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WORLDS #1 ACADEMIC OUTLINE 18

1 H 1.008 2 He 4.003
Hydrogen Helium
1s1 1s2
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 2.2
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
37
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.75 13.60 Unstable Anion 24.59
2 13 14 15 16 17
3 Li 6.94 4 Be 9.01 Electronegativity: 5 B 10.81 6 C 12.01 7 N 14.01 8 O 16.00 9 F 19.00 10 Ne 20.18
Pauling scale; measures ability of atom
Lithium Beryllium to attract electrons in a chemical bond Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s2p1 1s22s2p2 1s22s2p3 1s22s2p4 1s22s2p5 1s22s2p6
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Atomic Radius: Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 0.98 2 1.57 3 2.04 4,2 2.55 +
3,5,4,2 3.04 -2 3.44 -1 3.98
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
given in pm; 1 pm = 1x10-12m Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
152 (+1)76 111 (+2)45 80 77 (+4)16 74 (+3)16 74 (-2)140 71 (-1)133
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Ionic Radius: Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.62 5.39 Unstable Anion 9.32 given in pm; 1 pm = 1x10-12m 0.28 8.30 1.26 11.26 Unstable Anion 14.53 1.46 13.62 3.40 17.42 Unstable Anion 21.57

Electron Affinity:
11 Na 22.99 12 Mg 24.31 energy released in the formation of an 13 Al 26.98 14 Si 28.09 15 P 30.97 16 S 32.07 17 Cl 35.45 18 Ar 39.95
anion: given in eV
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Atomic Number: number of protons
[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s2 1st Ionization Potential: [Ne]3s2p1 [Ne]3s2p2 [Ne]3s2p3 [Ne]3s2p4 [Ne]3s2p5 [Ne]3s2p6
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 2 Atomic Weight: weighted average of atomic masses of natural isotopes energy required to remove one electron, 3 4 + + +
0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 3,5,4 2.19 2,4,6 2.58 1,3,5,7 3.16
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius forming a cation; given in eV Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
186 (+1)102 160 (+2)72 - mass number of the most stable isotope for each radioactive element 143 (+3)54 118 (+4)40 110 (+5)17 103 (-2)184 99 (-1)181
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.55 5.14 Unstable Anion 7.65 0.44 5.99 1.39 8.15 0.75 10.49 2.08 10.36 3.61 12.97 Unstable Anion 15.76
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
19 K 39.10 20 Ca 40.08 21 Sc 44.96 22 Ti 47.87 23 V 50.94 24 Cr 52.00 25 Mn 54.94 26 Fe 55.85 27 Co 58.93 28 Ni 58.69 29 Cu 63.55 30 Zn 65.39 31 Ga 69.72 32 Ge 72.61 33 As 74.92 34 Se 78.96 35 Br 79.90 36 Kr 83.80
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
[Ar]4s1 [Ar]4s2 [Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s1 [Ar]3d54s2 [Ar]3d64s2 [Ar]3d74s2 [Ar]3d84s2 [Ar]3d104s1 [Ar]3d104s2 [Ar]3d104s2p1 [Ar]3d104s2p2 [Ar]3d104s2p3 [Ar]3d104s2p4 [Ar]3d104s2p5 [Ar]3d104s2p6
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 0.82 2 1.00 3 1.36 4 1.54 5.3 1.63 6,3,2 1.66 7,6,4,2,3 1.55 2,3 1.83 2,3 1.88 2,3 1.91 2,1 1.90 2 1.65 3 1.81 4 2.01 +
3,5 2.18 +
2,4,6 2.55 +
1,5 2.96
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
227 (+1)151 197 (+2)100 161 (+3)75 145 (+4)61 131 (+5)54 125 (+3)62 137 (+2)67 124 (+3)55 125 (+2)65 125 (+2)69 128 (+2)73 133 (+2)74 122 (+3)62 123 (+4)53 125 (+3)58 116 (-2)198 114 (-1)196
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.50 4.34 0.04 6.11 0.19 6.56 0.08 6.83 0.53 6.75 0.67 6.77 Unstable Anion 7.43 0.151 7.90 0.66 7.88 1.16 7.64 1.24 7.73 Unstable Anion 9.39 0.3 5.10 1.23 7.90 0.81 9.81 2.02 9.75 3.36 11.81 Unstable Anion 14.00

37 Rb 85.47 38 Sr 87.62 39 Y 88.91 40 Zr 91.22 41 Nb 92.91 42 Mo 95.94 43 Tc 98 44 Ru 101.1 45 Rh 102.9 46 Pd 106.4 47 Ag 107.9 48 Cd 112.4 49 In 114.8 50 Sn 118.7 51 Sb 121.8 52 Te 127.6 53 I 126.9 54 Xe 131.3
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
[Kr]5s1 [Kr]5s2 [Kr]4d15s2 [Kr]4d25s2 [Kr]4d45s1 [Kr]4d55s1 [Kr]4d55s2 [Kr]4d75s1 [Kr]4d85s1 [Kr]4d10 [Kr]4d105s1 [Kr]4d105s2 [Kr]4d105s2p1 [Kr]4d105s2p2 [Kr]4d105s2p3 [Kr]4d105s2p4 [Kr]4d105s2p5 [Kr]4d105s2p6
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 0.82 2 0.95 3 1.22 4 1.33 5,3 1.60 6,5,4,3,2 2.16 7 2.10 2,3,4,6,8 2.20 2,3,4 2.28 2,4 2.20 1 1.93 2 1.69 3 1.78 4,2 1.96 +
3,5 2.05 +
2,4,6 2.10 +
1,5,7 2.66 2.60
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
248 (+1)161 215 (+2)126 178 (+3)102 159 (+4)84 143 (+5)64 136 (+6)59 135 133 (+3)68 135 (+3)67 138 (+2)64 145 (+1)115 149 (+2)95 163 (+3)80 141 (+4)45 145 (+3)76 143 (-2)221 133 (-1)220
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.49 4.18 0.11 5.70 0.31 6.22 0.43 6.63 0.90 6.76 0.75 7.09 0.55 7.28 1.05 7.36 1.14 7.46 0.56 8.34 1.30 7.58 Unstable Anion 8.99 0.30 5.79 1.11 7.34 1.07 8.64 1.97 9.01 3.06 10.45 Unstable Anion 12.13

55 Cs 132.9 56 Ba 137.3 57 La 138.9 72 Hf 178.5 73 Ta 180.9 74 W 183.8 75 Re 186.2 76 Os 190.2 77 Ir 192.2 78 Pt 195.1 79 Au 197.0 80 Hg 200.6 81 Tl 204.4 82 Pb 207.2 83 Bi 209.0 84 Po 209 85 At 210 86 Rn 222
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
[Xe]6s1 [Xe]6s2 [Xe]5d16s2 [Xe]4f145d26s2 [Xe]4f145d36s2 [Xe]4f145d46s2 [Xe]4f145d56s2 [Xe]4f145d66s2 [Xe]4f145d76s2 [Xe]4f145d96s1 [Xe]4f145d106s1 [Xe]4f145d106s2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f145d106s2p6
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 0.79 2 0.89 3 1.10 4 1.3 5 1.5 6,5,4,3,2 1.7 7,6,4,2,-1 1.9 2,3,4,6,8 2.2 2,3,4,6 2.2 2,4 2.2 3,1 2.4 2,1 1.9 3,1 1.8 4,2 1.8 3,5 1.9 4,2 2.0 +
1,3,5,7 2.2
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
265 (+1)174 217 (+2)142 187 (+3)116 156 (+4)83 143 (+5)64 137 (+6)60 137 (+7)53 134 (+4)63 136 (+4)63 139 (+4)63 144 (+3)85 150 (+2)102 170 (+1)159 175 (+2)119 155 (+3)103 118 (+4)
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
0.47 3.89 0.15 5.21 0.5 5.77 ~0 6.83 0.32 7.89 0.86 7.98 0.15 7.88 1.10 8.7 1.57 9.1 2.13 9.0 2.31 9.23 Unstable Anion 10.44 0.2 6.11 0.36 7.42 0.95 7.29 1.9 8.42 2.8 - Unstable Anion 10.75

87 Fr 223 88 Ra 226 89 Ac 227 104 Rf 261 105 Db 262 106 Sg 266 107 Bh 264 108 Hs 269 109 Mt 268 110 Ds 281 111 Uuu 272 112 Uub 277 113 Uut 284 114 Uuq 289 115 Uup 288 116 ? ? 117 ? ? 118 ? ?
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Not discovered Not discovered Not discovered
[Rn]7s1 [Rn]7s2 [Rn]6d17s2 [Rn]5f146d27s2 [Rn]5f146d37s2 [Rn]5f146d47s2 [Rn]5f146d57s2 [Rn]5f146d67s2 [Rn]5f146d77s2 [Rn]5f146d97s1 disc.1994 disc.1996 disc.2004 disc.1999 disc.2004 - - -
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
1 0.7 2 0.9 3 1.1 disc.1964 disc.1967 disc.1974 disc.1981 disc.1984 disc.1982 Darmstats, Germany Darmstats, Germany Darmstats, Germany Dubna, Russia Dubna, Russia Dubna, Russia - - -
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
(+2)162 188 (+3) -
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. HALOGENS NOBLE GASES
0.46 5.28 5.17

58 Ce 140.1 59 Pr 140.9 60 Nd 144.2 61 Pm 145 62 Sm150.4 63 Eu 152.0 64 Gd 157.3 65 Tb 158.9 66 Dy 162.5 67 Ho 164.9 68 Er 167.3 69 Tm 168.9 70 Yb 173.0 71 Lu 175.0
LANTHANIDE

ALKALI ALKALINE
METALS EARTH Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
SERIES

METALS visit us at [Xe]4f15d16s2 [Xe]4f36s2 [Xe]4f46s2 [Xe]4f56s2 [Xe]4f66s2 [Xe]4f76s2 [Xe]4f75d16s2 [Xe]4f96s2 [Xe]4f106s2 [Xe]4f116s2 [Xe]4f126s2 [Xe]4f136s2 [Xe]4f146s2 [Xe]4f145d16s2
quickstudy.com Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
ISBN 142320003-9 3,4
Atomic Radius
1.12
Ionic Radius
3,4
Atomic Radius
1.13
Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.14
Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius
3,2
Atomic Radius
1.17
Ionic Radius
3,2
Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.20
Ionic Radius
3,4
Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.22
Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.23
Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.24
Ionic Radius
3,2
Atomic Radius
1.25
Ionic Radius
3,2
Atomic Radius

Ionic Radius
3
Atomic Radius
1.0
Ionic Radius
All rights reserved. No part of this publica- 183 (+3)114 182 (+3)113 181 (+3)114 181 (+3)109 180 (+3)108 199 (+3)107 179 (+3)105 176 (+3)118 175 (+3)103 174 173 (+3)100 173 (+3)109 194 (+3)99 172 (+3)98
tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any
Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
form, or by any means, electronic or mechan-
ical, including photocopy, recording, or any 5.54 5.46 5.53 5.55 5.64 5.67 6.15 5.86 5.94 6.02 6.11 6.18 6.25 5.43
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90 Th 232.0 91 Pa 231.0 92 U 238.0 93 Np 237 94 Pu 244 95 Am 243 96 Cm 247 97 Bk 247 98 Cf 251 99 Es 252 100Fm 257 101Md 258 102 No 259 103 Lr 262
ACTINIDE

Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
SERIES

REFERENCE: CRC Handbook of Chemistry

and Physics 81st edition, 2000-2001
CONTENT ADVISOR: Mark Jackson, PhD [Rn]6d27s2 [Rn]5f26d17s2 [Rn]5f36d17s2 [Rn]5f46d17s2 [Rn]5f67s2 [Rn]5f77s2 [Rn]5f76d17s2 [Rn]5f97s2 [Rn]5f107s2 [Rn]5f117s2 [Rn]5f127s2 [Rn]5f137s2 [Rn]5f147s2 [Rn]5f146d17s2
Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg. Oxidation States Electroneg.
Chemistry Professor - Florida Atlantic University
4 1.3 5,4 1.5 6,5,4,3 1.7 6,5,4,3 1.3 6,5,4,3 1.3 6,5,4,3 3 4,3 3 3 3 3,2 3,2 3
DESIGN / LAYOUT: John Ford, CEO -
Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius Atomic Radius Ionic Radius
180 (+4)94 161 (+5)78 139 (+6)73 (+5)75 151 (+4)86 131 (+3)98 (+3)97 (+3)96 (+3)95
Customer Hotline # 1.800.230.9522 Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot. Electron Affinity 1st Ion. Pot.
March 2005 6.08 5.89 6.19 6.27 6.06 5.99 6.02 6.23 6.30 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65
 M = Generic symbol for element in compound; E = Element raw material form; A = Alloy, blend or mixture; C = Compound; Bold = Most Important Use
H2
gas
NATURAL FORM He
gas
H2
.089*
DENSITY He
*.179
1
Cesium
Alkali metals; compounds with M(1+) valences
Rubidium Potassium Sodium
Hydrogen
H
H(1+) compounds,
H2

Li Be
solid - for solid, most stable crystal form
B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Li Be Solid, liquid: g/cm3 (20C and 1atm) B C N2 O2 F2 Ne
Cs Rb K Na Li E -Lithium
Pacemaker Batteries acids: metal hydrides H(1-)
E - Photoelectric cells E - Photoelectric cells C - Fertilizer, glass, lenses E - Street lights A - Nuclear reactor A - Lubricant additive, alloys used in space E - Rocket fuel, hydrogenation of fats
bcc hex liquid rhom hex gas gas gas gas 0.53 1.85
gas: g/liter (0C and 1atm) 2.34 2.26 *1.25 *1.43 *1.70 *.90
E - Atomic clocks, infrared lamps E - Vacuum tubes, heart research C - Matches, gunpowder, salt substitute coolant, batteries C - Salt, soda, glass C - Glass & pharmaceuticals E - Petroleum desulfurization, H2O, ammonia
Na Mg gas Al Si P S Cl2 Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar
bcc hex fcc fcc cubic ortho gas gas 0.97 1.74 2.70 2.33 1.82 2.07 *3.21 *1.78 2 Alkaline earth metals; compounds with M(2+) valences
Barium Strontium Calcium
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr Ba Sr Ca M g Magnesium Be Beryllium Cd Ba Hf
176 - 5.2%
bcc fcc hex hex bcc bcc bcc bcc hex fcc fcc hex ortho fcc rhom hex liquid gas 0.89 1.54 2.99 4.51 6.0 7.15 7.3 7.87 8.86 8.90 8.96 7.14 5.91 5.32 5.72 4.80 3.12 *3.73 A - Sparkplugs, vacuum tubes C - Nuclear batteries in bouys E - Metallurgy A-Cable insulation, batteries E - Flashbulbs A-Airplanes, racing bikes E - X-ray tube windows 106 - 0.9% 134 - 2.4%
C - Fireworks, flourescent lamps V - Fireworks, phosphorescent paint C - Fertilizer, concrete, plaster of Paris C - Fireplace bricks, pigments, fillers A - Watch springs, sparkfree tools 135 - 6.6% 177 - 18.6%
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe 108 - 0.9%
110 - 12.5% 136 - 7.9% 178 - 27.3%
bcc fcc hex hex bcc bcc hex hex fcc fcc fcc hex tetra tetra rhom hex ortho gas 1.53 2.64 4.47 6.52 8.57 10.2 11 12.1 12.4 12.0 10.5 8.69 7.31 7.26 6.68 6.24 4.92 *5.89
3 Metal; compounds and ligand complexes M(3+) 179 - 13.6%
111 - 12.8% 137 - 11.2%
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn La Lanthanum
Y Yttrium
Sc Scandium
MAJOR NATURAL ISOTOPES 112 - 24.1% 138 - 71.7% 180 - 35.1%
bcc bcc hex hex bcc bcc hex hex fcc fcc fcc liquid hex fcc rhom cubic gas 1.93 3.62 6.15 13.3 16.4 19.3 20.8 22.6 22.5 21.5 19.3 13.53 11.8 11.3 9.79 9.2 *9.73 2
C - Color TV screens, radar, lasers E - Leak detectors, A - Space industry
Fr Ra Ac Fr Ra Ac C - Camera lenses, fireproof bricks materials C - Seed germinating agents WITH % OF OCCURRENCE 113 - 12.2%
114 - 28.7% Ta
bcc fcc Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 5.0 10.0 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Isotopes have the same number of protons, La
fcc hex hex hex rhom bcc hex hex hex hex hex hex fcc hex 6.77 6.77 7.01 7.26 7.52 5.24 7.90 8.23 8.55 8.80 9.07 9.32 6.90 9.84 4 Metal; compounds: M(2+...4+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+) but different numbers of neutrons.
116 - 7.5%
138 - 0.1%
180 - 0.01%
Hafnium Zirconium Titanium titanate TiO4(4-) 181 - 99.99%
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Hf Zr Ti metatitanate TiO3(2-)
Isotopes not listed are radioactive or synthetic. 139 - 99.9%
fcc tetra ortho ortho mono hex hex hex hex hex 11.7 15.4 19.1 20.2 19.7 13.6 13.5 14.8 E - Nuclear submarines E - Nuclear fuel rods, catalytic converters In W
cubic = SIMPLE CUBIC, bcc = BODY CENTERED CUBIC fcc = FACE CENTERED CUBIC; E - Controls nuclear reactors A - Percussion caps E - Heat exchanger A - Airplane motors H Mg Ti Ga Zr 113 - 4.3%
hex = HEXAGONAL; ortho = ORTHOHOMBIC; rhom = RHOMBOHEDRAL; E - Gas scavenger in vacuum tubes C - Furnace bricks A - Bone pins C - Pigments for paint/paper 115 - 95.7%
Ce 182 - 26.3%
tetra = TETRAGONAL mono = MONOCLINIC; = unknown 1 - 99.98% 24 - 79.0% 46 - 8.0% 69 - 60.1% 90 - 51.5% 140 - 88.4% 183 - 14.3%
2 - 0.02% 25 - 10.0% 47 - 7.3% 71 - 39.9% 91 - 11.2% 184 - 30.7%
5 Metal; compounds: M(2+...5+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+) 48 - 73.8% 92 - 17.2%
142 - 11.1%
186 - 28.6%
26 - 11.0% Sn
ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION BOILING POINT
Tantalum Niobium Vanadium
H2 He H2 He Ta Nb V vanadate VO4(3-) He
49
50
-
-
5.5%
5.4% Ge 94
96
-
-
17.4%
2.8% 112 - 1.0%
Pr
0.90 0.08 -253 -269 E - Condensers 4 - ~100% Al 70 - 21.2% 116 - 14.5% Re
A - Weights, cutting tools A - Cutting tools, pipelines E - Construction materials, tools 141 - 100%
Li Be kJ/mole B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Li Be C and 1atm; Liquid Gas B C N2 O2 F2 Ne E - Vacuum tube filaments A - Super magnets, welding rods E - Springs, jet engines 27 - 100% V
72
73
-
-
27.7%
7.7% Nb 117 - 7.7% 185 - 37.4%
187 - 62.6%
118 - 24.2%
134.7 308.8
Liquid Gas Hvap at boiling point 480.0 711.0 5.57 6.82 6.62 1.71 1342 2471
sp = sublimation point 4000 3825sp -196 -183 -188 -246
Li 50 - 0.3% 74 - 35.9% 93 - 100%
Nd
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar 6 Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+) 6- 7.5% Si 51 - 99.7% 78 - 7.4%
119 - 8.6%
Os
120 - 32.6% 142 - 27.1%
Tungsten Molybdenum Chromium
89.04 128.7 References: CRC; The Elements, 3rd ed., J. Emsley, 1998 294.0 383.0 12.40 45.0 20.41 6.43 883 1090 2519 3265 280 445 -34 -186
W tungstate WO4(2-) Mo molybdate MoO3, MoO4(2-) Cr chromate CrO4(2-)
7- 92.5% 28 - 92.2%
Cr
Mo 122 - 4.6% 143 - 12.2% 186 - 1.6%
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr dimolybdate Mo2O7(2-) dichromate Cr2O7(2-) 29 - 4.7% As 92 - 14.8%
124 - 5.8% 144 - 23.8% 187 - 1.6%
Mo-cyanate Mo-CN8(4-) 94 - 9.3% 188 - 13.3%
77.5 150.0 305.0 429.0 458.6 348.8 219.7 351.0 382.4 371.8 304.6 115.5 254.0 334.0 31.9 95.48 29.96 9.08 759 1484 2836 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927 2913 2562 907 2204 2833 603sp 685 59 -153 E - Lamp filaments, TV, welding electrodes
A - Rocket nozzles E - Filament in electric heaters
E - Plating for car parts
A - Tools, knives C - Camouflage paint
Be 30 - 3.1% 50 - 4.4% 75 - 100%
95 - 15.9%
145 - 8.3%
189 - 16.1%
52 - 83.8%
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe C - Cutting & boring tools A - Rocket motors C - Lubricant C - Stereo, video tape, lasers 9- 100%
53 - 9.5% 96 - 16.7% Sb
146 - 17.2%
190 - 26.4%
69.2 139.0 393.0 581.6 696.6 594.1 585.0 567.8 495.4 393.0 255.1 99.87 226.4 290.4 67.9 114.1 41.57 12.57 688 1382 3345 4409 4744 4639 4265 4150 3695 2963 2162 767 2072 2602 1587 988 184 -108 P 54 - 2.4% Se 97 - 9.6%
121 - 57.4%
148 - 5.8%
192 - 41.0%
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Metal; compounds: M(1+...7+); ligand complexes: M(3-...1+) B 31 - 100% 74 - 0.9% 98 - 24.1%
123 - 42.6%
150 - 5.6%
Rhenium Technetium Manganese 76 - 9.4% 100 - 9.6%
65.9 140.0 399.6 661.1 753.1 799.1 707.1 627.6 563.6 510.5 324.0 59.11 162.1 179.5 151.0 101.0 18.1 671 1897 3464 4603 5458 5555 5596 5012 4428 3825 2856 357 1473 1749 1564 962 -62
Re tungstate WO (2-) Tc synthetic Mn permanganate MnO4(1-) 10 - 19.9%
S
Mn 77 - 7.6% Ir
Fr Ra Ac Fr Ra Ac 4
11 - 80.1% 55 - 100% 78 - 23.8% Pm 191 - 37.3%
136.8 418.0 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 3198 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu A - Oven filaments, electrodes, jewelry E - Radiation source for medical A - Tools, axles, steel for rail switches 32 - 95.0% 80 - 49.6% Tc Te 145 - synthetic 193 - 62.7%
314.0 333.0 284.0 192.0 176.0 312.0 391.0 293.0 251.0 293.0 247.0 159.0 428.0 3443 3520 3074 3000 1794 1529 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1196 3402
A - Plating, thermocouples research C - Safes, plows, batteries 33 - 0.8% 93 - synthetic 122 - 2.6%
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
C Fe 82 - 8.7%
12 - 98.9%
34 - 4.2%
54 - 5.9%
123 - 0.9%
Sm Pt
543.9 481.0 423.0 337.0 344.0 387.0 310.0 196.0 133.0 4788 4131 3228 2011 3100 8 Metal; compounds: M(1+...8+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+) 13 - 1.1% 56 - 91.7% Br Ru 124 - 4.8%
144 - 3.1% 194 - 32.9%
125 - 7.1%
Os Osmium
Ru Ruthenium
Fe Iron
Fe-cyanate Fe(CN)6(3-and4-) Cl 57 - 2.1% 79 - 50.7% 96 - 5.5%
126 - 18.9% 147 - 15.0%
195 - 33.8%
81 - 49.3% 98 - 1.9% 196 - 25.3%

ENTHALPY OF FUSION MELTING POINT

ferrate FeO4(2-) 35 - 75.8%
H2 He H2 He
E - Eye treatment, thickness meters N 99 - 12.7% 128 - 31.7% 148 - 11.3%
198 - 7.2%
A - Fountain pen points, compass for egg shells A - Bikes,cars, bridges, magnets, machines
14 - 99.63%
37 - 24.2% Co 100 - 12.6% 130 - 33.9%
149 - 13.8%
0.12 -259 needles, clock bearings, decorations A - Fountain pen point, electrical contacts C - Nails, tools, tin cans 59 - 100% Kr 101 - 17.1% 150 - 7.4%
Li Be kJ/mole B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Li Be C and 1atm; Solid Liquid B C N2 O2 F2 Ne
15 - 0.37%
80 - 2.3% 152 - 26.7%
Au
9 Metal; compounds: M(2+...6+); ligand complexes: M(2-...1+) Ar 82 - 11.6%
102 - 31.6%
197 - 100%
3.00 7.9
Solid Liquid Hfus at Melting point 50.2 117 0.71 0.44 0.51 0.33 181 1287
tp = triple point 2075 4492tp -210 -219 -220tp -249
Ni 104 - 18.6% I 154 - 22.7%
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar Ir Iridium
Rh Rhodium
rhenate ReO4(1-) Co Cobalt
cobaltate CoO4(4- 3-) O 36 - 0.3%
58 - 68.1%
83 - 11.5%
127 - 100%
Co-cyanate Co(CN)6 (3- and 4-) 16 - 99.8% 40 - 99.6% 84 - 57.0% Hg
2.60 8.48 10.71 50.21 0.66 1.72 6.4 1.18 98 650 660 1414 44 120 -102 -189 E - Cancer irradiation E - Headlight reflectors, telephone
A - Hypodermic needles, helicopter spark E - Relays, fountain pen points E -Gamma radiation A - Permanent magnet 18 - 0.2%
60
61
-
-
26.2%
1.1%
86 - 17.3% Rh Eu 198 - 10.0%
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr 103 - 100%
plugs, standard one-meter bar A - Airplane spark plugs A - Razor blades C - Catalytic converter K 62 - 3.6% Xe 151 - 47.8% 199 - 16.9%
2.33 8.54 14.10 14.15 21.5 21.0 12.91 13.81 16.2 17.48 13.26 7.32 5.59 36.94 24.44 6.69 10.57 1.64 64 842 1541 1668 1910 1907 1246 1538 1495 1455 1085 420 30 939 817tp 221 -7 -157tp 200 - 23.1%
10 Metal; compounds: M(1+...6+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+) F 39 - 93.3% 64 - 0.9% Rb 128 - 1.9% 153 - 52.2%
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe 41 - 6.7% 85 - 72.2% Pd 129 - 26.4% 201 - 13.2%
19 - 100% 102 - 1.02% 202 - 29.9%
2.19 7.43 11.4 21.0 30.0 37.48 33.29 38.59 26.59 16.74 11.30 6.19 3.28 7.03 19.87 17.49 15.52 2.27 39 777 1522 1855 2477 2623 2157 2334 1964 1555 962 321 157 232 631 450 114 -112tp
Pt E Platinum Palladium Nickel
- Crucibles, nitric acid production Pd E - Catalytic converters, hydrogen Ni E - Coins A-Knives, forks, spoons Cu 87 - 27.8%
104 - 11.1%
130 - 4.1% Gd 204 - 6.9%
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn A - Dental crowns C - Anti-tumor agent seperation A - Dental crowns, tel. relays E - White gold C-Rechargeable batteries 63 - 69.2% 131 - 21.2%
Ne Ca 105 - 22.3% 154 - 2.2%
2.09 7.12 6.20 27.2 36.57 52.31 60.43 57.85 41.12 22.17 12.55 2.29 4.14 4.77 11.3 2.89 28 727 918 2233 3017 3422 3186 3033 2446 1768 1064 -39 304 328 271 254 302 -71
11 Metal; compounds: M(1+...3+); ligand complexes: M(1-,0,1+) 20 - 90.5% 40 - 96.9%
65 - 30.8% Sr 106 - 27.3% 132 - 26.9% 155 - 14.8% Tl
86 - 9.9% 108 - 26.5% 134 - 10.4% 156 - 20.5%
Fr Ra Ac Fr Ra Ac 21 - 0.3% 42 - 0.7% 203 - 29.5%
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Au E -Gold Ag E Silver Copper
- Mirror, batteries; A - Silverware Cu E - Cable, wire A - Pennies, bells
136 - 8.9%
7.15 14.2
5.46 6.89 7.14 7.7 8.62 9.21 10.0 10.15 11.06 17.0 19.9 16.84 7.66 22.0
27 700 1051
798 931 1021 1042 1074 822 1313 1356 1412 1474 1529 1545 819 1663 Precious metal A - Jewelry 22 - 9.3% 44 - 2.1% Zn 87 - 7.0%
88 - 82.6%
110 - 11.7% 157 - 15.7% 205 - 70.5%
A - Electrical contacts, dental crowns C - Photograph film and paper A - Bronze sculpture, Statue of Liberty 64 - 48.6% 158 - 24.8%
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Sc
66 - 27.9% Ag Cs 160 - 21.9% Pb
13.81 12.34 9.14 3.20 2.82 14.39 15.0 1750 1572 1135 644 640 1176 1345 1050 900 860 1527 827 827 1627 12 Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+) Na 67 - 4.1% Y 107 - 51.8% 204 - 1.4%
45 - 100% 68 - 18.8% 133 - 100%
Mercury Hg2(2+) Cadmium Zinc 23 - 100% 89 - 100% 109 - 48.2%
Hg E - Barometers,thermometers, street Cd E - Rechargeable batteries A- Nuclear Zn E - Anti-corrosion coating, batteries Tb 206
207
-
-
24.1%
22.1%

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

lights A -Dental fillings C -Seed protection reactor regulator C -Red/yellow pigments A-Water/gas valves C -White rubber pigment 159 - 100% 208 - 52.4%
H2 He H2 He
14.30 5.19 0.002 0.002
13 Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(1+...3+) B Boron
B(2+,3+,3-)
metalloid
Dy Bi
Li Be J/(g K) (at 25C and 1atm) B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Li Be W/(cm K) (at 25C and 1atm, W = watt) B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Thallium Indium Gallium Aluminum
3.58 1.83 1.03 0.71 1.04 0.92 0.82 1.03 0.85 2.00 0.27 1.96 <0.001 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 Tl In Ga Al compounds: borates (BO4, BO3)
tetraborates B4O7(2-), boranes, borides
160 - 2.3% 209 - 100%
161 - 18.9%
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar E - Solar cells, mirrors
162 - 25.5% Po
1.23 1.02 0.90 0.71 0.77 0.71 0.48 0.52 1.41 1.56 2.37 1.49 0.002 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 E - Thermometer filling A - Regulator in nuclear power E - Quartz thermometers E - Window frames, doorknobs, tube
C - Insecticides, infrared detectors C - Photo cells, transistors C - Computer memory, transistors laser E - Cable, foil, fireworks, flashbulbs C - Tennis rackets, regulator in nuclear plants, heat resist- 163 - 24.9% 209 - 100%
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr C - Heart muscle research C - Blood and lung research C - Laser diodes, used to locate tumors A - Cars, rockets, planes ant glass, eye disinfectant 164 - 28.2%
0.76 0.65 0.57 0.52 0.49 0.45 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.44 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.23 0.25 1.03 2.01 0.16 0.22 0.31 0.94 0.08 0.80 1.00 0.91 4.01 1.16 0.41 0.60 0.50 0.02 0.001 <0.001 At
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe 14 Metal; compounds and ligand complexes: M(2+,4+) C Carbon
C(2+,4+,4-) carbonate CO3(2-) Ho 210 - 100%
Lead metal Tin metal Germanium metalloid Silicon metalloid
0.36 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.15 0.16 0.58 0.35 0.17 0.23 0.54 1.38 0.51 1.17 1.50 0.72 4.29 0.97 0.82 0.67 0.24 0.03 0.004 <0.001
Pb Sn hydroxy stannate Sn(OH)6(-2) Ge germanate GeO2(2-) GeO3(2-) Si silicates SiO4(-4) silanes (Si-
bicarbonate HCO3(1-), acetate C2H3O2(1-)
oxalate C2O4(2-), carbides (4-)
165 - 100%
Rn
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn hydrides) Si(4-) silicides silicic 222 - 100%
0.24 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.36 0.18 0.13 0.23 0.58 1.74 0.48 0.88 1.47 0.72 3.17 0.08 0.46 0.35 0.08 0.20 0.02 <0.001
E - Radiation protection acid H4SiO4 E - Pencils, diamonds, steel, controls nuclear reaction Er
Fr Ra Ac Fr Ra Ac A - Batteries, roof coverings, solders A - Cups, plates, coins, organ pipes E - Infrared prisms, reflector in projectors E - Microchips, solar cells C - Tools E - Tire colorant
164 - 1.6% Fr
0.12 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu A - Ammunition C - Gas additives C - Opalescent glass, enamel E - Wide angle lenses A - Dentistry C - Quartz, cement, glass, grease, oils C - Plastics, life
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.18 0.24 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.39 0.16 166 - 33.6% 223 - 100%
167 - 23.0%
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 15 Solid; compounds: M(3+,5+,3-) N Nitrogen
N(3-...5+); ammonium NH4(1+)
N2 gas
168 - 26.8% Ra
0.11 0.12 0.54 0.28 0.06 0.07 Bismuth Antimony Arsenic Phosphorus
Bi Sb As arsenide (3-) P phosphide (3-)
cyanide CN(1-) nitrate NO3(1-)
nitrite NO2(1-) nitride N(3-) oxides - NOx
170 - 14.9% 226 - 100%
phosphate (PO4(-3) azide N3(1-) diimide N2(2-) amide NH2(1-)
E - Shotgun pellets phosphoric acid H3PO4
E - Catalyst in rubber production A - Metal for mirrors acid: nitric HNO3 nitrous HNO2 Tm Ac
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCE IN THE EARTHS CRUST A - Fuses, sprinklers
C - Glass, ceramics
A - Solder, bearings, lead batteries
C - Mascara, infrared detectors
C - Glass, lasers
C - Light-emmiting diodes=LED
E - Fireworks, matches C - Pesticides
C - Fertilizer, detergents, toothpaste
E - Cryogenic surgery, liquid coolant, ammonia production
C - Rocket fuel
169 - 100% 227 - 100%

Th
16 Solid; compounds: M(2+,4+,6+,2-) O Oxygen o(2-,1-) O2 gas Yb 232 - 100%
H He Polonium metal Tellurium metalloid Selenium Sulfur solid
ozone O3 oxide (2-) 170 - 3.1%
1400 0.008 Po Te tellurate TeO4(2-) Se Selenides Se(2-) S sulfide S(2-) sulfate SO4(2-) sulfite SO3(2-)
peroxide O2(2-)
hydroxide OH(1-) 171 - 14.3%
Pa
1. Oxygen Li Be B C N O F Ne selenate SeO4(2)
acids of SeOx
thiosulfate S2O3(2-) thio...(S added or subst. for an O)
acids: sulfuric H2SO4, sulfurous H2SO3 172 - 21.9%
231 - 100%
2. Silicon 20 2.8
mg of element per kg of crust
10 200 19 461000 585 0.005 E - Vulcanization of rubber, percussion E - Combustion, steel production 173 - 16.1%
E - Nuclear batteries, neutron source caps, battery plate protector E - Light meters, copy machines, solar cells E - Matches, fireworks, batteries, vulcanization of rubber E - Water purification 174 - 31.8%
3. Aluminum Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar E - Antistatic agents, film cleaner A - Electric resistors C - Anti-dandruff shampoo C - Permanent wave lotion C - Sand, water, cement U
23600 23300 82300 282000 1050 350 145 3.5 176 - 12.7%
235 - 0.7%
4. Iron K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 17 Halogens, X2, compounds: M(1-), Halide (1-), Acid=HX F Fluorine F2 gas 238 - 99.3%
5. Calcium 20900 41500 22 5650 120 102 950 56300 25 84 60 70 19 1.5 1.8 0.05 2.4 <0.001
Astinate metalloid Iodine I2 solid Bromine Br2 liquid Chlorine
fluoride(1-) acid: HF Lu
6. Sodium Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe At I acid: Hl, iodide(1-) Br acid: HBr Cl chloride Cl(1-) chlorate ClO3(1-)
Cl2 gas hydrofluoric, oxyfluorides-
halofluorides
175 - 97.4% Elements >
90 370 33 165 20 1.2 synthetic 0.001 0.001 0.015 0.075 0.15 0.25 2.3 0.2 0.001 0.45 <0.001 iodate IO3(1-) bromides Br(1-) chlorite ClO2(1-) hypochlorite ClO(1-) 176 - 2.6% #92 are
7. Magnesium Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
periodate IO4(1-) bromate BrO3(1-) perchlorate ClO4(1-) acid: hydrochloric HCl,
perchloric HClO4, chloric HClO3 C - Toothpaste additives, teflon
synthetic and
radioactive
8. Potassium 3 425 39 3 2 1.3 <0.001 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.004 0.085 0.85 14 0.009 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 E - Disinfectant, halogen lamps C - Photographic film, tear gas E - Water purification C - Uranium enrichment
E, A, C - Seldom found in nature C - Ink pigments, salt additive C - fire retardants, disinfectant C - Bleach, hydrochloric acid, PVC plastics, stain removers C - Refrigerator coolants
9. Titanium Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001
10. Hydrogen 66.5 9.2 41.5 <0.001 7.05 2.0 6.2 1.2 5.2 1.3 3.5 0.52 3.2 0.8
18 Noble Gases; not reactive; unstable low temperature complexes
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rn Radon
Xe Xenon Forms compounds
Kr Krypton
Ar Argon
Ne Neon
He E Helium
9.6 <0.001 2.7 synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic synthetic with F - Balloons, blimps, lasers
E- Earthquake prediction, health threat in E - UV lamps, sun lamps, electronic E - Flourescent bulbs, flashbulbs E - Light bulbs, gas discharge tubes lasers E - Neon lights, fog lamps, TV tubes E - Diving bell atmosphere, leak detectors
homes built on granite flashes, projection lamps, paint testers E - UV lasers, wavelength standard E - Geiger counters, welding blanket gas E - Lasers, voltage detectors E - Nuclear power plant coolant