Coordinates: 151610N 890225W

Quirigu
Quirigu (Spanish pronunciation: [kiiwa]) is an ancient Maya
Quirigu
archaeological site in the department of Izabal in south-eastern
Guatemala. It is a medium-sized site covering approximately 3 square
kilometres (1.2 sq mi) along the lower Motagua River,[2] with the
ceremonial center about 1 km (0.6 mi) from the north bank.[3] During the
Maya Classic Period (AD 200900), Quirigu was situated at the juncture
of several important trade routes. The site was occupied by 200,
construction on the acropolis had begun by about 550, and an explosion
of grander construction started in the 8th century. All construction had
halted by about 850, except for a brief period of reoccupation in the Early
Postclassic (c. 900 c. 1200). Quirigu shares its architectural and
sculptural styles with the nearby Classic Period city of Copn, with
whose history it is closely entwined.[4]

Quirigu's rapid expansion in the 8th century was tied to king K'ak' Tiliw
Chan Yopaat's military victory over Copn in 738. When the greatest king
of Copn, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil or "18-Rabbit", was defeated, he
was captured and then sacrificed in the Great Plaza at Quirigu.[5] Before
this, Quirigu had been a vassal state of Copn, but it maintained its Stela D, north side, from Quirigu,
independence afterwards. The ceremonialarchitecture at Quirigu is quite representing king K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat[1]
modest, but the site's importance lies in its wealth of sculpture, including
the tallest stone monumental sculptureever erected in the New World.[6]

Contents
1 Name and location
2 Population
3 Economy
4 Known rulers
Location within Mesoamerica
5 History
5.1 Early history
Location Izabal Department,
5.2 Hiatus and recovery Guatemala
5.3 Apogee Coordinates 151610N 89225W
5.4 Decline and collapse
History
5.5 Postclassic
5.6 Modern history Periods Late Preclassic to Early
6 The site
Postclassic
6.1 Architecture Cultures Maya civilization
6.2 Monuments
7 See also
UNESCO World Heritage Site

8 Notes Official name Archaeological Park and

9 References Ruins of Quirigu
10 External links Type Cultural
 Criteria i, ii, iv
Name and location
Designated 1981 (7th session)
The archaeological site of Quirigu is named after the nearby village of
Reference no. 149
the same name,[7] and is located a little over 200 km (120 mi) northeast of
Guatemala City;[8] it lies in the municipality of Los Amates in the State Party Guatemala
department of Izabal and has an elevation of 75 m (246 ft) above mean Region Latin America and the
sea level.[9] Caribbean

Positioned on the north bank of the lower reaches of the

Motagua River, Quirigu is situated at the point where the
valley broadens into a flood plain, which has exposed the
site to periodic flooding over the centuries.[10][11] Although
the river passed close to the site during the period of the
city's occupation, it has since changed course and now
flows 1 km (0.6 mi) south of the ceremonial centre.[3]
Quirigu is 48 km (30 mi) north of Copn,[6] and is located
15.7 km (9.8 mi) north-west of the international border with
Honduras.

The local bedrock is a hard red sandstone, which the

inhabitants used in the construction of monuments and
The southern Maya area, showing the locations of Quirigu
architecture. This local sandstone is very strong and not and Copn
prone to shearing or fracturing, allowing the sculptors at
Quirigu to erect the tallest freestanding stone monuments
in the Americas.[12] Quirigu was built directly over the
Motagua Fault and the city suffered damage in ancient
times as a result of majorearthquakes.[13]

Population
Although the Quirigu elite were clearly Maya in
ethnicity,[14] the site lies on the southern periphery of the
Mesoamerican area and the population was at least bi-
The location of Quirigu on the Motagua River
, with relation
ethnic,[15] with ethnic Maya in a minority.[10] The majority to sources of jade
of the population belonged ethnically to the less complex
Intermediate Area lying beyond the eastern border of
Mesoamerica.[15] The population density of the site has been estimated at 400 to 500 per square kilometer (1040 to 1300 per square
mile) in the centre of the city during the Late Classic[16] with an estimated peak population of 12001600;[17] surveys have revealed
an average of 130 structures per square kilometer (338 per square mile) at the site, compared with 1449 structures/km2 (3767 per
square mile) in central Copn.[18] The low population density indicates that Quirigu served as the focus for a dispersed rural
population.[10]

The population levels of the Quirigu valley increased rapidly after the successful rebellion against Copn in 738, although it was
never a heavily populated site.[19] In the 9th century there was a severe decline in population, culminating in the abandonment of the
city.[20]

Economy
The Motagua River flows down from the western Guatemalan highlands, and Quirigu was ideally positioned to control the trade of
uncut jade, the majority of which was found in the middle reaches of the Motagua Valley,[21] as well as controlling the flow of other
important commodities up and down the river such as cacao, which was produced as a local cash crop.[22][23] Although cacao was
produced for trade, maize remained the primary local crop due to its central role in the Maya diet.[24] In addition, maize probably
formed an important component in the site's tribute payments to its overlords at Copn, a city that was exhausting its own local
resources.[24] Although little jade has been recovered from the site, there is evidence for trade in obsidian originating from the
[23][25]
Ixtepeque source situated near the upper reaches of the Motagua.

In the Classic Period, the location of the site would have placed Quirigu on a crossroads between the trading route from the
Petn Basin.[23]
highlands to the Caribbean coast and the route from Copn to the major cities of the

Known rulers
As recorded on hieroglyphic inscriptions at Quirigu, all dates are AD. Maya inscriptions for rulers sometimes include reference to a
number ("hel-number" or count, named after its main glyph) that are believed to specify the position of that ruler in the sequence of
dynastic succession to the rulership of the site. Thus a hel-number of five indicates the ruler was fifth in the line of dynastic
succession.[26]

Dynastic
Name (or nickname) Ruled
succession no.[27]

"Tok Casper" 426?[28] 1

Tutuum Yohl K'inich c. 455[28] ?

"Ruler 3" ("Turtle Shell") c. 480[28][29] ?

"Ruler 4" ("Basket Skull") ??[29] 3?

Mih Toh 493[29] 4?

K'awiil Yopaat ("Ruler 5") c. 653[29] ?

K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat ("Cauac Sky" or "Kawak Sky") 724785[30] 14

"Sky Xul" 785 c. 795[30] 15

"Jade Sky" c. 800 c. 810[30] 17?

History

Early history
There is evidence that Quirigu was occupied as early as the Late Preclassic (400 BC AD 200). Although no structures have been
securely dated to this period, a number of Late Preclassic artifacts have been recovered, including 63 figurines and a chert blade.[11]
Early Classic ceramics from Quirigu are similar to finds at both Copn and Chalchuapa in El Salvador, while jade hunchback
figurines from the same period resemble those found in central Honduras and in the Guatemalan highlands. These early finds
[31]
demonstrate the participation of Quirigu in the wider southeastern Maya region from the Late Preclassic onwards.

A combination of hieroglyphic texts from Tikal, Copn and Quirigu, together with architectural styles and chemical tests of the
bones of the founder of the Copn dynasty all suggest that Quirigu and Copn were founded by elite colonists from the great city of
Tikal as a part of its expansion into the southeastern border area of the Maya region.[32][33][34] The recorded history of Quirigu
starts in 426, in the Early Classic (c. 200 c. 600); according to hieroglyphic inscriptions at other sites, on 5 September of that year
K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' was enthroned as king of Copn.[35] Just three days later he installed "Tok Casper", the first known king of
Quirigu, upon the throne.[28] From this it is evident that right from the beginning of its recorded history Quirigu was subservient to
its southern neighbour, and was founded to bring the lucrative trade route of the Motagua River under the control of Copn and,
indirectly, of Tikal.[28] During the next few centuries, about which little is known, the ceremonial architecture at Quirigu was
limited to the hilltop Group A and a broad earthen platform on the valley floor.[28] It is recorded that a stela, as yet undiscovered, was
erected in 455 by Tutuum Yohl K'inich, the second king of Quirigu.[36] An early monument records the supervision of a ritual in 480
by the then overlord from Copn, demonstrating Quirigu's continued status as a vassal of that city.
A hieroglyphic text dating to 493 mentions two further kings of Quirigu, but interruptions in the
ficult.[36]
text make the reading and decipherment of their names particularly dif

There are close parallels between the 5th-century architecture and monuments of Quirigu and
Uaxactun in the northern Petn, a site that fell under the domination of Tikal in the late 4th century.
The similarities show that Quirigu remained strongly aligned with the great Tikal alliance
network.[37]

Hiatus and recovery

Quirigu suffered a hiatus from the turn of the 6thcentury that lasted through to the middle of the 7th
century. This may be linked to the Tikal hiatus of the Middle Classic caused by Tikal's defeat by
Calakmul. There is evidence that Quirigu suffered an attack by unknown enemies in this period, as
demonstrated by the apparently deliberate defacement of Stela U and Monument 26, characteristic of
damage inflicted by invading warriors. No monuments were erected during this hiatus, which lasted
from 495 to 653.[37]

In the 6th or early 7th century a natural disaster caused a devastating flood of the Motagua Valley
and buried the surface of the site under a deep layer of silt, completely changing the landscape. Only
those buildings that stood above the mud continued in use, including group A, saved by its hilltop Stela D North face
location. The earthen platform on the valley floor also continued in use, at least those parts of it that
stood above the silt, and it was one of the site's smaller complexes that grew to become the new
.[36]
centre of Quirigu, as represented by the monuments visible to this day

A revival can be identified by the dedication of the first new monument in a century and a half, raised by the otherwise unknown
king, K'awiil Yopaat, in 653. Continued contact with Copn is evident, as well as longer distance contacts, possibly with Caracol in
Belize. At about the same time major construction work was undertaken in the acropolis, including the building of the site's first
ballcourt.[38]

Apogee
Quirigu traditionally had been subordinate to its southern neighbour, Copn, and in 724 Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, king of Copn,
installed K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat upon Quirigu's throne as his vassal.[39][40] As early as 734, however, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat had
shown that he was no longer an obedient subordinate of Copn when he started to refer to himself as k'ul ahaw, holy lord, instead of
using the lesser term ahaw, subordinate lord; at the same time he began to use his own Quirigu emblem glyph.[39] These early
[39]
assertions of independence can only have been made if Quirigu had managed to form an external alliance.

Indeed, this local act of rebellion appears to have been part of the larger political struggle between the two Maya "superpowers", the
great cities of Tikal and Calakmul. In 736, only two years later, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat received a visit from Wamaw K'awiil, the
high king of distant Calakmul, while Copn was one of Tikal's oldest allies. The timing of this visit by the king of Calakmul is highly
significant, falling between the accession of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat to the throne of Quirigu as a vassal of Copn and the outright
rebellion that was to follow. This strongly suggests that Calakmul sponsored Quirigu's rebellion in order to weaken Tikal and to gain
access to the rich trade route of the Motagua Valley.[40][42] It is likely that contact with Calakmul had been initiated soon after K'ak'
Tiliw Chan Yopaat acceded to the throne, since Quirigu experienced rapid growth soon after, suggesting that Quirigu already was
receiving external support.[40]

In 738 the interlinked fortunes of Quirigu and Copn took a stunning change of direction when K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, reigning
lord of Quirigu, captured the powerful, but elderly 13th king of Copn, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil,[43] who had installed him on
his throne in 725.[22] This coup does not seem to have affected either Copn or Quirigu physically, there is no evidence that either
city was attacked at this time and the victor seems not to have received any detectable tribute.[44][45] Quirigu seems rather to have

[44]
 gained its independence and the control of important trade routes.[44] An inscription
at Quirigu, although difficult to interpret, suggests that the capture took place on 27
April 738, when Quirigu seized and burned the wooden images of Copn's patron
deities.[45] All of this seems to imply that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat managed to
somehow ambush Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, rather than to have defeated him in
outright battle. In the Classic Period the statues of Maya deities often were carried
into battle on palanquins, facilitating their capture in the event of defeat. It has been
suggested that the king of Copn was attempting to attack another site in order to
secure captives for sacrifice, and was ambushed by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat and his
Quirigu warriors.[45]

Stela C, south face, representing
K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat[41]
Quirigu was always a small centre and its total population probably never exceeded 2,000.
The captured lord was taken back to Quirigu and on 3 May 738 he was decapitated
in a public ritual.[46][47] The sacrificial offering of the blood of such a powerful
overlord greatly enhanced the standing of Quirigu and its royal family throughout
the region and it proclaimed Quirigu as the new capital of the south-eastern Maya
region.[39][47] After this, Quirigu engaged in a major monument-building
programme, closely mimicking the sculptural style of Copn, possibly using
captured Copn sculptors to carry out the work.[46] The population of Quirigu and
of other sites in the valley rapidly increased after the events of 738, although
[48]

In the Late Classic (c. 600 c. 900), alliance with Calakmul frequently was
associated with the promise of military support. The fact that Copn, a much more
powerful city than Quirigu, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that
it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. Calakmul itself was far enough away
from Quirigu that K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat was not afraid of falling directly under
its power as a full vassal state, even though it is likely that Calakmul sent warriors to
help in the defeat of Copn. The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual
advantage, Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quirigu
gained its independence.[50][51]
Altar M, dating to 734. It has been
In 718, the city of Xkuy an as yet undiscovered site was attacked and burned by identified variously as feline, a
Copn under the leadership of king Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil. After the king of crocodile, and a snake. It may be a
Copn was sacrificed in 738, Xkuy seems to have become a loyal vassal of Quirigu three-dimensional representation of a
and in 762 K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat supervised the accession of "Sunraiser Jaguar" rare toponymic glyph [49]
to the subservient city's throne.[52]

K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who had so dramatically changed the destiny of his city, died on 27 July 785. Zoomorph G is his memorial
stone and it describes how he was buried 10 days later in the 13 Kawak House, a building that has not been identified. The great king
was succeeded by "Sky Xul", a king whose name has not been properly identified. "Sky Xul" became the reigning lord of Quirigu
78 days after the death of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who is thought to have been his father.[53] His reign lasted from 10 to 15 years
and was a period of continued activity. In most of the Maya region cities already were suffering terminal decline, engulfed by the
Classic Maya collapse, but in Quirigu "Sky Xul" dedicated three great zoomorph sculptures and two altars, considered marvels of
[54]
Maya stoneworking. "Sky Xul" died some time between 795 and 800.

Decline and collapse

Little is known of "Jade Sky", who succeeded "Sky Xul" and was the last recorded ruler of Quirigu. The city's power already was
waning, as evidenced by the two stunted stelae erected during his reign, which indicate that the kingdom no longer had access to the
kind of resources needed to produce monuments of a similar quality to those of his predecessors. "Jade Sky" did build two of the
largest structures in the acropolis, however.[55]
 Quirigu apparently retained its independence from Copn and continued to flourish
until the beginning of the 9th century.[57] Relations between the two cities had
improved somewhat by 810, when king Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat of Copn visited
Quirigu in order to carry out a k'atun-ending ritual.[58][59] However, 810 was also
the year when the last hieroglyphic texts were raised at Quirigu, although a reduced
level of construction continued in the city centre.[60] After this, Quirigu falls into
silence, engulfed by the greater phenomenon of the Classic Maya collapse it had
lost its reason for existence when trade no longer flowed along the Motagua;[61]
The badly eroded east face of Stela within a few years Quirigu was all but deserted and sites throughout the Motagua
H[56] Valley suffered severe decline or abandonment.[20]

Postclassic
In the early Postclassic Period (c. 900 c. 1200), Quirigu was occupied by peoples closely linked to the Caribbean coastal areas of
the Yucatn Peninsula and Belize, perhaps due to Chontal Maya control of a trade network that included the Yucatn coast and the
Motagua Valley.[62] During their brief reoccupation of the site they made substantial additions to the acropolis complex. Finds
associated with their occupation include a reclining chacmool sculpture and ceramics from the east coast of Yucatn,[20] artifacts that
demonstrate a close link with the distant city of Chichen Itza.[63] Some copper bells and ornaments were recovered from Quirigu,
they are among the earliest finds of metal artifacts in the Maya area. They have been dated to either the Terminal Classic (c. 800
c. 950) or the Early Postclassic.[64]

Modern history
The first European visitor to publish an account of Quirigu was English architect
and artist Frederick Catherwood, who reached the ruins in 1840. The previous
landowner, by the surname of Pays, had related the existence of the ruins to his
sons and to Carlos Meiney, a Jamaican Englishman resident in Guatemala. The elder
Pays had recently died and passed the land to his sons and, since neither Meiney
nor Pays' sons had visited the land containing the ruins, they invited John Lloyd
Stephens and Catherwood to join them on their first trip to the site. Stephens had Zoomorph B photo by Maudslay
other duties to attend to, but Catherwood was able to accompany the Pays brothers
to Quirigu.[65] Due to adverse conditions he was only able to stay a short time at
the ruins, but made drawings of two of the stelae, which were published with a short account of Catherwood's visit in John Lloyd
Stephens's book Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan in 1841. Quirigu was the first site that Stephens and
[66] A longer account of the ruins was made in 1854 by Dr
Catherwood could claim to have discovered themselves. . Karl Scherzer.

Explorer and archaeologist Alfred Maudslay visited Quirigu for three days in 1881; they were the first pre-Columbian ruins that he
saw and they were sufficiently impressive to inspire him to take up a permanent interest in Central American archaeology.[65] He was
able to return on three further occasions, the last being in 1894, and he made the first efforts to clear the monuments before recording
them. He carried out a very thorough examination and made a photographic record of all visible monuments, carried out some minor
excavations, made paper and plaster molds of the hieroglyphic inscriptions and surveyed the principal sculptures;[65][67] these molds
were then shipped to theVictoria and Albert Museum, with casts being transferred to theBritish Museum.[68]

In 1910, the United Fruit Company bought Quirigu and all the land for a great distance around the site for banana production; they
set aside 75 acres (30 ha) around the ceremonial centre as an archaeological park, leaving an island of jungle among the
plantations.[69] More archaeological work was carried out from 1910 to 1914 by Edgar Lee Hewett and Sylvanus Morley for the
School of American Archaeology in Santa Fe.[3][69] Duplicates of the stelae of Quirigu made from Hewitt's plaster casts of the
originals were exhibited at the Panama-California Expositionin San Diego, California, in 1915.[69] The casts are still on display at
the San Diego Museum of Man in their "Maya: Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth" exhibition.[70] The Carnegie Institution conducted
[69] Aldous Huxley, writing after visiting the site in the early 1930s,
several intermittent projects at Quirigu from 1915 through 1934.
noted that Quirigu's stelae commemorated "man's triumph over time and matter and the triumph of time and matter over man."[71]
Quirigu was among the first Maya archaeological sites to be studied intensively, although little restoration was carried out and the
ruins once again became overgrown with jungle.[69]

Quirigu was declared a National Monument in 1970 under Ministerial Accord 1210, this was followed on 19 June 1974 by its
[72]
declaration as an Archaeological Park under Governmental Accord 35-74.

From 1974 through 1979, an extensive archaeological project was conducted at Quirigu sponsored by the University of
Pennsylvania, the National Geographic Society, and the Guatemalan Instituto de Antropologa e Historia. Directed by Robert Sharer
and William R. Coe, the project excavated the acropolis, cleaned the monuments, and studied outlying groups.[3][69][73] It was
declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981, and in 1999 UNESCO approved one-off funding of US$27,248 for "emergency
assistance for the rehabilitation of the archaeological site of Quirigu".[74] One of the site's stelae is depicted on the Guatemalan 10
centavo coin.[75]

The 34-hectare (84-acre) area included within the Archaeological Park of Quirigu has been developed for tourism with the
[72]
construction of a car park, site museum, and sanitation facilities and is open to the public on a daily basis.

The site

Architecture
After Quirigu's pivotal victory over Copn in 738, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat rebuilt
the main group in the image of Copn itself. Thus, the acropolis, palace, and
ballcourt all lie at the southern end of the Great Plaza.[21] The ceremonial centre is
laid out around three plazas, the northernmost is the Great Plaza. This plaza
measures 325 m (1,066 ft) from north to south and is the largest plaza in the whole
Maya region. At the southern end of the Great Plaza is the Ballcourt Plaza,
surrounded on three sides by structures associated with the acropolis. The Acropolis
Plaza is a fully enclosed plaza within the acropolis itself.[76][77] The area to the west
of the Ballcourt Plaza was probably the riverside docking area and there is evidence The Great Plaza of Quirigu,
that the southern part of the Great Plaza was a marketplace.[78] A number of originally laid out by K'ak' Tiliw Chan
ceramic-lined wells have been excavated close to the site core, these were all built in Yopaat; view is from the acropolis
the 8th century and although some continued in use into the 9th century, none are looking north
known to have been built that late.[79]

1A-1 is an enormous platform forming the northern part of the Great Plaza. It measures 100 by 85 metres (328 by
279 ft) and rises 0.5 metres (20 in) above the level of the southern part of the plaza. It forms the northern portion of
the Great Plaza, being built by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat when he extended the plaza northward. The platform was
built from river cobbles and was paved with stone slabs.[80] Platform 1A-1 supported the stelaeA, C, D, E and F and
Zoomorph B.[81] The platform was built in two phases over about 20 years. [82]

1A-3 is a large mound marking the northern edge of the Great Plaza. It originally measured 82.5 by 20 metres (271
by 66 ft) and was 7 metres (23 ft) high. A 63-metre (207 ft) wide stairway climbed the southern face of the structure
from the plaza. The structure was later extended to the north but this second phase of construction was never
finished.[80]
The acropolis is the largest architectural complex at Quirigu, it lies at the southern limit of the ceremonial centre of
the city. It is a complex construction, with newbuildings and features being added over time. Construction of the
acropolis began in 550 and continued through to 810 when the site was abandoned. [83] The acropolis was a palace

complex used primarily as an elite residence and for administrative purposes. [84] The acropolis complex includes
structures 1B-1, 1B-2, 1B-3, 1B-4, 1B-5 and 1B-6. Excavations of the acropolis encountered the fallen remains of
corbel arches, but none are still standing.[84]
1B-sub.1 is also known as the K'inich Ahau Wall. It was a free-standing wall over 23 metres (75 ft) long and 1.5
metres (5 ft) thick, it stood on top of the western platform of the acropolis. The western side of the wall overlooked
the river and bore five alternatingmosaic masks representing solar deities and serpents with human arms. These
masks were supported by afrieze consisting of two concentric ovals flanked by serpent heads. The wall was
completed around 750, during the reign of K'ak' T iliw Chan Yopaat.[85]
 1B-sub.4 Excavations at the acropolis discovered a completely buriedballcourt under the structures on the western
side of the Acropolis Plaza,[86] a rare example of a ballcourt having been built over by subsequent construction, in
this case by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.[87] This was the first ballcourt at the site and dates to the middle of the 7th
century. It was built with blocks ofrhyolite.[88] This ballcourt is a close copy of the ballcourts at Copn, being built in
the same style, to the same dimensions, and with the same orientation. [89] The ballcourt was buried when K'ak' T
iliw
Chan Yopaat built the massive western platform to restrict access to the acropolis.[85]

1B-1 is a structure which forms the southern limit of the Acropolis Plaza,
a broad stairway leads down to the plaza from the northern side of the
building. The lower walls of the structure are still standing and it has
three entrances, each of which opens onto a small chamber . Each of the
three chambers has a hieroglyphic step on the back wall leading to
another small chamber. Originally the buildinghad an external band of
hieroglyphs. Both the exterior and internalglyphs bear the last known
date recorded at Quirigu, falling in June 810. This building was built
during the reign of "Jade Sky".[55][90]
1B-2 also lies south of the Acropolis Plaza, in the southwest corner . It is
smaller than structure 1B-1, which it adjoins, and its lower walls also are
still standing. It was a small residential building that was elaborately View of the acropolis across the
decorated with sculptured stonework. This structure was probably the Ballcourt Plaza
residence of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.[86][91]
1B-3 and 1B-4 are structures on the west side of the Acropolis Plaza,
only the lower walls remain.[83] Between these two structures is an older free-standing wall. This wall has a
westward facing mosaic frieze that bears damaged and now headless depictions of Kinich Ahau, the sun god.[83]
1B-5 lies to the north of the Acropolis Plaza, at the south-eastern corner of the Ballcourt Plaza. This structure was
accessed via a broad stairway from the Acropolis Plaza to the south, which rises to a single entrance opening onto
seven interconnected chambers. This is the largest building at Quirigu and its walls are still standing. [92] It was built

during the reign of "Jade Sky".[55]

1B-6 lies to the east of the Acropolis Plaza and contained anancestral shrine, reflecting a long established tradition
first seen at Tikal.[86] Located under the building was a tomb lined with slabs ofschist, which contained an elite
burial. The remains probably belonged to a male, the teeth were inlaid with jade, and bead a of the same material
had been placed in the mouth. Associated ceramic of ferings date this tomb to the Early Classic.[93]
1B-7 is a ballcourt, built by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat to replace the ballcourt buried under his expansion of the
[94]
acropolis. The ballcourt lies in the Ballcourt Plaza, to which it gives its name, to the northwest of the acropolis.
The ballcourt has an eastwest orientation that is unusual in the Maya region, where ballcourts traditionally are
aligned northsouth.[95]

3C-1 is a broad earthen platform on the valley floor , it dates to the

middle of the Classic Period and is one of the earlier constructions at the
[28][36]
site, parts of it continuing in use after a catastrophic flood.
3C-7 is a group dating to the Early Classic. It is on the floodplain some
distance to the north of the acropolis.[93]
3C-8 is another Early Classic group located to the north of the
acropolis.[93]
Locus 011 and Locus 057 may have been watchposts, they were
situated at the points where the Quirigu and the Jubuco rivers entered
the Motagua Valley and may have been usedto control passing traffic
on these routes. Locus 057 was situated on one of the most probable
routes to Copn and may have been a watchpost to look out for enemy
warriors after the defeat of Copn by K'ak' T iliw Chan Yopaat.[97]
Locus 122 and Locus 123 are groups located on the floodplain south of
the river. Locus 122, although unexcavated, si a compound consisting of
a pyramidal mound and a NESW oriented plaza, similar to some Detail of the north face of Stela E,
Preclassic complexes in the highlands, for which reason it is presumed depicting K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
to date from that period.[11] holding a God K sceptre[96]
[84]
Groups A, B and C lie at a distance of one to three miles from the site core.

Group A is a hilltop complex roughly dating to the earlyClassic Period.[28] A stela found in this group dates to
493.[84]
Group B, also known as Group 7A-1, is to the north of the site core.[98] It is the location of the badly eroded Stela S,
which was moved here from the Great Plaza in ancient times. [84][99]

Group C has an unsculptured stela.[84]

Monuments
The monuments at Quirigu include unusually large stelae elaborately carved from
single blocks of red sandstone, brought from quarries 5 kilometres (3 mi) away.[39]
The characteristics of this hard rock allowed the local sculptors to produce low-
relief
sculptures enhanced by three-dimensional faces, in contrast with the contemporary
two-dimensional sculpture of thePetn region.[101] After the defeat and execution of
the king of Copn in 738, the sculptural style of Quirigu closely resembled that of
its former overlord.[46] The enormous stelae at Quirig originally would have been
visible from the Motagua River, which once flowed past the west side of the Great
Plaza, announcing the new-found power of the city to passing traders.[102] The
monuments include long panels of glyphic text that are considered among the most
complex and beautiful of all Maya stone inscriptions. A characteristic of these texts
is the use of full-figure glyphs in which the normal bar and dot number glyphs of
Maya script are replaced with exquisitely carved representations of the deities.[57]
However, by the latter part of the 8th century Quirigu had developed an original
style with the production of boulders elaborately sculpted into the forms of
Elaborate full-figure hieroglyphs on
composite mythological animals bearing elements of toads, jaguars, crocodiles, and the west side of Quirigu Stela D[100]
birds of prey; these sculptures are referred to as zoomorphs and were completed by
two later kings after the death of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat in 785.[46][57]

There also are various altars and sculptures used as decoration in the facades of buildings; most Quirigu monuments have a grand
formal monumentality that is rather stiff compared to the naturalistic grace of the art of some other Maya sites. Traces of red pigment
have been found on some of the monuments and most of the monuments were likely to have been painted red, the colour of birth,
sacrifice, and renewal.[103]

Stela A was erected in 775 by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.[104] Stela A and Stela C form a pair and were both dedicated
on 29 December 775.[105]
Zoomorph B was dedicated in 780 by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, it is a multi-ton boulder sculptured into a half-
[106]
crocodile half-mountain beast. The hieroglyphic text on this monument consists entirely of full-figure glyphs.
Traces of red pigment have been found on this zoomorph, which is 4 metres (13 ft) long.[107] A dedication cache
was found buried in a pit under Zoomorph B, it included seven flint blades between 14 and 46 cm (5.5 and 18.1 in) in
length.[108]
Stela C was erected in 775 by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.[104] The hieroglyphic text contains references to 455 and
Tutuum Yohl K'inich, an early king.[31][104] The stela also bears a reference to the date 13.0.0.0.0 4Ahaw 8 Kumk'u
(13 August 3114 BC).[109] This date is recorded throughout the entire Maya area as the beginning of the current
creation, when the deities were placed in order .[110] Stela C forms a pair with StelaA and was dedicated on the
same date. [105]

Stela D dates to 766, during the reign of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat.[104] It is distinguished by the relatively rare,
extravagant, full-figureanthropomorphic versions of Maya hieroglyphics on the upper parts of its sides, which are
particularly well preserved.[104] Stela D is roughly 6 metres (20 ft) in height.[111]

Stela E stands in the northern half of the Great Plaza. [112] This stela was dedicated on 24 January 771 by K'ak' iTliw
Chan Yopaat. Its total shaft measures 10.6 metres (35 ft) in height, including the buried portion holding it in place,
which measures just under 3 metres (10 ft).[113] This enormous monolith is the largest stone ever quarried by the
ancient Maya and weighs approximately 65 tons, [113] it may even be the largest free-standing workedmonolith in the
[6]
New World. In 1917 this stela, already tilting away from vertical, finally fell over completely after heavy rains,
although it remained unbroken. In 1934 an attempt was made to raise the stela using winch a and steel cables,
during which the cables snapped and the monolith fell and was broken into two pieces, which have since been joined
back together using concrete.[113] This stela bears portraits of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat on its front and back.[114]
Stela F is an enormous 7.3-metre (24 ft) high monolith carved from sandstone. It bears representations of K'ak'iliw T
Chan Yopaat on its north and south sides andhieroglyphic inscriptions on its east and west sides. It dates to 761
and when it was raised it was the tallest monument ever erected by the Maya; it was only surpassed when Stela E
was erected 10 years later.[81][114]
Zoomorph G is the memorial monument to K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat, dedicated during the reign of "Sky Xul". It shows
the face of the dead king emerging from the maw of an enormous jaguar . The text of this monument describes the
death and burial of Quirigu's greatest king.[106]
Stela H dates to 751, during the reign of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat. Its
glyphs are arranged in a rare mat pattern, copied from Copn. [115] The

stela is executed in the wrap-around style. [114] A flint blade was found
buried under the stela butt, buried as an offering when the stela was
dedicated.[116] The hieroglyphic inscriptions on Stela H are badly
damaged.[117]
Stela J was erected by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat in 756 and is carved in
the wrap-around style.[114] It stands 5 metres (16 ft) high and is located
in the southern part of the Great Plaza. The dedicatory cache consisted
of a house-shaped clay box with unknown contents. [118]

Altar L is fairly crudely worked and dates to 653. The text bears the
name of king K'awiil Yopaat and also mentions "Smoke Imix", the
12th king of Copn. The altar is arhyolite disk 1 metre (39 in) in
diameter and 0.25 metres (10 in) thick. The sculptural style of this altar
is unique, and shows affinities with the distant site of Caracol in
Belize.[119][120]
Altar M this modest monument is the earliest known monument
dedicated by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat. The importance of this monument
lies in its text, in which this preeminent king of Quirigu claimed the title
of k'uhul ajaw, holy lord, and began his bid for independence from Stela E at Quirigu, possibly the
Copn. [42] This rhyolite sculpture was dedicated on 15 September 734 largest freestanding stone monument
and has the form of a monstrous head, possibly that of a in the New World[6]
crocodilian. [121]

Altar N is another small rhyolite sculpture stylistically similar to Altar M.

This sculpture has the form of aturtle shell with a skeletal head with amirror on its forehead emerging sideways
from one end and an elderly figure from the other . This is a representation of thebicephalic deity Pawatun (God N), a
prominent underworld deity.[122]
Zoomorph O is a crocodile-mountain hybrid monster, dedicated in 790 by king "Sky Xul". It is accompanied by an
[123]
altar depicting a lightning god. It is located in the Ballcourt Plaza, just south of the ballcourt itself.
Zoomorph P (which explorer Maudslay nicknamedThe Great Turtle) was dedicated in 795 by "Sky Xul" and is a
masterpiece of Mesoamerican art. It weighs around 20 tons. On one side it depicts a larger-than-life portrait of
"Sky Xul" himself seated cross-legged in the open jaws of an enormous crocodile-mountain hybrid monster . The
design of this zoomorph is incredibly intricate and the whole monument is covered with skilfully executed sculpture. It
is located in the Ballcourt Plaza, just south of the ballcourt. Zoomorph P is accompanied by an altar depicting an
unidentified deity leaping from a split in the earth.[123] A hieroglyphic text on the zoomorph describes the founding of

Quirigu under the supervision of the king of Copn. [124] Traces of red pigment have been found on th is monument,
suggesting that it was originally painted red. [103]

Altar Q and Altar R are two small rhyolite disks that probably served as
ballcourt markers for the earliest ballcourt, the buried Structure 1B-
sub.4. Together with a third stone they wouldhave marked the central
axis of the ballcourt. They both bear seated cross-legged figures carved
in shallow relief.[88]
Stela S is the earliest surviving monument of K'ak' T iliw Chan Yopaat, it
dates to 746.[125] It was originally located in the northern half of the
Great Plaza but was moved to an outlying group in ancient times. It is
heavily eroded, some of the damage may have been inflicted by the
process of moving it. It was fashioned from sandstone and bears the
figure of K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat on the front, the other three sides being
covered by hieroglyphic text. Unfortunately , due to the heavy erosion Detail from Zoomorph B, dedicated in
[99]
most of the text is illegible. Stela S is 2.8 metres (9 ft) high (not 780 by K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat
including the part of the stela buried in the ground) and the dimensions
of the base are 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) by 1.2 metres (3.9 ft), making it the
earliest of the huge stelae that were to characterise Quirigu, although it is significantly smaller than those that were
to follow.[116]
Stela T was dedicated in 692 by an unknown ruler . It is a badly eroded schist sculpture bearing mostly unreadable
glyphs accompanying a poorly preserved figure. The stela is conservative in style, being similar to the much older
Stela U.[126]
Stela U comes from Group A and bears a heavily eroded portrait of a king in wrap-around style (extending over
three sides of the stela). This style originated in T
ikal and indicates contact with the central Petn region. This stela
has an identifiable date, corresponding to 18April 480, and a reference to a ritual taking place that was supervised
by the king of Copn.[36] This stela is carved fromschist and is broken in two pieces, being snapped of f at the
knees apparently deliberately during an attack by unknown enemies. It was originally 2.7 metres (9 ft) in
height.[127]
 Monument 25 is a plain round column carved from schist. It is about 2.5 metres (8 ft) long and 0.6 metres (2 ft) in
diameter. It was found in Locus 011.[128]
Monument 26 is a stela in wrap-around style found close to structure 3C-1. A date corresponding to 493 is
contained in the hieroglyphic text on its back, this text mentions the third and fourth rulers of Quirigu but their
names are currently unreadable.[36] It is carved from schist and was originally 2 metres (6.6 ft) high but the stela was
broken in ancient times, apparently deliberately. It was broken off at the knees and the left eye of the ruler's portrait
was scratched away, damage characteristic of that inflicted by invading warriors. Only two pieces have been
recovered, an upper section measuring 1 metre (3.3 ft) and a lower section measuring 0.6 metres (2 ft). [129]

Monument 29 and Monument 30 are heavily eroded columnar sculptures fashioned from schist, each measuring a
little over 1 m in length. They were found together in a modern drainage ditch to the north and northwest of the
ceremonial centre of Quirigu. They apparently were sculptures of anthropomorphs or monkeys standing on
pedestals with their hands clasped on their chests. It is thought on stylistic grounds that these two monuments date
to the Late Preclassic.[11]

See also
El Puente
List of megalithic sites
Manche Ch'ol
Yopaat

Notes
1. Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146. 28. Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
2. Ashmore 1980, p.24. 29. Looper 2003, pp. 205209.
3. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.352. 30. Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
4. Miller 1999, p.49. 31. Looper 2003, p.38.
5. Looper 2003, pp.45, 83. 32. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.333.
6. Coe 1999, p.121. 33. Sharer et al. 2005, p.196.
7. Looper 2003, viii. 34. Looper 2003, pp.3738.
8. Stross et al. 1983, p.333. 35. Martin & Grube 2000, p.192.
9. Inforpress. 36. Martin & Grube 2000, p.217.
10. Looper 2003, p.1. 37. Looper 2003, p.50.
11. Looper 2003, p.35. 38. Looper 2003, pp.5053.
12. Miller 1999, p.82. 39. Drew 1999, p.241.
13. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507. 40. Looper 2003, p.79.
14. Looper 1999, p.264. 41. Looper 2003, pp.158, 184.
15. Sheets 2000, p.442. 42. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.482.
16. Drew 1999, p.344. 43. Webster 2002, p.300.
17. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688. 44. Drew 1999, p.286.
18. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686. 45. Looper 2003, p.78.
19. Martin & Grube 2000, p.219. 46. Miller 1999, pp.13435.
20. Martin & Grube 2000, p.225. 47. Looper 2003, p.76.
21. Miller 1999, p.54. 48. Martin & Grube 2000, p.219. Sharer & Traxler 2006,
22. Drew 1999, p.240. p.688.
23. Looper 2003, p.2. 49. Looper 2003, pp.5861.
24. Ashmore 2007, p.111. 50. Looper 1999, p.271.
25. Stross et al. 1983, p.335. 51. Looper 2003, p.81.
26. Jones 1983, p.122 52. Martin & Grube 2000, pp.203, 221.
27. The numbers given here follow those noted in Looper 53. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.494
2003, p.205. 54. Martin & Grube 2000, pp.22224.
55. Martin & Grube 2000, p.224. 92. Kelly 1996, pp.236, 241.
56. Looper 2003, p.93. 93. Looper 2003, p.36.
57. Drew 1999, p.242. 94. Looper 2003, pp.20, 119.
58. Webster 2002, p.303. 95. Scarborough 1991, p.138.
59. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.483. 96. Looper 2003, pp.149152.
60. Demarest et al. 2005, p.556. 97. Looper 2003, p.120.
61. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.527. 98. Looper 2003, p.195.
62. Sharer 2000, p.488. 99. Looper 2003, p.88.
63. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.579. 100. Looper 2003, p.144.
64. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.576. 101. Miller 1999, pp.132133.
65. Kelly 1996, p.243. 102. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.486.
66. Drew 1999, p.65. 103. Looper 2003, p.17.
67. Drew 1999, p.89. 104. Kelly 1996, p.235.
68. Trustees of the British Museum, n.d. 105. Looper 2003, pp.158, 164.
69. Kelly 1996, p.244. 106. Martin & Grube 2000, p.222.
70. San Diego Museum of Man n.d. (a). San Diego 107. Looper 2003, pp.17, 172.
Museum of Man n.d. (b). 108. Looper 2003, p.237, n.12.
71. Huxley 1934, 1950, p.42. 109. Martin & Grube 2000, pp.22122.
72. Torres. 110. Stuart 2008, pp.21213.
73. Martin & Grube 2000, p.215. 111. Looper 2003, p.139.
74. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 112. Looper 2003, p.20.
75. Banco de Guatemala. 113. Looper 2003, p.147.
76. Kelly 1996, p.236. 114. Martin & Grube 2000, p.221.
77. Martin & Grube 2000, p.220. 115. Kelly 1996, pp.23537.
78. Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.353, 486. 116. Looper 2003, p.90.
79. Ashmore 1984, pp.149, 151. 117. Looper 2003, p.101.
80. Looper 2003, p.122. 118. Looper 2003, pp.100101.
81. Looper 2003, p.123. 119. Looper 2003, pp.5053.
82. Looper 2003, p.178. 120. Martin & Grube 2000, pp.201, 217.
83. Kelly 1996, p.239. 121. Looper 2003, p.58.
84. Kelly 1996, p.241. 122. Looper 2003, pp.58, 6162.
85. Looper 2003, p.119. 123. Martin & Grube 2000, p.223.
86. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.353. 124. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.494.
87. Scarborough 1991, p.130. 125. Martin & Grube 2000, pp.22021.
88. Looper 2003, p.53. 126. Looper 2003, pp.5556, 207.
89. Looper 2003, pp.53, 55. 127. Looper 2003, pp.39, 50.
90. Kelly 1996, p.240. 128. Looper 2003, p.233, n.5.
91. Kelly 1996, pp.236, 240. 129. Looper 2003, pp.40, 50.

References
Ashmore, Wendy (1980). "The Classic Maya Settlement at Quirigua: Recent agricultural activities
have helped reveal the extent of the buried settlement" (PDF online publication). University
of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved 2009-08-20.

Ashmore, Wendy (January 1984). "Classic Maya Wells at Quirigua, Guatemala: Household
Facilities in a Water-Rich Setting". American Antiquity. Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for
 American Archaeology. 49 (1): 147153. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280519.
OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280519.

Ashmore, Wendy (2007). Settlement Archaeology at Quirigu, Guatemala. University Museum

monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023.

Banco de Guatemala. "Monedas" (in Spanish). Banco de Guatemala. Retrieved 2009-02-10.

Coe, Michael D. (1999). The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series (6th, fully revised and
expanded ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28066-5.
OCLC 59432778.

Demarest, Arthur A.; Prudence M. Rice; Don Stephen Rice (2005). "The Terminal Classic in the
Maya lowlands: Assessing collapses, transitions, and transformations". In Arthur A.
Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice. The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands:
Collapse, transition, and transformation (1st pbk ed.). Boulder: University Press of
Colorado. pp. 545572. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.

Drew, David (1999). The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN 0-297-81699-3. OCLC 43401096.

Huxley, Aldous (1950) [1934]. Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journal (Reprint ed.).
London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 256049361.

Inforpress. "Diagnstico de la Municipalidad de Los Amates Departamento de Izabal" (PDF) (in

Spanish). Inforpress Centroamericana. Retrieved 2009-02-10.

Jones, Christopher (1983). "Paper No. 13: Monument 26, Quirigua, Guatemala". In Edward M.
Schortman and Patricia A. Urban (volume eds.). Quirigua Reports II: Papers 615.
University Museum monograph, no. 49; Quirigua reports, vol. 2. Robert J. Sharer (general
ed.) (1st, cloth ed.). Philadelphia. PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology
and Anthropology. pp. 118128. ISBN 978-0-934718-48-6. OCLC 67294894.

Kelly, Joyce (1996). An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala,
Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5.
OCLC 34658843.

Looper, Matthew G. (1999). "New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua,
Guatemala". Ancient Mesoamerica. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University
Press. 10 (2): 263280. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 86542758.
doi:10.1017/S0956536199101135.

Looper, Matthew G. (2003). Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele
series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-
70556-5. OCLC 52208614.

Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2000). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the
Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-
05103-8. OCLC 47358325.

Miller, Mary Ellen (1999). Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson.
ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173.

San Diego Museum of Man (a) (n.d.). "Casts of our Maya Monuments". San Diego Museum of
Man. Retrieved 2010-06-16.

San Diego Museum of Man (b) (n.d.). "Maya: Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth". San Diego Museum of
Man. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
Scarborough, Vernon L. (1991). "Courting in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-
Hispanic Ballgame Architecture". In Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox. The
Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 129144. ISBN 0-8165-
1360-0. OCLC 51873028.

Schele, Linda; Khristaan D. Villela. "Creation, Cosmos, and the Imagery of Palenque and Copan"
(PDF online publication). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican
Cultures. Retrieved 2009-01-11.

Sharer, Robert J. (2000). "The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast". In Richard E.W.
Adams; Murdo J. Macleod. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas,
Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 449499.
ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.

Sharer, Robert J.; David W. Sedat; Loa P. Traxler; Julia C. Miller; Ellen E. Bell (2005). "Early
Classic Royal Power in Copan: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (ca.
AD 250600)". In E. Wyllys Andrews V; William L. Fash. Copn: The History of an Ancient
Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: School of American Research Press and James
Currey Ltd. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.

Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th, fully revised ed.). Stanford,
California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.

Sheets, Payson D. (2000). "The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica". In Richard E.W. Adams;
Murdo J. Macleod. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II:
Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 407448. ISBN 0-
521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.

Stross, Fred H.; Payson Sheets; Frank Asaro; Helen V. Michel (April 1983). "Precise
Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts
from Quirigua". American Antiquity. Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American
Archaeology. 48 (2): 323346. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280454. OCLC 1479302.
doi:10.2307/280454.

Stuart, David; George Stuart (2008). Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. London: Thames &
Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05156-6. OCLC 227016561.

Torres, Estuardo. "Parque Arqueolgico Quirigu" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes.
Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-14.

Trustees of the British Museum (n.d.). "Alfred P. Maudslay (18501931)". The British Museum:
Explore/Highlights. Trustees of the British Museum. Archived from the original on 2009-01-
20. Retrieved 2009-02-10.

UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua". UNESCO World
Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2009-02-10.

Webster, David L. (2002). The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse.
London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05113-5. OCLC 48753878.

External links
Official Site in Spanish
Enigmatic Quirigu
Good photos of Quirigu Stela
History and Photo Gallery
Map of Quirigu site core
Monument of the Ancient Mayan Race, Quirigu, Guatemalaas photographed and written byFrank G. Carpenter
 Photo of Zoomorph P taken in 1883at FAMSI
Discussion of Quirigua Stela C "Creation" text (pages 29-40)
Quirigu at UNESCO World Heritage List
Quirigu: A Mayan Legacy in Stone

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quirigu&oldid=804090436

"

This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 17:38.

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.