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IDEAL MODELS OF
ENGINE CYCLES
PV=
Volume
# of moles (kgmoles)
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
What are kgmoles?
Perfect gas law comes from Chemistry
Chemists use cgs system without saying so (12 grams of carbon
contain Avogadros number of molecules or one mole)
they normally drop the grams when referring to atomic weight
Engineers use kgmoles and lbmmoles
How many moles of carbon in a kgmole of carbon?
Pvm = NT
Pv = RT ; R = N / m = / m.w.
For perfect (or ideal) gases
u = u(T) only
Power of the 2nd law comes when combined with the 1st
h = u + pv
dh = du + pdv + vdp
Tds = du + Pdv
Tds = dh vdP
u = u (v, T )
u u
du = dT + dv
T v v T
du = cv dT
2
u2 u1 = cv dT
1
Tds = cv dT + Pdv
Tds = c p dT vdP
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Isentropic Relations
0 = cv dT + Pdv
Set dS=0 in
Gibbs
equations and
solve for 0 = c p dT vdp
relations
v P dp dv
dp = dv; = k
k = cp/cv cp cv p v
k
P2 v2
= ; Pv = const
k
P1 v1
U
Considering a control mass!
Constant volume heat addition as opposed to constant pressure!!!
dE = dQ + dW = Q PdV
Integrated
Q W
(u 2 u1 ) = ( in )
m m
Win
= (u2 u1 ) = cv (T2 T1 )
m
k 1
T2 v1 k 1
P2 T2 v1
=
= =r P1 T1 v2
T1 v2
Qout
= (u4 u1 ) = cv (T4 T1 ) BC
m
P4 P1
=
T4 T1
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
First Law Analysis Parameters
Net cycle work:
3
P
3 (ii)
4
Qin 4
Wcycle
4
2
(i)
1
1
V2 V1
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Effect of Compression Ratio
Actual Values will be
lower
SI engines have
9<r<11
Compression ratio
limited by T3
(autoignition) and P3
(material strength),
both ~rk
1.667 is the
highest value
normally
associated with
inert gasses light
argon or neon
Wc ,i m f QLHV n f ,i
imep = =
Vd Vd
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Effect of Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency and MEP
imep Qin r 1
= 1
P1 P1V1 r 1 r k
P1
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Air tables
S0 is only a function of temperature
Reduced pressure most useful in isentropic process
1 T dT
ln Pr c p
R T0 T
P2 pr 2
= for isentropic process
P1 pr1
Reduced pressure and standard entropy are related
1 T dT
ln vr cv
R T0 T
v2 vr 2
= for isentropic process
v1 vr1
1 T dT
ln vr cv
R T0 T
v2 vr 2
= for isentropic process
v1 vr1
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Otto Cycle Example
Example: An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7.5. At the
beginning of compression, p1 = 85 kPa and T1 = 32C. The mass of air is 2 g,
and the maximum temperature in the cycle is 960 K. Solve twice once
using constant specific heats and once with air tables. Find:
(a) The heat rejection, in kJ.
(b) The net work, in kJ.
(c) The thermal efficiency.
(d) The mean effective pressure,
in kPa.
=
m 2=
g 0.002kg
p1=85 kPa
T1=305 K cv = 0.718 kJ/kg-K
( k 1)
p (kPa) 85
T2 V1
= = 7.50.4 = 2.24; T2 = (273 + 32) 2.24 = 683K u (kJ/kg)
T1 V2
v
(k )
p2 V1
= = 7.51.4 = 16.8; p2 = (85) 16.8 = 1428 kPa
p1 V2
v2 = 1.0298/7.5 = 0.1373
(k )
p3 V4
= = 7.50.4 = 16.8; p4 = (2007) 16.8 = 119.5 kPa
p4 V3
State 1 2 3 4
T (K) 305 683 960 429
p (kPa) 85 1428 20071 119.5
u (kJ/kg) 0 271.4 470.3 89.0
v 1.03 0.137
State 2: Using compression ratio, ideal gas law, and Air Tables:
v1 v1 1.0298
r= v=
2 = = 0.1373m 3
/ kg
v2 r 7.5
Example:
State 1 2 3 4
(a) The heat rejection, in kJ.
T (K) 305 960
(b) The net work, in kJ.
(c) The thermal efficiency. p (kPa) 85
(d) The mean effective pressure, u (kJ/kg) 217.67
in kPa.
v 1.0298 0.1373
v2 vr 2
also knowing for isentropic processes =
v1 vr1
Cycle Efficiency:
= =
V2 mv 2 0.002 kg (0.1373m 3
/ =
kg ) 0.0002746 m 3
SOI = start of
injection
EOI = end of injection
SOC = start of
combustion
EOC = End of
combustion
W23 3
= p dv = p2 (v3 v 2 )
m 2
m ( u3 u2 ) = Q23 W23
Q23 = m[( u3 u2 ) + p2 (v3 v 2 )] = m ( h3 h2 )
Q41 = m ( u4 u1 )
Wcycl Q41 ( u4 u1 )
Efficiency = =1 =1
Q23 Q23 ( h3 h2 )
H
Constant pressure expansion has both work and heat transfer!
V3
T3 = T2 = rc T2
V2
V4 V4 V2 V1 V2 r
= = =
V3 V2 V3 V2 V3 rc
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Isentropic Compression and Expansion
( k 1)
T2 V1
= = r ( k 1)
T1 V2
( k 1) k 1
T4 V3 rc
= =
T3 V4 r
k = ratio of specific heats
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Isentropic Compression and Expansion
For the isentropic expansion and compression, the relations can be written as
using air tables:
V2
v r2 = v r1 ( ) = v r1 / r
V1
V4 r
v r4 = v r3 ( ) = v r3 ; r c = cut off ratio
V3 rc
Diesel = 1 k 1
(
1 1 rck 1 ) Otto = 1
1
(
)
recall,
const cV r rc 1
k r k 1
Note the term in the square bracket is always larger than one
So for the same compression ratio, r, the Diesel cycle has a lower thermal efficiency
than the Otto cycle
p4 = p3 (T4/T3) (k/k-1)
= (13258) (865.3/2267.1) 1.4/0.4
= 455.4 kPa
v1 = RT1/p1
= 0.287 (380)/200
= 0.5453 m3/kg
= 0.03687lbm
74
State 1 2 3 4
Example:
T
T (R)
(R) 520
520 1502.5
For State 2: pp (psi)
(psi) 14.2
14.2 657.8
(process 1-2 is isentropic) uu (Btu/lb ))
(Btu/lbmm 88.62
88.62 266.84
Using compression ratio, r hh (Btu/lb ) ) 124.27
(Btu/lbmm 124.27 369.85
V1 vr1 vvr 158.58
158.58 9.911
=
r = r
V2 vr 2 pprr 1.2147
1.2147 56.27
Then:
p2 pr 2 pr 2 56.27
= =p2 p=
1 14.2 psi = 657.8 psi
p1 pr1 pr1 1.2147
75
Why use the perfect gas law?
Comfort
But lots of units
778lbf ft ft 2
=
T3 T=
2
V3
V2
T2 rc = rcT2 = ( 2 )(1502.5 R ) = 3005 R
=
V3 rc=
V2 2(0.03125 ft=
3
) 0.0625 ft 3
then
pr 4 60.46
=p4 p=
3 657.8 psi = 41.9 psi
pr 3 948.36
78
State 1 2 3 4
Example:
T (R) 520 1502.5 3005 1530.8
(a) The heat added, in BTU.
(b) The max T. p (psi) 14.2 657.8 657.8 41.9
Example: State 1 2 3 4
T (R) 520 1502.5 3005 1530.8
(a) The heat added, in BTU.
p (psi) 14.2 657.8 657.8 41.9
(b) The max T.
u (Btu/lbm) 88.62 266.84 586.16 272.38
(c) The thermal efficiency.
(d) The mean effective pressure, h (Btu/lbm) 124.27 369.85 792.03 377.47
vr 158.58 9.911 1.174 9.392
Thermal Efficiency: pr 1.2147 56.27 948.36 60.46
Wcycle ( u4 u1 )
=
1
( 272.38 88.62 )
=
= = 1 0.565
Qin ( h3 h2 ) ( 792.03 369.85 )
Mean Effective Pressure: Wcycle Qin Qout
=
mep =
V1 (1 1r ) V1 (1 1r )
=
where: Qin Q=
23 15.58 Btu
Qout =
Q41 = ( 0.0369lbm )( 272.38 88.62 ) Btu / lbm =
m(u4 u1 ) = 6.78 Btu
mep
(=
15.58 6.78 ) Btu 778 ft lb ft 2
101.4 psi
( 0.5 ft 3 ) (1 161 ) Btu 144in2
Dual Cycle
Also called limited pressure cycle
Qin
= (u2.5 u2 ) + (h3 h2.5 ) = cv (T2.5 T2 ) + c p (T3 T2.5 )
m
Qout m u4 u1
Dual = 1 = 1
cycle Qin m (u2.5 u2 ) + (h3 h2.5 )
1 rck 1
Dual = 1 k 1
const cv r ( 1) + k (rc 1)
v3 P3
where rc = and =
v2.5 P2
Note, the Otto cycle (rc=1) and the Diesel cycle (=1) are special cases:
Otto = 1
1
Diesel
1 1 rck 1
= 1 k 1
( )
r k 1
const cV r k rc 1
( )
Rutgers Center for Advanced Energy Systems
Dual Cycle
For the same inlet conditions P1, V1 and the same compression
ratio:
Example: State
State 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5\\
Given Information: T
T (R)
(R) 520
520
p
p (psi)
(psi) 14
14 1200
1200 1200
1200
compression ratio, r = 15
u
u (Btu/lb)
(Btu/lb) 88.62
Qin= Q23 + Q34 = 800 Btu h
h (Btu/lb)
(Btu/lb)
Qout = - Q51 vvrr 158.58
Prr
P 1.2147
State 1 2 3 4 5\
Example:
T (R) 520 1468.8
State 1: given T = 520 R
p (psi) 14 594.26 1200 1200
look up u, h, vr, and pr
u (Btu/lb) 88.62 260.26
h (Btu/lb) 124.27 361.53
State 2: use r to find v2
vr 158.58 10.572
and since 1-2 is isentropic
find vr2 pr 1.2147 51.561
vr1 158.58
vr 2 = = = 10.572
r 15
then use Air Tables to look up T2, pr2, u2, and h2:
=p2 p=
pr 2
14 psi
( 51.561)
= 594.26 psi
1
pr1 (1.2147 )
88
State 1 2 3 4 5\
Example:
T (R) 520 1468.8 2966
State 3: given v3 = v2 and
p (psi) 14 594.26 1200 1200
p3 = 1200 psi, use ideal
u (Btu/lb) 88.62 260.26 577.4
gas law: pv = RT
h (Btu/lb) 124.27 361.53 780.7
p3 vr 158.58 10.572
T3 = T2
p2 pr 1.2147 51.561
1200
= 1468.8 R
594.26
= 2965.97 R
then use Air Tables to look up u3 and h3:
89
State
State 11 22 33 44 55\\
Example:
TT (R)
(R) 520
520 1468.8
1468.8 2966
2966 4577.6
State 4: Knowing p4=p3 pp (psi)
(psi) 14
14 594.26
594.26 1200
1200 1200
1200
and the heat in:
uu (Btu/lb)
(Btu/lb) 88.62
88.62 260.26
260.26 577.4
577.4 949.7
Qin= 800 Btu/lb
hh (Btu/lb)
(Btu/lb) 124.27
124.27 361.53
361.53 780.7
780.7 1263.6
use the 1st Law:
vvrr 158.58
158.58 10.572
10.572 0.2848
O
Q23 Q34 W23 W34
( u3 u2 ) + ( u4 u3 ) = + + +
m m m m
Qin
( u3 u2 ) + ( u4 u3 ) = p (v4 v3 )
m
= ( u3 u2 ) + { p (v4 v3 ) + ( u4 u3 )} = ( u3 u2 ) + ( h4 h3 )
Qin
m
Qin
h4 = ( u3 u2 ) + h3 Use Air Tables
m to find T4 ,u4, pr4,
=800 ( 577.4 260.26 ) + 780.7 =
1263.56 Btu / lbm and v4r
90
State 1 2 3 4 5\
Example:
T (R) 520 1468.8 2966 4577.6 2299
State 5:
p (psi) 14 594.26 1200 1200 61.44
u (Btu/lb) 88.62 260.26 577.4 949.7 431.0
h (Btu/lb) 124.27 361.53 780.7 1263.6 601.48
process 4-5 is also vr 158.58 10.572 0.2848 2.768
isentropic
pr 1.2147 51.561 5961.6 305.24
V5 V5 V2 (V5 = V1 ) (V2 = V3 ) V1 V3 V1 T3 T3
= = = = =r
V4 V2 V4 V2 V4 V2 V4 V2 T4 T4
V5
= r 3 = (15)
T (2966) = 9.7187 Replace Vs using ideal gas.
V4 T4 (4577.6)
V5
= vr 5 = vr 4 ( 9.7187 )( 0.2848
= ) 2.768
V4
Use Air Tables to look up T5, u5, h5, and pr5 and then find p5:
pr 5 305.24
=p5 p=
4 1200 = 61.44 psi
pr 4 5961.6
91
State 1 2 3 4 5\
Example:
T (R) 520 1468.8 2966 4577.6 2299
(a) Wcycle, in Btu/lb.
p (psi) 14 594.26 1200 1200 61.44
(b) Qout, in Btu/lb.
u (Btu/lb) 88.62 260.26 577.4 949.7 431.0
(c) The thermal eff.
(d) The cut off ratio h (Btu/lb) 124.27 361.53 780.7 1263.6 601.48
vr 158.58 10.572 0.2848 2.768
pr 1.2147 51.561 5961.6 305.24
Wcycle Q Q Q + Q34 Q51
= in out = 23 +
m m m m m
Qout Q51
= =u5 u1 =431.0 88.62 =342.4 Btu / lbm
m m
Wcycle
=800 342.4 =457.6 Btu / lbm
m
92
State 1 2 3 4 5\
Example: T (R) 520 1468.8 2966 4577.6 2299
(a) Wcycle, in Btu/lb. p (psi) 14 594.26 1200 1200 61.44
(b) Qout, in Btu/lb. u (Btu/lb) 88.62 260.26 577.4 949.7 431.0
(c) Thermal efficiency
h (Btu/lb) 124.27 361.53 780.7 1263.6 601.48
(d) The cut off ratio
vr 158.58 10.572 0.2848 2.768
Wcycle pr 1.2147 51.561 5961.6 305.24
=
Qin
Q
= 1
( u5 u1 )
= 1 out
Qin ( u3 u2 ) + ( h4 h3 )
Wcycle 457.6
= = = 0.572
Qin 800
Cut off ratio: from ideal gas equation at constant
pressure: pV = mRT
V3 mR V4 V4 4577.6
= = =
rc = = 1.543
T3 p T4 V3 2965.9
Example problem
An air-standard Dual cycle operates with a compression ratio of 14.
The conditions at the beginning of compression are 100 kPa and 300
K.
The maximum temperature in the cycle is 2200 K and the heat added
at constant volume is twice the heat added at constant pressure.
Determine:
(a) The pressure, temperature, and specific volume at each corner of the cycle,
(b) The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
(c) The mean effective pressure