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ForclassDiscussionsOnly.Teacher.Armand.L.Tan.AssociateProfessor.
PhilosophyDepartment.SillimanUniversity
s7. Truth Values [TV]: statement either affirms/denies. Hence either true/false, but not both
true/false.
s8. Matrix Construction: truth table: systematic tabulation of all possible combination of truth
values for any given variable.
Interpretation: p.q = both conjuncts are true -(p.q) = not both are true
-p.-q = both are not true/both are false
`And' usually implies the idea of both, i.e. joined truth so that if either conjunct is false, then
conjunction is false.
/exclusive `or and not necessarily contrary to the idea of `possibly both; neither is it incompatible
with `@ most one of the disjuncts is true.
Interpretation: "if p then q" says nothing of the TV of the statements (otherwise we are
asserting a conjunction of true statements). Rather it says that if the antecedent is true, then
the consequent is also true. Implication implies logical relation between the antecedent/consequent.
For any tf-conditional, q will be the logical consequence of p, though as a matter of fact, no real
connection between the statements may be established. What is asserted in material implication is
logical consistency rather than a necessary factual relation between the statements.
Example: it is false: (-) that you got C: (p) but (.) did not pass: -q
Phrases: p entails q if p, q
p implies q q if p
p only if q q provided that p
p is a sufficient q on the condition that p
condition for q q is a necessary condition
not p unless q for p
9e. Biconditional: if and only if (:) colon -> p:q Also known as: Material Equivalence
interpretation: `if and only if' expresses a relationship of equivalence between the component
statements. p:q is interpreted to mean that p is materially equivalent to q
"if p then q and if q, then p" -> (p>q).(q>p) Equivalence: (p:q)=[(p>q).(q>p)] lg.df.
Phrases: when and only when/ If and only if /just exactly if/ is materially equivalent to
Review Questions
1. Define a statement variable. 2. How do simple and compound statements differ?
3. How do strict and inclusive disjunctions differ? 4. What is a truth-functional statement?
5. What is a matrix/truth table? 6. State the other terms used for `truth-functional logic.'
7. What are the statement connectives/logical operator?
8. Explain the difference between `not both' and `both not.'
9. State the words/phrases that may express conjunction/negation /disjunction/implication /bicon
10. State symbolically the meaning of exclusive disjunction.
s6/s9c EXERCISES
1. Either John Venn is logical or he is not. 2. Neither Venn nor Gdel was right or Wang was
wrong. 3. It is not the case that either Venn or Gdel is logical.
4. The mathematics of distortion distorts one's thinking; so does Pierre de Fermat's last theorem.
5.`Every good mathematician is at least half a philosopher, And every good philosopher is at least
half a mathematician.'
Review Questions
s9d/s10 EXERCISES
1. R.Carnap's `logical involution' is false just in case the premises are true and the conclusion
false. 2. ..a concept is clearer if and only if it is easier. 3. Mathematics is not the `science of
quantity', unless it distorts reality. 4. The reliability of Riemannian geometry is a sufficient
condition for the falsity of Euclidian parallel postulate. 5. "p materially implies q" is true if either
p is false or q is true. 6. Carnap's `this stone is thinking about Vienna' is meaningless
just exactly if Brouwer's intuitionism is true. 7. X+ is commutative provided that x+y=y+x.
8. Either not (p)q) or q is true. 9. Einstein was not right, unless Plank's constant is not
absolute. 10. Russell: Pure mathematics is the subject in which we do not Know what we are
talking about, nor whether what we are saying is true (quoted, Nagel/Neumann "Godel's Proof"in
Copi/Gould 1967:53).
-[(p.q)>(r:s)]v(-s>q)
-[(1.1)>(0:0)]v(-0>1)
-[( 1 )>( 1 )]v(1 >1)
-[ 1 > 1 ]v( 1 )
-[ 1 ]v 1
0 v 1
1=true