You are on page 1of 43

TOPIC 2 :

RAINFALL DATA
ANALYSIS

END
MENU

TACHYMETRY
INTRODUCTION SYSTEM FIELD WORK

Defination Type Example work


Purpose
Practical 1
Basic principles

END
DEFINATION OF PRECIPITATION

Precipitation is the most important component of the


hydrological cycle that describes all forms of water that fall
from the atmosphere to the earth surface.
Depending on temperature and location, precipitation
may occur in a variety of forms which includes drizzles, rain,
snow hail and frost. It is estimated that only about one quarter of
the total amount of precipitation that falls on the land surface is
returned back to the oceans by direct runoff and underground
flow.

END
CATEGORY OF
PRECIPITATION

1 2
Liquid : Frozen

a) Rain a) Snow
b) Drizzle b) Glaze
c) Sleet
d) Hail

END
PRECIPITATION - LIQUID CATEGORY

Rain
Rain is the major form of precipitation in the form of water
drops of sizes greater than 0.5 mm.
The maximum sizes of rain drop is about 6 mm.
Based on its intensity,
i. light rain (>2.5mm/hr),
ii. moderate rain (2.5 7.5 mm/hr) and
iii. heavy rain (< 7.5mm/hr).

Drizzle
A fine sprinkle of water droplet of size less than 0.5 mm and
intensity less than 1mm/hr. because the drop are so small,
they normally float in the air

END
PRECIPITATION - FROZEN CATEGORY

Snow the precipitation that reaches the ground in the form of


ice crystals. These ice crystals often combine themselves to form
snow flakes. Their sizes may vary from a few millimeters to several
centimeters.

Glaze forms on the ground as an ice coating when rains or


drizzles come in contact with the cold ground at ground 0C.

Sleet a frozen raindrop of transparent grains which form when


rain falls through air at subfreezing temperature.

Hail a showery precipitation in the form of irregular pellets or


lumps of ice of size more than 8 mm. it occur in a violent
thunderstorm in which vertical currents are very strong.

END
CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL

END
TYPE OF PRECIPITATION

Orographic Frontal
TYPE
Convective Cyclonic

END
1) OROGRAHIC PRECIPITATION

END
2) CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION

END
3) FRONTAL PRECIPITATION

END
4) CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION
This precipitation is resulted by
mechanical lifting of warm air mass due
to pressure difference caused by
unequal heating of earth surface.
Movement of warm air takes place from the
high pressure region to low pressure region.
Basically there are two types of cyclones,
i.e.
a) Tropical cyclone known by the name
of hurricane or sometimes typhone. Its
diameter is comparatively small, ranging
from 300 to 1500 km. It is accompanied
with high wind velocity and intense storm.
b) Extra tropical cyclone cover large
diameter, which is up to 3000 km. It causes
frontal precipitation

END
CALCULATION

DETERMINATION OF DETERMINATION OF
MISSING DATA MEAN AREAL
PREPICIPATION

Arithmetic mean method Arithmetic mean method


Normal ratio method Thiessen polygon method
Quadrant method Isohyetal method
Double mass curve method
Why happened the missing data?
Rainfall data analysis process requires a continuous record
of rainfall data precipitation of data inconsistencies caused
by:
a) recorders neglect
b) recorder equipment damage (rain gauge)

Thus missing data should be estimated before the analysis is


performed

Data loss can be estimated by using the gauge stations near

Three methods commonly used in the estimation:


a) Arithmetic average method
b) Normal ration method
c) Quadrant methods

END
1) Arithmentic Mean Method
This method is used if the annual rainfall at each of the index station
within 10% of that or station X
Px = precipitation station x (missing data)
Px = P1 + P2 + + Pm P1, P2, Pm = precipitation at surrounding x
M station.
3) Quadrant Method
This method is used by U.S National weather service in the studies of river
forecasting.
In this method four quadrant are delineated by north-south and east-west line
passing through the rain gauge station where the missing rainfall is to be estimated.

PROCEDURE

Plot the location of all stations


Build x-y axis through the gauge which missing data as the origin
Select the four rain gauge stations from each quadrant and the closest to the origin
Calculate the distance from each station of origin
Quadrant Precipitation Coordinate x y di 1/di wi
wipi
I
II
III
IV
total
3) Quadrant Method

Quadrant Precipitation Coordinate x y di 1/di wi wipi


I 16.7 (-10,4) -10 4 116 0.0086 0.1196 1.997
II 15.3 (5,3) 5 3 34 0.0294 0.4089 6.256
III 13.5 (-2,-8) -2 -8 68 0.0147 0.2045 2.761
IV 17.1 (-4,-6) 4 -6 52 0.0192 0.2670 4.566
0.0719 15.58
PRACTICE 1

END
PRACTICE 1

END
THANK YOU

END
CALCULATION

DETERMINATION OF DETERMINATION OF
MISSING DATA MEAN AREAL
PREPICIPATION

Arithmetic mean method Arithmetic mean method


Normal ratio method Thiessen polygon method
Quadrant method Isohyetal method
Double mass curve method
DETERMINATION OF
MEAN AREAL
PREPICIPATION

1) ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + + Pm
M

2) THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD

P = P1A1 + P2A2 + P3A3 + +PmAm


A1 + A2 +A3 + .+ Am
1) ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + + Pm
M

Answer
P = 6.74 + 6.01
= 6.38 in
2
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
THIESSEN POLYGON METHOD
Isohyetal method
5mm

6 mm

8 mm

7mm
Double mass curve method
Table below shows the data of precipitation at 4 stations from the year
2001 to 2005. Based on the data below, data for station S are not
accurate. Do the correction by using Double Mass Curve Method and
estimate the new data for the station S.
Years / precipitations (mm)
Stations
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
P 260 285 300 323 361
Q 250 273 296 311 335
R 286 301 337 359 386
S 291 321 356 157 172

Mean Cumulative Cumulative


Years P Q R S
PQR S mean PQR
2005 361 335 386 172 360.7 172 360.7
2004 323 311 359 157 331 329 691.7
2003 300 296 337 356 311 685 1002.7
2002 285 273 301 321 286.3 1006 1289
2001 260 250 286 291 265.3 1297 1554.3
Plot graph Cumulative S versus Cumulative mean PQR

M1

Changes after
2003
Mo
Cumulative
Mean Mean
Year Station x (cm) precipitation for Station x precipitation
8 station (cm) (cm) for 8 station
(cm)
1987 70 55 70 55
1988 60 57 130 112
1989 50 37 180 149
1990 20 19 200 168
1991 26 28 226 196
1992 34 61 260 257
1993 30 55 290 312
1994 26 39 316 351
Cumulative
Station X

Changes
(cm)

after 1990

Cumulative
8 Station (cm)
Cumulative New data
Mean Mean
Year Station x (cm) precipitation for Station x precipitation Station x Cumulative
8 station (cm) (cm) for 8 station (cm) station x (cm)
(cm)
1987 70 55 70 55 70 70
1988 60 57 130 112 60 130
1989 50 37 180 149 50 180
1990 20 19 200 168 12.1 192.1
1991 26 28 226 196 15.7 207.8
1992 34 61 260 257 20.5 228.3
1993 30 55 290 312 18.1 246.4
1994 26 39 316 351 15.7 262.1
PANDUAN KEKUNCI

SATU SLIDE SEBELUMNYA SLIDE MENU

SATU SLIDE SELEPASNYA SLIDE PERMULAAN

SLIDE TERAKHIR END TAMAT

SLIDE PANDUAN

END

You might also like