1957 and 1972,
respectively. Currently, she is a Professor in the
Departemnt of High Voltage Technique and
Electrophysics, Faculty of Power Engineering,
Novosibirsk State Technical University, Russia,
holding this position since 1971. She was head of
the same Department since 1971 until 1989. She is
an author of more than 400 scientific publications in electrical power
engineering, including 15 books and 29 textbooks and lecturers synopsis. She
is also holding 6 authors patents. Dr. Kadomskaya is an Honorary Member of
the Academy of Electrotechnical Science in Russia, a member of Internetional
Electrotechnical commision (IEC), and also a member of Sibierian Division of
Higher Education Academy of Sciences, Russia.
Her research interests include electromagnetic processes and over-voltages in
power networks; lightning strokes in overhead power lines and lightning
protection; physicomathematical applications in power engineering; and
optimisation of design parameters for underground and underwater HV/EHV
cables to increase their performance and ecological compatibility.