CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
In this life, man will not be able to live alone, but need someone else in his life. So
humans will very often deal with someone to interact with each other and then there will be
tools to connect them in one or several topic of discussion, the tool is communication.
Communication is a tool for a person to convey information or a purpose to someone (the
person talking) either orally or in writing with the intention that the other person can
understand, receive the message that has been delivered by the speaker.
Imagine, if there are two or more people who are interacting, while among them there is
no understanding or clarity of what they convey to each other, surely that interaction will not
produce the desired results.
In its development, communication can be divided into two, namely verbal communication
and non verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is communications communicated
by communicators to communicants by using sign language, symbols or gestures and facial
expressions (mimic).
Verbal communication is a form of communication communicator communicated to the
communicant by written (written) or oral (oral). A couple of girls every day, a presenter
presents a music show on a television station, a reporter writes a story or opinion in a
newspaper, a teacher explaining a lesson or a father phoning his or her child, a few examples
of verbal communication. Thus, we need to understand and learn the language of
communication. In this case, the subject that will be discussed is about spoken language
1.2 Formulation of the problem
1. What is the instruction?
2. What is the explaination?
3. What is the reassuring?
1.3 Purpose
1. To know what is the instruction.
2. To know what is the explaination.
3. To know what is the reassuring.

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Instruction
Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person
does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do
something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is SIMPLE PRESENT

1. Use verb as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to :

The command sentence with the above pattern only uses the first form verb
(infinitive) without the addition of -es, -s, ed, or - ing.
Examples:
1. Sit down.
2. Sweep the floor.
3. Clean the whiteboard.
4. Bring me the bags!
5. Give me your money!
6. Let her explain the innovation!
7. Open the door!
8. Show me your spirit!
2. Use Be + Adjective or noun or adverb :
Command line with the above pattern, we do not use verbs, but instead replace the
verb with adjectives, adverbs, or nouns prefixed by 'BE'.
Examples:
1. Be careful!
2. Be quite!
3. Be on time1
4. Be brave man!
5. Be calm!

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 6. Be careful!
7. Be on time, please!
8. Be slowly
3. Use the word Dont + infinitive verb :
In order for the person we are talking to do not do a certain thing, then we can
add the word 'do not' or 'let's not' at the beginning of the sentence, like the example of
the following sentence:
1. Dont climb!
2. Dont do it!
3. Dont let them in
4. Dont be lazy.
5. Dont be sad, everything will be okay.
6. Dont step on it, its still wet.
7. Let us not be worried.
8. Lets not be panic, we all need to be calm down.
4.To make the instruction be politer, we can used please that put in front of sentences or
back.
To appeal to others using imperative sentence, we can add the word 'would you'
or 'please'. The two words mentioned above give a signal that we are pleading with others.
Sample sentence:
1. Please come, I need your opinion.
2. Please dont leave me alone.
3. Take me a glass of milk, please.
4. Would you pass me the book, please?
5. Please, wake up.
6. Please, be quite.
7. Please, do your homework.
2.2 Explanation
1. The meaning of explanation
Before starting to discuss about generic structure and explanation text features and for
example, I will start with the definition of explanation text in English and Indonesian.

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Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena. Explanation is a text that contains the processes associated with
natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural and other.
2. The Purpose of Explanation
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-
cultural phenomena. The communicative purpose of explanation text is to explain the
processes that occur in the formation of something related to natural, social, scientific,
cultural, and other phenomena aimed at explaining how or why it can happen.
3. Generic Structure Explanation Text
a. General statement
About the general explanation of the phenomena to be discussed, may be the
introduction of such phenomena or explanations.
b. Squenced of explanation
Contains an explanation of the process why the phenomenon can occur or be
created. A squenced of explanation is an answer to the author's 'why' and 'how'
questions when creating an Explanation text. In the squenced of explanation can
consist of more than one paragraph.
c. Closing
Actually the closing is not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text,
but most people assume that the last paragraph of an Explanation text is closing,
when it is part of a squenced of explantaion that contains the final step described
in the squenced of explanation section.
4. Characteristics of Explanation Text
1. An Explanation text usually derives from the author's questions related to 'why' and
'how' to an existing phenomenon.
2. Because the appointed phenomenon is the focus of the material not on the object or
the person, but on events or events that occur in people or objects.
3. Using the Simple Present tense.

5. Example Explanation Text

How Earthquakes Happen

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 Earthquake is one of the most destroying natural disasters. Unluckily it often
happens in several regions. Recently a horrible earthquake has shaken West Sumatra.
It has brought great damages. Why did it occur? Do you know how an earthquake
happens? Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks
along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves. It make the
ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other,
they stick a little. They dont just slide smoothly. The rocks are still pushing against
each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure
thats built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake
and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move
until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the
focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus is called the epicenter of the
earthquake.
Explanation:
1. First paragraph is about the General Statement. Viewing from the text of course
GSnya is an Earthquake happening.
2. Second paragraph: Squenced of explanation is an explanation of how Earthquake
can occur. An earthquake can occur essentially because of "underground rock
suddenly breaks along a fault". Another explanation is about the chronology of how
underground rock breaks along a fault.
3. Third paragraph: a closing that explains that a shift in the earth's plate continues to
occur and explains that the point beneath the earth where the rock breaks is called
the Focus of the eartquake and the place above that point is called the epicenter of
earthquake.
6. Features of Explanation Text
Explanation Text has some features that distinguish this type of text from other
types of text in English. The features of the Explanation Text are as follows:
a. Written in Present Tense (Written using Present Tense)
Explanation Text describes the process of the occurrence of an event or
phenomenon that usually the incident will occur over and over - again, such as the

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 formation of rain, the formation of snow, how the bees make honey, and so forth.
Therefore, writing Explanation Text must be written using Simple Present Tense.
b. Text arranged into some numbered points and written in a sequence.
Explanation Text contains the process - the process of the formation of an event
or phenomenon written in sequence in some points on the Sequenced of
Explanation.
c. Time connectives
Since Explanation Text describes the process of occurrence of a phenomenon
or event or event, usually this type of text is marked by the existence of a time
conjunctive word that can be either first, second, third, firstly, secondly, then, later,
next, finally, or at last.
d. Technical vocabulary
Explanation Text usually contains a special vocabulary or vocabulary on the
subject matter covered in this text. For example, if this text is about how a car is
made, then some examples of related vocabulary are engine, ignition, or bonnet.
e. Diagrams with labels
Explanation Text usually comes with a diagram with a description of the
diagram that serves to help explain what is discussed in the text.
f. Pictures with captions
Explanation Text is also usually equipped with images and descriptions that
serve to help explain what is discussed in explanation text.
g. Answer the question of "How" and "Why"
The Explanation Text usually contains the answers of "How" and "Why"
contained in the second section (Sequenced of Explanation) of this text.

2.3 Reassurance
Reassurance is a skill or technique used by a counselor to provide support or
reinforcement of a client's positive statement to make him more confident and
confident.Reassurance is a listening response, or a response expressed by a counselor when a
client speaks or tells a story. Through this skill, the counselor supports what is said by the client

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or with another language the counselor provides reinforcement (reinforcement) on the client
self.
Reassurance is divided into 3, namely:
1. Prediction reassurance (strengthening prediction)
Reinforcement by the counselor, when the client declares that he or she will do a positive
action plan, the counselor can support the client's statement or provide a belief that he or
she can perform the action.
Example: "Good, I'm sure you're successful.", "You can do it", "That's a great plan, you
can do it."
2. Postdiction reassurance (postdiction reinforcement)
Reinforcement of the counselor to the positive behavior that the client has performed
and the results appear.
Example: "See, you can prove it, Try it again. You can do it."
This skill provides reinforcement to the current client, who was initially hesitant about his
lack of confidence to repeat doing something, which in the past he had succeeded in doing
so.
3. Factual reassurance (factual reinforcement)
Reinforcement counselors use to reduce the burden of psychological distress (unpleasant
experiences) clients. This reinforcement is more entertaining to the client with the aim that
the burden experienced by the client to be reduced by providing factual support that what
is experienced by the client can also be experienced by others and feel what you feel at this
time.
Example: "I can understand what you feel right now and in fact I've also experienced what
you experience. Strengthen yourself, you can surely pass it.
Thus, reassurance is a verbal technique that provides clients with a sense of security in
times of trouble; may include provision of support (approval), posdiction, prediction, or
factual liver penalty.
The purpose of reassurance are:
a. Client is able to anticipate well.
b. Client consequences with deeds and change of mind, feeling and behavior.
c. Client is able to understand the impact or effect for himself.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION
Giving instruction is an expression that is used in order that order that other person
does what we instruct or request, or giving imperative to other people for to do or not to do
something, Giving instruction sometimes called comperative/prohibition.
NOTE:
The tense used in giving instruction is SIMPLE PRESENT

1. Use verb as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to

2. Use Be + Adjective or noun or adverb
3. Use the word Dont + infinitive verb

To make the instruction be politer, we can used please that put in front of sentences or back

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific
and cultural phenomena. Explanation is a text that contains the processes associated with
natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural and other.

Generic Structure Explanation Text

1. General statement
2. Squenced of explanation
3. Closing
Reassurance is a skill or technique used by a counselor to provide support or reinforcement
of a client's positive statement to make him more confident and confident

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 BIBLIOGRAFI

Anjarwati.2012. Giving Instruction (Online). Available:

http://anjarwaty.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/giving-instruction.html . on access dated 28 September
2017 at 18.00

https://inggrisonline.com/pengertian-generic-structure-ciri-explanation-text-and-example/. on
access dated 28 September 2017 at 18.10

https://www.slideshare.net/pachadellayolanro/makalah-bahasa-inggris-47022184. on access dated

28 September 2017 at 18.10

https://www.tumblr.com/search/reassuring%20text%20messages. on access dated 28 September

2017 at 18.10