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P6.3-1
P6.3-2
Apply KVL to loop 1:
− 12 + 3000 i1 + 0 + 2000 i1 = 0
12
⇒ i1 = = 2.4 mA
5000
The currents into the inputs of an ideal op
amp are zero so
io = i1 = 2.4 mA
i2 = − i1 = − 2.4 mA
va = i2 (1000 ) + 0 = −2.4 V
vo − ( −2 ) 12 − ( −2 )
+ = 0 ⇒ vo = −30 V
8000 4000
−2 − vo
io = = 3.5 mA
8000
P6.3-5
The voltages at the input nodes of
an ideal op amp are equal, so
va = 0 V . Apply KCL at node a:
⎛ v − 0 ⎞ ⎛ 12 − 0 ⎞ −3
−⎜ o ⎟−⎜ ⎟ − 2 ⋅10 = 0
⎝ 3000 ⎠ ⎝ 4000 ⎠
⇒ vo = − 15 V
Apply KCL at the output node of
the op amp:
v v
io + o + o = 0 ⇒ io = 7.5 mA
6000 3000
(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)
P6.3-6
The currents into the inputs of an ideal op amp
are zero and the voltages at the input nodes of
an ideal op amp are equal so va = 2.5 V .
Apply Ohm’s law to the 4 kΩ resistor:
v 2.5
ia = a = = 0.625 mA
4000 4000
P6.3-7
⎛ v − 0 ⎞ ⎛ va − 0 ⎞ R2
−⎜ s ⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + 0 = 0 ⇒ va = − vs
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R 2 ⎠ R1
0 − va 0 − va R 2 + R3 ⎛ R 2 + R3 ⎞
io = + =− va = ⎜
⎜ R1 R 3 ⎟⎟ s
v
R2 R3 R 2 R3 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ v − 0 ⎞ ⎛ va − 0 ⎞ R4 R2 R4
−⎜ o ⎟ −⎜ ⎟ + 0 = 0 ⇒ vo = − va = vs
⎜ R 4 ⎟ ⎜ R3 ⎟ R3 R1 R 3
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
P6.3-8
2. KCL
3. Ohm’s law
Then
v0 = 11.8 − 1.8 = 10 V
and
10
io = = 2.5 mA
4000
va − ( −18 ) v
+ a + 0 = 0 ⇒ va = −12 V
4000 8000
Voltage division:
8000
vo = vb = −8 V
4000 + 8000
(check using LNAP 8/16/02)
P6.3-10
Label the circuit as shown. The current in resistor R 3 is
i s . Consequently:
v a = i s R3
vo − va ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 R 3 ⎞
= i = ⎜1 + ⇒ v o = ⎜ R1 + R 3 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ s ⎟⎟ i s
i
R1 ⎜ R
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
We require
R1 R 3
R1 + R 3 + = 20
R2
e.g. R1 = 5 kΩ and R 2 = R3 = 10 kΩ .
(checked: LNAP 6/2/04)
P6.3-11
Label the circuit as shown. Apply KCL at the top
node of R 2 to get
vs − va va ⎛ R2 ⎞
= + 0 ⇒ va = ⎜
⎜ R1 + R 2 ⎟⎟ s
v
R1 R2 ⎝ ⎠
We require
R 2 ( R3 + R 4 )
=5
(R 1 + R2 ) R4
e.g. R1 = R 2 = 10 kΩ , R3 = 90 kΩ and R 4 = 10 kΩ .
(checked: LNAP 6/2/04)
Section 6-4: Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers
P6.4-1
vb − 2 v v +5 1
KCL at node b: + b + b = 0 ⇒ vb = − V
20000 40000 40000 4
1
The node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal so ve = vb = − V.
4
ve v −v 10
KCL at node e: + e d = 0 ⇒ vd = 10 ve = − V
1000 9000 4
va − 12 v v −0
0= + a + a ⇒ va = 4 V
6000 6000 6000
⎛v −0⎞ ⎛ 0 − vo ⎞
−⎜ a ⎟+0+⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 6000 ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
⇒ vo = − va = −4 V
⎛ 0 − vo ⎞ vo
io − ⎜ ⎟+ = 0 (checked using LNAP 8/16/02)
⎝ 6000 ⎠ 6000
v
⇒ io = − o = 1.33 mA
3000
P6.4-3
⎛ v − 0 ⎞ ⎛ vs − 0 ⎞
−⎜ a ⎟−⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ R2 ⎠ ⎝ R1 ⎠
R
⇒ va = − 2 vs
R1
P6.4-4
Ohm’s law:
v1 −v2
i=
R2
KVL:
R1 + R2 + R3
v0 = ( R1 + R2 + R3 ) i = ( v1 −v2 )
R2
P6.4-5
v1 −va v1 −v2 ⎛ R ⎞ R
+ + 0 = 0 ⇒ va = ⎜1+ 1 ⎟ v1 − 1 v2
R1 R7 ⎝ R7 ⎠ R7
v2 −vb v −v ⎛ R ⎞ R
− 1 2 + 0 = 0 ⇒vb = ⎜1+ 2 ⎟ v2 − 2 v1
R2 R7 ⎝ R7 ⎠ R7
⎛ v −v ⎞ v −0 R6
− ⎜ b c ⎟ + c + 0 = 0 ⇒ vc = vb
⎝ R4 ⎠ R6 R4 + R6
⎛ v −v ⎞ ⎛ v −v ⎞ R5 R
−⎜ a c ⎟ + ⎜ c 0 ⎟ + 0 = 0 ⇒ v0 = − va + (1+ 5 )vc
⎝ R3 ⎠ ⎝ R5 ⎠ R3 R3
⎡ R R R (R +R ) R ⎤ ⎡R R R (R +R ) R ⎤
v0 = ⎢ 5 1 + 6 3 5 (1+ 2 ) ⎥ v2 − ⎢ 5 (1+ 1 ) + 6 3 5 2 ⎥ v1
⎣ R3 R7 R3 ( R4 + R6 ) R7 ⎦ ⎣ R3 R7 R3 ( R4 + R6 ) R7 ⎦
v −v
i0 = c 0 = "
R5
P6.4-6
va vc 5
KCL at node b: + = 0 ⇒ vc = − va
20 ×10 25 ×10
3 3
4
⎛ 5 ⎞
va − ⎜ − va ⎟
va − ( −12 ) va v +0 ⎝ 4 ⎠ = 0 ⇒ v = − 12 V
KCL at node a: + + a +
40 × 10 40 × 10 20 × 10 10 × 103
3 3 3 a
13
5 15
So vc = − va = − .
4 13
⎛ v −0 ⎞ ⎛ ( va + 6 ) − 0 ⎞
−⎜ a ⎟+0−⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝ 10000 ⎠ ⎝ 30000 ⎠
⇒ va = −1.5 V
va − 0 va + 6 − 0
+
10000 30000
v −v
+ a b + a
( v + 6 )−vb = 0
30000 10000
⇒ 3va + va + 6 + va − vb
+ 3 ⎡⎣( va + 6 ) − vb ⎤⎦ = 0
⇒ vb = 2va + 6 = 3 V
vb v − v ⎛ v − v ⎞ ⎛ ( v + 6 ) − vb ⎞
+ b 0 −⎜ a b ⎟−⎜ a ⎟ = 0
10000 30000 ⎝ 30000 ⎠ ⎝ 10000 ⎠
⇒ 3vb +( vb − v0 )−( va − vb )−3⎡⎣( va + 6 ) − vb ⎤⎦ = 0
⇒ v0 = 8vb − 4va −18 = 12 V
v0 v −v
i0 + + 0 b = 0 ⇒ i0 = − 0.7 mA
30000 30000
P6.4-8
Apply KVL to the bottom mesh:
10
va = 10000 i0 = V
6
Apply KCL at node a:
va v −v
+ a 0 = 0 ⇒ v0 = 3va = 5 V
10000 20000
P6.4-9
vb + 12 v
KCL at node b: + b = 0 ⇒ vb = −4 V
40000 20000
The node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal, so vc = vb = −4 V .
The node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal, so vd = vc + 0 × 104 = −4 V .
⎛ v f − vg ⎞ vg 2
KCL at node g: −⎜ 3 ⎟
+ = 0 ⇒ vg = v f
⎝ 20 × 10 ⎠ 40 × 10
3
3
2
The node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op amp are equal, so ve = vg = v f .
3
2
vd − v f vd − ve vd − v f vd − 3 v f 6 24
KCL at node d: 0 = + = + ⇒ v f = vd = − V
20 ×10 20 × 10
3 3
20 × 10 3
20 × 10 3
5 5
2 16
Finally, ve = vg = vf = − V.
3 5
P6.4-10
By voltage division (or by applying KCL at
node a)
R0
va = vs
R1 + R0
vb − vs vb − v0
+ = 0
R1 R0 +ΔR
R0 +ΔR
⇒ ( vb −vs )+ vb = v0
R1
⎡⎛ R +ΔR ⎞ R0 R +ΔR ⎤ ΔR ⎛ R0 ⎞ ΔR
v0 = ⎢⎜ 0 +1⎟ − 0 ⎥ vs = − vs = ⎜ −vs ⎟
⎣⎝ R1 ⎠ R1 + R0 R1 ⎦ R1 + R0 ⎝ R1 + R0 ⎠ R0
P6.4-11
Node equations:
vs vs − va ⎛ R2 ⎞
+ = 0 ⇒ va = ⎜1 +
⎜ R1 ⎟⎟ s
v
R1 R2 ⎝ ⎠
and
vs − va va va − vo
= +
R2 R3 R4
so
⎛ R4 R4 ⎞ R4
vo = ⎜ 1 + + ⎟ va − vs
⎜ R 2 R3 ⎟ R
⎝ ⎠ 2
⎛ R4 R4 ⎞ ⎛ R2 ⎞ R4 ⎛ R4 R4 R2 R2 R4 ⎞
vo = ⎜ 1 + + 1+ vs − vs = ⎜ 1 + + + +
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ R 3 R1 R1 R1 R 3 ⎟⎟ s
v
⎜ R 2 R3 ⎟ ⎜ R ⎟ R
⎝ ⎠⎝ 1 ⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ ( R1 + R 2 )( R 3 + R 4 ) + R 3 R 4 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ vs
⎜ R1 R 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ( 20 + 20 )(10 + 8 ) + 10 × 8 ⎞ ⎛ 40 × 18 + 80 ⎞
vo = ⎜ ⎟ vs = ⎜ ⎟ vs = ( 4 ) vs
⎝ 20 × 10 ⎠ ⎝ 200 ⎠
P6.4-12
Notice that the currents in resistance R1 and R2 are
both zero, as shown. Consequently, the voltages at
the noninverting inputs of the op amps are v1 and v2,
as shown. The voltages at the inverting inputs of the
ideal op amps are also v1 and v2, as shown.
va − v2 v2 ⎛ R5 + R 6 ⎞
= ⇒ va = ⎜
⎜ R 6 ⎟⎟ 2
v
R5 R6 ⎝ ⎠
vo − v1 v1 − va ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R3 ⎞
= ⇒ vo = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ v1 − ⎜ ⎟ va
R3 R4 ⎜ R4 ⎟ ⎜ R4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R5 + R 6 ⎞
vo = ⎜1 + ⎟ v1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ R 4 ⎟ ⎜ R 6 ⎟⎟ 2
v
⎜ R4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
R3 R6
When =
R4 R5
⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R5 ⎞ ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R3 ⎞ ⎛ R 4 ⎞
vo = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ v1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ v2 = ⎜ 1 + ⎟ v1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 +
⎜ R 4 ⎟ ⎜ R 3 ⎟⎟ 2
v
⎜ R4 ⎟ ⎜ R4 ⎟ ⎜ R6 ⎟ ⎜ R4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ R3 ⎞
⎜ R 4 ⎟⎟ ( 1 2 )
= ⎜1 + v −v
⎝ ⎠
so vo is proportional to the difference of the inputs, v1 − v2, as required.
R
Next, choose R3 and R4 so that 5 = 1 + 3 , e.g.
R4
R1 = 50 kΩ, R2 = 50 kΩ, R3 = 40 kΩ, R4 = 10 kΩ, R5 = 10 kΩ and R6 = 40 kΩ.
P6.4-13
Write a node equation at the inverting input of the
bottom op amp:
vo va R4
+ = 0 ⇒ va = − vo
R3 R4 R3
R 2 R3
The output is proportional to the input and the constant of proportionality is . We require
R1 R 4
R 2 R3
vo = 20 vi so = 20 . For example, R1 = R 4 = 10 kΩ, R 2 = 40 kΩ and R 3 = 50 kΩ .
R1 R 4
P6.4-14
P6.4-15
vs − va vo − va va
+ =
R1 R3 R2
and
va vo R4
+ = 0 ⇒ vo = − va
R2 R4 R2
So
vs ⎛ 1vo 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ R1 R 2 + R1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 ⎞ ⎛ R 2 ⎞
+
=⎜ + + ⎟ va = ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ − vo ⎟
R1 R 3 ⎜⎝ R1 R 2 R 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜
⎝ R 1 R 2 R 3 ⎠⎝ R 4
⎟
⎠
vs ⎛ 1 R1 R 2 + R1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 ⎞ ⎛ R1 R 4 + R1 R 2 + R1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 ⎞
= −⎜ + ⎟ vo = − ⎜ ⎟⎟ v o
R1 ⎜ R3 R1 R 3 R 4 ⎟ ⎜ R1 R 3 R 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ R3 R 4 ⎞
vo = − ⎜
⎜ R1 R 4 + R1 R 2 + R1 R 3 + R 2 R 3 ⎟⎟ s
v
⎝ ⎠
We require
R3 R 4
20 =
R1 R 4 + R 1 R 2 + R1 R 3 + R 2 R 3
Try
R1 = R 2 = R and R3 = R 4 = aR
Then
a2
20 =
3a + 1
So
a 2 − 60a − 20 = 0
+60 ± 3600 + 4 ( 80 )
a= = 60.332, − 0.332
2
e.g.
R1 = R 2 = 10 kΩ and R3 = R 4 = 603.32 kΩ
(checked: LNAP 6/9/04)
P6.4-17
vs va vo
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3
and
va va − vo ⎛ R4 ⎞
+ = 0 ⇒ va = ⎜
⎜ R 4 + R 5 ⎟⎟ o
v
R4 R5 ⎝ ⎠
So
vs vo va R4
+ =− =− vo
R1 R3 R2 R 2 ( R 4 + R5 )
vs ⎛ 1 R4 ⎞ R 2 ( R 4 + R5 ) + R 4 R3
= −⎜ + ⎟ vo = − vo
R1 ⎜ R3 R 2 ( R 4 R5 ) ⎟ R R ( R + R )
⎝ ⎠ 2 3 4 5
vo = −
R 2 R3 R 4 + R5 ( vs
)
(
R1 R 2 R 4 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 4 )
We require
R 2 R3 ( R 4 + R5 )
20 =
R1 ( R 2 R 4 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 4 )
Try
R1 = R 4 = R5 = R and R 2 = R3 = aR
then
2a 2 R 3 2
20 = = a ⇒ a = 30
3aR 3 3
e.g.
R1 = R 4 = R5 = 10 kΩ and R 2 = R3 = 300 kΩ
vb − va va R1
= ⇒ va = vb
R2 R1 R1 + R 2
vo − vb
io + =0 ⇒ v b = R 3i o + v o
R3
vo − va vs − va vs ⎛ R1 + R2 ⎞ vo
+ =0 ⇒ =⎜ ⎟ va −
R2 R1 R1 ⎜⎝ R1 R 2 ⎟⎠ R2
So
⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ ⎛ R1 ⎞
( R 3i o + v o ) −
vs v o R3
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = io
R1 ⎜⎝ R1 R 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ R1 + R 2 ⎟⎠ R2 R2
io R2
=
v s R1 R 3
R2
We require = 0.02, e.g. R 2 = 8 kΩ, R1 = R 3 = 20 kΩ .
R1 R 3
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)
P6.4-19
(a) Use units of volts, mA, and kΩ. Apply KCL at the inverting input of the left op amp to get
vs va vo ⎛ 50 ⎞
+ + = 0 ⇒ v a = − ⎜ 5v s + v o ⎟
10 50 R ⎝ R ⎠
4 40 ⎛ 40 ⎞
v o = v a = −4v s − v o ⇒ ⎜1 + ⎟ v o = −4v s
5 R ⎝ R⎠
4vo 4R
=−=−
vs 1+
40 R + 40
R
vo
(b) 0≤R≤∞ ⇒ −4≤ ≤0
vs
4R
(c) We require −3 = − ⇒ R = 120 kΩ
R + 40
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)
P6.4-20
(a) Use units of V, mA and kΩ. Apply KCL at the inverting input of the left op amp to get
v1 va vo ⎛ 30 ⎞
+ + = 0 ⇒ v a = − ⎜ 3v s + v o ⎟
10 30 R ⎝ R ⎠
90 ⎛ 90 ⎞
v o = 3v a = −9v s − vo ⇒ ⎜1 + ⎟ v o = −9v s
R ⎝ R⎠
9vo 9R
=−=−
vs 1+
90 R + 90
R
vo
(b) 0≤R≤∞ ⇒ −9 ≤ ≤0
vs
−9 R
(c) We require −5 = ⇒ R = 112.5 kΩ
R + 90
(checked: LNAP 7/8/04)
P6.4-21
Use units of V, mA and kΩ.
P6.4-22
P6.5-1
Use the current-to-voltage converter, entry (g) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-2
Use the voltage –controlled current source, entry (i) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-3
Use the noninverting summing amplifier, entry (e) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-4
Use the difference amplifier, entry (f) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-5
Use the inverting amplifier and the summing amplifier, entries (a) and (d) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-6
Use the negative resistance converter, entry (h) in Figure 6.6-1.
P6.5-7
Use the noninverting amplifier, entry (b) in Figure 6.6-1. Notice that the ideal op amp forces the
current iin to be zero.
P6.5-8
Summing Amplifier: va = − ( 6 v1 + 2 v2 ) ⎫
⎬ ⇒ vo = 6 v1 + 2 v2
Inverting Amplifier: vo = −va ⎭
P6.5-9
Using superposition, vo = v1 + v2 + v3 = −9 − 16 + 32 = 7 V
P6.5-10
R1 6 12 24 6||12 6||24
R2 12||12||24 6||12||24 6||12||12 12||24 12||12
-vo/vs 0.8 0.286 0.125 2 1.25
va va − vb ⎛ R3 + R 4 ⎞
+ = 0 ⇒ vb = ⎜
⎜ R 3 ⎟⎟ a
v
R3 R3 ⎝ ⎠
v a − v in va − vb
+ + i out = 0
R1 R2
Solving gives
⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ v in v b ⎛ R1 + R 2 R 3 + R 4 ⎞ v in
va ⎜ ⎟ − − + i out = 0 ⇒ v a ⎜ − ⎟⎟ − + i out = 0
⎜ R1 R 2 ⎟ R1 R 2 ⎜ R1 R 2 R R R
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 3 ⎠ 1
1
i out = v in
R1
P6.5-12
vt vt − vb ⎛ R3 + R 4 ⎞
+ = 0 ⇒ vb = ⎜
⎜ R 3 ⎟⎟ t
v
R3 R4 ⎝ ⎠
⎛ R3 + R 4 ⎞
⎜ ⎟vt
v t v t − v b v t ⎜⎝ R 3 ⎟⎠ ⎛ 1 R4 ⎞ R 2 R 3 − R1 R 4
it = + = + =⎜ − ⎟ vt = vt
R1 R2 R1 R2 ⎜ R1 R 2 R 3 ⎟ R1 R 2 R 3
⎝ ⎠
vt R1 R 2 R 3 R2
Ro = = =
it R 2 R 3 − R1 R 4 R2 R4
−
R1 R3
P6.5-13
(a) Label the node voltages as shown. The
node equations are
vs − va vb − va va
+ =
R1 R2 R3
and
va vo − va ⎛ R5 ⎞
= ⇒ va = ⎜
⎜ R 4 + R 5 ⎟⎟ o
v
R5 R4 ⎝ ⎠
So
⎛ R 2 R3 R 4 + R5 ⎞ R1 R 3 R 4 + R5
a=⎜ × ⎟ v s and b = × × vb
⎜ R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R1 R 3 R ⎟ R R + R R + R R R
⎝ 5 ⎠ 1 2 2 3 1 3 5
R1 R 3 R 4 + R5 5
5= × × vb = vb
R1 R 2 + R 2 R 3 + R1 R 3 R5 4
i.e.
vb = 4 V
(checked: LNAP 6/20/04)
P6.5-14
(a) Apply KCL at the inverting input of the op
amp to get:
vs vb vo ⎛ R3 ⎞ R3
+ + = 0 ⇒ vo = ⎜ − ⎟ vs − vb
R1 R 2 R 3 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1 ⎠ R2
So
R3 R3
a=− and b = − vb
R1 R2
P6.5-15
P6.5-16
(a)
⎡⎛ R 4 ⎞⎛ R1 + R 2 ⎞ R 2 ⎤ ⎛ R 6 ⎞ R1 R 4 − R 2 R 3 ⎛ R 6 ⎞
v o = ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ − ⎥⎜ + 1⎟ v 1 = ⎜ + 1⎟ v 1
⎢⎣⎜⎝ R 3 + R 4 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎠⎝ R1 ⎠ R1 ⎥⎦ ⎝ R 5 ⎠
⎜ ⎟ R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) ⎜⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠
So the gain is
v o R1 R 4 − aR p R 3 ⎛ R 6 ⎞
= ⎜ + 1⎟
v1 R1 ( R 3 + R 4 ) ⎜⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠
1
(b) When R1 = R 3 = R 4 = R p the gain becomes
2
vo ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ R6 ⎞
= ⎢ − a⎥ ⎜ + 1⎟
vi ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎜⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠
so
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ R6 ⎞ v o ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ R6 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟ ⎜⎜ + 1⎟ ≤ ≤ ⎜ ⎟⎜ + 1⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠ v i ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠
We require
1 ⎛ R6 ⎞
10 = ⎜ + 1⎟ ⇒ R 6 = 19 R 5
2 ⎜⎝ R 5 ⎟⎠
e.g. R 5 = 10 kΩ and R 6 = 190 kΩ. Any convenient value of Rp will do, e.g. R p = 100 kΩ
Section 6-6: Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations
P6.6-1
P6.6-2
Section 6-7: Characteristics of the Practical Operational Amplifier
P6.7-1
( )
= 11 ( 0.03×10−3 )+ (100×103 ) 1.2×10−9 = 0.45 mV
P6.7-2
vos v −v
The node equation at node a is: + ib1 = 0 os
10000 90000
Solving for vo:
⎛ 90×103 ⎞
vo = ⎜1+ v + ( 90 × 103 ) ib1 = 10 vos + ( 90 × 103 ) i b1
3 ⎟ os
⎝ 10×10 ⎠
= 10(5 × 10−3 )+ ( 90 × 103 ) (.05 × 10−9 ) = 50.0045 × 10−3 − 50 mV
P6.7-3
v1 −vin v1 v1 −v0 ⎫
+ + = 0⎪
R1 Rin R2 ⎪ v0 Rin ( R0 − AR2 )
⎬ ⇒ =
v0 + Av1 v0 − v1 vin ( R1 + Rin )( R0 + R2 ) + R1 Rin (1+ A)
+ =0 ⎪
R0 R2 ⎪⎭
P6.7-4
a) v0 R2 49×103
= − = − = −9.6078
vin R1 5.1×103
b)
v0
=
( (
2×106 ) 75−( 200,000 )( 50×103 ) ) = −9.9957
vin (5×103 + 2×106 )(75+ 50×103 ) + (5×103 )(2×106 )(1+ 200,000)
c) v0 2×106 (75−(200,000)(49×103 ))
= = −9.6037
vin (5.1×103 +2×106 )(75+49×103 )+(5.1×103 )(2×106 )(1+200,000)
P6.7-5
Apply KCL at node b:
R3
vb = (vcm − v p )
R2 + R3
Apply KCL at node a:
va −v0 va −(vcm + vn )
+ = 0
R4 R1
The voltages at the input nodes of
an ideal op amp are equal so
va = vb .
R R +R
v0 = − 4 (vcm + vn ) + 4 1 va
R1 R1
R
v0 = − 4 (vcm + vn ) +
R1
( R4 + R1 ) R3
(vcm − v p )
R1 ( R2 + R3 )
R4
+1
R4 R3 ( R4 + R1 ) R3 R1 R R
when = then = × 3 = 4
R1 R2 R1 ( R2 + R3 ) R3
+1 R2 R1
R2
so
R4 R R
v0 = − (vcm + vn ) + 4 (vcm − v p ) = − 4 (vn + v p )
R1 R1 R1
Section 6-9 How Can We Check…?
P6.9-1
Apply KCL at the output node of the op
amp
vo v − ( −5 )
io = + o =0
10000 4000
7 7 − ( −5 )
−1× 10−3 ≠ 3.7 × 10−3 = +
10000 4000
P6.9-2
va = ( 4 ×103 )( 2 ×10−3 ) = 8 V
12 ×103
vo = − va = −1.2 ( 8 ) = −9.6 V
10 ×103
So vo = −9.6 V instead of 9.6 V.
P6.9-3
First, redraw the circuit as:
Then using superposition, and recognizing of the inverting and noninverting amplifiers:
⎛ 6 ⎞⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 4⎞
vo = ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ( −3) + ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ( 2 ) = −18 + 6 = −12 V
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
P6.9-4
First notice that ve = v f = vc is required by the ideal op amp. (There is zero current into the input
lead of an ideal op amp so there is zero current in the 10 kΩ connected between nodes e and f,
hence zero volts across this resistor. Also, the node voltages at the input nodes of an ideal op
amp are equal.)
The given voltages satisfy all the node equations at nodes b, c and d:
0 − (−5) 0 0− 2
node b: + + =0
10000 40000 4000
0− 2 2 −5
node c: = +0
4000 6000
2 −5 5 5−11
node d: = +
6000 5000 4000
−2.5 = vd = K
4
( K v + K v ) = 10 ⎛⎜⎝ 12 ( 2 )+ 14 ( −5) ⎞⎟⎠
1 a 2 c