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UNIT 3

3.1 Say which of the italicized parts of the sentences below constitute phrases and, if they
do, what kind of phrase:
1. You were driving faster than 100 m.p.h.
2. It is surprising that he should have given up so easily.
3. His account was much more truthful than we expected.
4. Such offenders are treated less tolerantly than in the past.
5. She is not satisfied now and never will be.
6. When did you see her last?
7. Have you picked up your credit card yet?
8. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
9. I met her for the first time in Paris years ago.
10. The Allisons live two miles down the road.
11. The meeting will take place two days later.
12. In terms of money its the best we can do.
13. Do try and be careful.
14. Cast iron is apt to break.
15. Students interested in this course should register as soon as possible.

3.2 Which of the italicized noun phrases contain a descriptive modifier and which a
classifying modifier?
1. Weve had almost polar temperatures this summer.
2. Did you see any polar bears?
3. This disease was rampant among industrial workers in the twenties.
4. Constable Buckley was the average type of rural policeman.
5. Cant you keep a civil tongue in your head?
6. For a criminal lawyer he knows a lot about civil law.
7. She is married to a medical man; I think hes a general practitioner.
8. They seem to have a very musical child.
9. Sothebys is having an auction of 17th-century musical clocks.
10. You should have given a much more general account of what happened.
11. He has a distinctly rural manner.
12. She was wearing unattractive tan shoes.
13. As an intermediate course it is unsuitable for advanced students.
14. He has very advanced ideas about feminist theology.
15. The hostages have come to no bodily harm.

Do the italicized noun phrases function: (A) as constituents of PHRASES or (B) of

SENTENCES?
1. I saw her last week.
2. I havent seen her since last week.
3. It happened a week after his death.
4. Although an expert marksman, he missed twice.
5. For an expert marksman, he had a great many misses.

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6. People were making sort of sly remarks about the two men living together.
7. The victim had been killed with what seemed to be a Tibetan sabre.
8. The Victim had been killed with what looked like a Tibetan sabre.
9. We cant have our party now, with a dead body lying in the front garden.
10. My old-fashioned fear for girls honour was, you will say out of the future which is your enlightened
present, a plain absurdity as well as pure hypocrisy.

3.4. Identify the appositions in the following sentences, if there are any:

1. The taxi-driver Peter Lennon had seen nothing.

2. His wife, the singer Patty Smith, was killed in the accident.
3. The singer Patty Smith interviewed used to be a member of the Who.
4. The city of Rome was founded by Romulus and Remus.
5. You may call Tom, Dick, Harry, whoever you like.
6. Dick called Tome a scoundrel and Harry a fool.
7. Tom, the baker has called (2x).
8. The taxi-driver Peter Lennon talked to had seen nothing.
9. Peter Jones, that successful businessman and wonderful guitar player, died at his home in
Birmingham last night.
10. The late President of the Soviet Union and Leader of the Communist Party, Leonid Brezhnev, who
had a heart attack at the age of 75, had not chaired any cabinet meetings for the last two years
before his death.

3.5 Are the italicized constituents adjective phrases (A) or adverb phrases (B).
1. You should have taken an earlier train.

2. John was right when he said that.

3. You should have taken the train earlier.

4. John was right behind you when he said that.

5. The police found the front window wide open.

6. The pation is feeling well enough to see you.

7. The window had been pushed wide open

8. The prisoners are treated well enough.

9. He spoke to us very kindly.

10. Try to work has hard as possible

11. He spoke to us in a kindly manner.

12. Few shows are broadcast live.

13. Why did you arrive so late?

14. Live broadcasts are very few.

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15. The threat of a military conflict looms very large

3.6 Are the following adverbials adjuncts, disjuncts or conjuncts?

1. Nervously, he untied the package.

2. Frankly, I cant stand her husband.

3. I try to be nice to him, however.

4. Unexpectedly he turned up at the funeral.

5. Briefly, that is all I can say at the moment.

6. I could speak to him only very briefly.

7. Much to his surprise, he found everyone gone.

8. In spite of that, he decided to stay.

9. Although he waited for two hours, nobody turned up.

10. Scientifically his findings wont stand up to the slightest criticism.

11. Whats more, I think it is possible he falsified them.

12. Quite incredibly, he possesses a large fortune.

13. Sadly, she died at the age of 42.

14. He purposely ignored us.

15. Each summer we spend a few days in Paris.

3.7 Identify the verb phrases in the sentences below and say whether they are finite or
non-finite. Where applicable, identify tense, aspect and voice.
1. The child should have been sleeping.

2. Things remained as they had been in the past.

3. All houses in the street having been searched, the police disappeared again.

4. He refused to be forced to call him his friend.

5. The case must have been being investigated at the time when Mr. Johnson was appointed chief of
police.

6. This is not what I think he must have intended.

7. Having considered your request very carefully, we regret to say that you fail to qualify.

8. Hearing the door being bolted, she suddenly remembered having lef her purse on the mantelpiece.

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9. He did not very much like the idea of having to rely on Peter to do the job. He is always being asked
to do dirty jobs. FINITE/ NON-FINITE/NON-FINITE

10. Have you ever tried to catch a jaguar?

11. She may be bathing the baby at the moment.

12. That point will be discussed at the next meeting.

13. He has been with the firm for years.

14. He was relieved to find that his future employer was considered to be one of the fairest men in the
business.

3.8 Transform the following active sentences, where possible, into their passive
counterparts, giving two passive sentences where this is indicated. Suppress the
agent if you think it is irrelevant in the passive sentence.

1. Thieves had broken into the new school building.

2. We will discuss this point at the next meeting.

3. Everybody listened to Mary.

4. My sister gave me this book. (x2)

5. You should not compare the play with Hamlet.

6. They have appointed Jim head of the department.

7. One should not put up with such irresponsible behavior.

8. Somebody must have set fire to the house.

9. They are going to execute the prisoners at dawn.

10. You are supposed to finish the job by the end of next week.

11. We shall pay careful attention to all the points you raised (x2)

12. They had to put off their marriage until next month.

13. Why didnt you bring up that problem during our discussion?

14. They took hardly any notice of his criticism

15. The government has put great pressure on the committee (x2).

16. We will send you the appropriate forms as soon as possible (x2).

17. What did they pay you for that old sewing machine?

18. I want you to pay me as soon as possible.

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19. He was certain of the board appointing him.

20. Why are you so surprised at somebody sending you a specimen copy (2x).

3.9 Are the italized prepositional phrases in the sentences below immediate constituents
of the sentence or immediate constituents of phrases within the sentence? Note that
some of the sentences have more than one interpretation.

1. My friend has bought the house at the corner.

2. He wrote his last book about the behavior of apes.

3. Winter in that region is very cold and wet

4. After next Tuesday would suit me better.

5. His wife was furious at seeing him in chains.

6. At seeing him in chains, his wife burst into tears.

7. We had lunch at the Kings Head.

8. Lunch at the Kings Head is famous for its smoked salmon.

9. He hit his opponent with the tennis racket.

10. He hit his opponent with his tennis racket.

3.10 Transform the sentences below into WH-questions:

1. We can rely on the porter.

2. He said he had to put up with his eighty-year-old aunt.

3. I am quite familiar with the gospel according to John.

4. I am going to play a part in The Merchant of Venice.

5. Suddenly they were standing in front of the town hall.

6. I am fond of decaffeinated coffee.

7. The trophy was presented to the youngest participant.

8. She was extremely jealous of her girlfriend.

9. We had better cut down on expenses.

10. I think you should make allowances for his lack of experience.

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3.11 Join the sentences below by inserting the second into the first as a restrictive
relative clause.
1. The library didnt have the book.// I was looking for the book

2. The head of the department offered him a job.// He didnt feel up to the job.

3. There are still a great many biological phenomena.// We cannot account for the phenomena.

4. I still remember some of the boys// I went to school with the boys.

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6. The structure of the phrase

6.1IDENTIFY EACH OF THE NOUN PHRASES IN THE FOLOWING SENTENCES AND
ANALYSE THEM INTO THEIR FUNCTIONAL AND CATEGORICAL CONSTITUENTS.

1. From January well have to pay both these high amounts.

2. He showed us the way out.

3. He lost all the money he had.

4. Your aunt told us a sad and moving tale.

5. His parents are people rich enough to pay that amount of money.

6. It was a bigger room than we had imagined.

7. The sun had the story of the accident at the funfair in Battersea Park.

8. None of us had heard the news that he had been fired.

9. We have no indication where to look.

10. Girls your age shouldnt wear that kind of dress.

11. Our link with the outside world was the news we heard over the radio.

12. The house he bought used to be my uncles.

13. You have written a much better essay than I expected.

14. The day before he left was a Saturday.

15. We have heard so many speculations about how he acquired his fortune.

6.2.PUT THE DETERMINERS IN BRAKETS IN THEIR PROPER POSITION WITH RESPECT

TO THE HEAD, AS IN THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLE. NOTE THAT IN SOME CASES THE
DETERMINERS GIVEN CANNOT CO-OCCUR.

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Amount (the, double).

Car (own, my).
Arrivals (ten, first, the).
.
Week (other, every).
Case (this, each)
Energy (your, twice).

Question (this, last).

Man (a, many).
Mistakes (the, most).
Sentence (third, each).
Car (a, such).
Information (other, little).
Books (own, my, all).
Essays (these, Johns)

6.2PUT THE PREMODIFIERS IN BRACKETS IN THEIR PROPER POSITION WITH RESPECT

TO THE HEAD
1. His (grey, old, Italian) lawyer. 6. (woollen, expensive) material
2. Such (old, silly) women. 7. His (huge, American, black) car
3. A (plastic, rectangular) tray. 8. A (red, woollen, long) scarf.
4. (young, brave, English) heroes. 9. A (square, wooden, ugly) box
5. A (small, cheap, Swiss) watch. 10. (English, blue, lovely) pottery.

6.3SAY WICH OF THE GENITIVES IN THE FOLLOWING NOUN PHRASES ARE (a)
CLASSIFYING AND WICH ARE (b) SPECIFYING. SOME OF THE EXAMPLES ARE
AMBIGUOUS:
1. Johns doctors degree
2. Whose mens shop.
3. This mans dentures
4. Womens rights
5. Such womens rights.
6. His dogs life
7. A ladies man
8. Whose mens wives.
9. Childs play
10. A childs toys.

6.4IN THE FOLLOWING NOUN PHRASES THE HEAD IS FOLLOWED BY TWO

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. WHICH OF THESE NOUN PHRASES HAVE THE SAME
STRUCTURE? WHICH OF THEM ARE STRUTURALLY AMBIGUOUS?
A= head ---- + q1 + q2.

B= head + q1 ---- q2

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1. The year before the assassination of 6. Negotiations about the food pieces in the
Kennedy Common Market countries

2. The portrait of Titus by Rembrandt 7. The talks between the Big Three in Yalta

3. Johns essay on Milton for Professor Smith 8. Research on cancer in this country

4. Cars from factories in Japan 9. A history of social conditions in the 19 th

century
5. The house at the corner of the street
10. The education of black students in South
Africa

6.5WICH OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ARE RESTRICTIVE

AND WICH ARE NON-RESTRICTIVE?
1. The power he used to have has begun to decline. 6. The many lovers she had had are all dead.

2. His passport, which he had lost at the airport, had 7. The Jockey, which controls horse racing in Britain,
been found by a policeman. was founded a long time ago.

3. Kathleen, who was Jimmys best friend, now lives in 8. We bought two tables which had been damaged by
Edinburgh. fire.

4. The food they had bought at the supermarket is very 9. The dogs that guarded the house against strangers
expensive. looked very nasty.

5. The dogs, which guarded the house against 10. Are you sure that he is the man whose son applied
strangers, looked very nasty. for the job?

6.6WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING THAT-CLAUSES ARE RELATIVE CLAUSES AND WHICH ARE
APPOSITIVE CLAUSES?
1. Some of the facts that are referred to here are well- 5. Some of the stories that were published by him are
known. unreliable

2. The news that England had won was a surprise. 6. The news that the BBC broadcast this morning said
nothing about events in Spain.
3. This film offers possibilities that are very interesting
for young graduates. 7. I am not interested in the fact that he is a millionaire.

4. Do you believe in the saying that it takes two to 8. The story that he married her in Rome is untrue.
make a quarrel?
9. There is a possibility that Sally might fail the exam.

10. We did not have any hope that she would turn up.

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6.7WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING NOUNS CAN BE FOLLOWED BY (A) A RELATIVE CLAUSE

AS WELL AS AN APPOSITIVE CLAUSE, (B) A RELATIVE CLAUSE ONLY?
1. Hope 8. Impression 15. Claim

2. Energy 9. Hesitation 16. News

3. Course 10. Conclusion 17. Rumour

4. Claim 11. Wisdom 18. Cause

5. Proposal 12. Knowledge 19. Wish

6. Examination 13. Subject 20. Suggestion

7. Letter 14. Work

6.8THE SENTENCES BELOW CONTAIN NOUN PHRASES WITH FINITE CLAUSES AS

POSTMODIFIERS. REPLACE THEM BY THE APROPRIATE NON-FINITE
POSTMODIFYING CLAUSES.
1. Mr Long is the man you should talk to.

2. Who were the first men that landed on the moon?

3. Students who wish to enrol should contact the registrar.

4. The techniques that are used in the production of this article involve a great deal of computational work.

5. The men who were said to be guilty could not be found.

6. They are children who are difficult to educate.

7. The next visitor who comes in will receive a present.

8. He wrote several books that describe the effects of World War II on Western Europe.

9. Mark is a boy who is easy to persuade.

10. There is no cause why she should be so upset.

6.9THE NOUN PHRASES BELOW CONTAIN ADJECTIVE PHRASES FUNCTIONING AS

POSTMODIFIER. WHICH OF THESE CAN BE TURNED INTO DISCONTINUOUS
MODIFIERS?

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1. a plan less ambitious than we expected 6. a theory difficult to explain.

2. books hard to come by 7. a house different from your.

3. customers unwilling to pay 8. a boy interested in bird-watching.

4. a man as rich as my father 9. a point so trivial that it is not worth

mentioning.
5. a girl as dim as her sister is clever.
10. people averse to hard work.

6.11. Identify the adjective phrase in the sentences below and analyse them
into their functional and categorical constituents.
1. He was quite exceptionally brave.

2. Careless people are apt to make mistakes.

3. I am very worried that he might get involved with the crowd.

4. It is quite clear that she feels uncertain what to tell to her husband.

5. I was very surprised at what happened next.

6. He was so ungracious as to call it a point too trivial to be worth mentioning.

7. The children were all very eager for the party start.

8. That is tantamount to blackmail. ?

9. He is becoming too big for his boots.

10. The prisoners were given quite unnecessarily brutal treatment.

6.12. Which of the following adjective take an obligatory post-modifier?

- clear - loath - glad

- kind - subject - apt

- fond - upper - averse

- cager - principal - tantamount

- likely - easy - grateful

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6.13. The sentences below contain phrases with relative clauses as post-
modifiers. Replace the clausal post-modifiers by adjective phrases,
changing the word order wherever this is necessary.

1. All the visitors who were early got a good viewing.

2. All the visitors who were present got a good viewing.

3. Dont worry about things that are unlikely to happen.

4. Students who are interested in grammar are few and far between.

5. Students who are really intelligent are few and far between.

6. The people who are most difficult to contact are the welfare workers themselves.

7. Where do we find a man who is wealthy enough to sponsor a project like that?

8. We found nothing that was interesting.

9. We found an object that was most interesting.

10. This is a noun phrase that is much more complicated.

6.14. Identify the adverb phrase in the following sentences and analyse them
into their functional and categorical constituents.
1. She spoke more hesitatingly than we had expected.

2. Quite frankly, his sister behaved hardly less foolishly.

3. The late afternoon train felt earlier than the stationmaster had told us.

4. In my opinion such people can never be taken seriously.

5. Very seldom has your sister looked lovelier than tonight. ?

6. Surprisingly, the book was only published very recently.

7. He is working less hard than he used to.?

8. I really think you are behaving altogether too irresponsibly.

9. She should have driven much more carefully.

10. Did he leave later than five oclock?

6.15. Say whether the following phrases are noun phrases, adjective phrases
or adverb phrases. Identify the head.

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1. too easy a solution to come up with.
2. hardly more effectively.
3. the car on the bridge over there.
4. the day after tomorrow.
5. incredibly difficult to imitate.
6. the best book there is on the subject.
7. as pretty as she used to be.
8. much more intelligently than we had
anticipated.
9. qualified for the job that awaited her.
10. too quickly to be seen.
6.16. Form appropriate verb phrases for each of the sentences below using
the verbs in brackets and putting these in the correct form and proper
order. In each case the finite verb is given first and has the correct form.
1. Your applications (should be write) last week.

2. She (may be wait) for two hours by now.

3. They (will be have) lunch now.

4. You (might be) at the meeting then.

5. She (ought to be) in the hotel then.

6. The essay (must be write) by John.

7. The prisoners-of-war( have be interrogate) by a team of six the past two years.

8. He (cant do) his best in the class last year.

9. The theatre (will be complete) by the end of 2017.

10. The children (cant, dare, do, have) a thing like that.

6.17. Say which category or categories (perfective aspect, progressive aspect

and passive voice) have been realized in the following verb phrase:
1. should be
expressed.

2. had been seen.

3. may be understood.

4. might have been

omitted.

5. was being copied.

6. should have been

bought.

7. has been being

imitated.

8. ought to have
refused.

9. is reading.

10. has been going.

AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

6.18. Identify the prepositional phrases in the sentences below and analyse them into
their functional and categorical constituents.
1. Since last week I have a room near the office.

2. Until quite recently he lived in London.

3. We were late through John having mislaid his keys.

4. I was quite put out by what he said.

5. The baby crawled from under the table.

6. Form this it follows that you are wrong.

7. Unfortunately, in addition to being the richest man in the country he is also the biggest rogue.

8. Not since visiting Florida in mid-August have I seen such extreme temperatures.

9. He seems to be quite happy in spite of his handicap.

10. Is everything in accordance with your wishes, sir?

6.19. How is the prepositional complement realized in the following prepositional

phrases?
1. by saying such awful thing.

2. exactly a month before his departure.

3. (pleased) with the way she behaved.

4. from behind the wall.

5. on arriving at the palace.

6. in search of what they had lost.

7. in spite of the things he did.

8. until quite recently.

9. form the moment he left the room.

10. from where

AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

UNIT 7.- The structure of the sentence: functions

7.1. Describe the following sentence in functional terms as in the following example:

Our neighbours-spent-their holidays-in Spain

Su P DO A

1. She spent all the money in Paris.

2. I talked to the man last week.

3. You should have known the answer to the question.

4. Olivia carried the box with the books.

5. They will be visiting all the museums in London.

6. Olivia could carry the box with my help.

7. You should have known the answer yesterday.

8. She spent all the money she had inherited.

9. They will be visiting the museums the whole day.

10. She will make your son very happy.

11. The porter called my father a fascist.

12. I talked to the man next door.

13. She will make your son a good wife.

14. The porter called my father a taxi.

15. Johns father used to be Master of a Cambridge college.

7.2. Describe the sentences below in categorical terms:

1. My uncle has been selling cars for five years.
2. It rained very hard last night.
3. He is the best boss you can imagine.
4. The Prime Minister made a very good speech last night.
5. Cyril is growing old.
6. They will accept your apology.
7. The programme he relished most was Panorama.
8. She is meeting an old school-friend of hers tomorrow
9. They have ten cars next door.
10. It will keep fine fortunately.
11. You were wise to change your mind.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

12. She found this book very interesting.

13. At the cocktail party he gave last Nweek nobody paid attention to his wife.
14. That girl is as stupid as they make them.
15. She learnt all this nonsense at university.

7.3. Describe the following sentences in both functional and categorical terms:
1. I have a strong suspicion that I have met you before somewhere.

2. The best play Shakespeare wrote is probably King Lear.

3. English is a fairly easy language to learn.

4. You should write the answers on this side of the paper.

5. Our ship was damaged in a storm.

6. Who has given you these flowers?

7. My children have been learning English for six years.

8. The photograph was so clear that you could recognize every face.

9. He is growing his hair long.

10. We appreciate the kind speech with which he welcomed us.

11. Turn off that noisy radio.

12. By next August he will have written his third novel.

13. Jimmy is a man of considerable talents.

14. His whisky he drinks neat.

15. The old lady was knocked down by a bus in Park Lane.

7.4. Constituents that have the syntactic function of subject can have various semantic roles. Say in
which below the subject has the role of agent (the entity that initiates the action), in which
sentences it has the role of victim (experiencer the entity that feels or perceives something)
and in which it has the role of instrument (the entity with which an action is carried out).
1. Robin was beaten up in a pub last night.
2. The vegetables have now been cooking for 30 minutes.
3. Why did you put your desk near the window?
4. These books wont sell.
5. Your key wont open my car.
6. What are you eating?
7. The policeman kicked one of the demonstrators on the shins.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

8. Five pounds will buy you a very good meal in this restaurant.
9. The prisoners were executed at dawn.
10. Flowers wont win you her friendship.
11. This tap turns easily.
12. A tennis ball wont break that window.
13. Determination and perseverance earned him the respect of his colleagues.
14. The doctor examined me for half an hour.
15. Crockery breaks easily.

7.5. Apply the passivizability criterion to the sentences below and determine which of them contain a
constituent that functions as direct object (DO):
1. Oscars proposal seems a good solution.
2. Who wrote this essay?.
3. They have two cars.
4. She will make a good wife.
5. He died a millionaire.
6. Everybody admires his courage.
7. Martins death will remain a mystery.
8. When are they publishing his book?
9. It appears a true story.
10. Does she resemble her daughter?

7.6. Identify the constituent that functions as subject in the following sentences:
1. Who is going to be held responsible?
2. Did the man who rang up say who he was?
3. Her father she had never known.
4. Which whisky would you like me to buy for you?
5. A genius she had never seen.
6. What were they looking for in Athens?
7. Would the Labour Party Conference agree to these proposals?
8. Who can look after your wife?
9. What caused all the fuss was a mystery
10. Who does the Cabinet hold responsible for this?
11. What caused all the fuss?
12. Who can your wife look after?
13. In came the man we had all been waiting for.
14. What were you put in charge of?
15. Who did the police suspect?

7.7. Identify the Predicate (Pred) and the predicator (P) in each of the following sentences:

1. She makes no conscious effort to limit what she eats.

2. A hundred years ago this question might have occasioned no great surprise.
3. Tea-time news and current affairs on BBC 1 are getting a new look.
4. Another impressive feature is our new teletext system.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

5. The fact that it goes out live makes the show different.
6. Break-ups of marriages are the stuff of farce.
7. He joined the campaign against cancer.
8. One of the pleasures of listening is not being interrupted while enjoying the music.
9. A taste for the finer things in life calls for the odd sacrifice.
10. You can lose your no-claims bonus.

7.8. Say which of the following English verbs

A. do not require a complement

B. require a single complement

C. require either a single complement or companion complements

In each case specify the kind of complement that is required (e.g. DO).

to abolish: to hesitate: to skate:

to pause: to compare: to buy

to grunt to misplace to enjoy

to hit: to sleep: to awake:

to make: to catch up with: to forgive:

to entail: to envy: to grow up:

to despair: to reign: to cause:

to discover: to seem : to look for:

to make up for

7.9. Which of the sentences below contain a constituent that functions as direct object? Identify
this constituent.
1. Here are a few examples of the power of televisions visual symbolism.
2. Mozart wrote that symphony shortly before he died.
3. To live in such a place is my hearts desire.

4. I am afraid that the novelty has worn off.

5. How many books has he translated into French?
6. The man looks definitely younger than his years.
7. What did your doctor prescribe for your illness?
8. The passenger compartment is as spacious as it is comfortable.
9. Everyone will remember him for his eloquence.
10. She finds him a prig.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

7.10. Which of the following sentences contain a constituent that functions as indirect object and
which contain a constituent that functions as benefactive object?
1. The police would not show him the body.

2. I am going to make myself some tea.

3. Come on, do me a favour.

4. He sold me the car at last.

5. She refused to read us a letter.

6. Has anyone ever bought you a ring?

7. Why dont you play us that sonata again?

8. Has she paid you the money yet?

9. He has left her all the shares he possessed.

10. Could you cash me this cheque?

11. Weve made them two new proposals recently.

12. At the end of the recital she sang us another Schubert song.
13. I cannot give you a job now.

14. This has done her reputation incalculable harm.

15. She told me an incredible story about her brother-in-law.

7.11. Some of the sentences below contain copula verbs followed by a constituent that functions as
subject attributive (A). Others contain a transitive verb followed by a constituent that functions
as direct object (B). Distinguish between these two sets.
1. This explanation sounds incredible. 10. Suddenly he felt an electric shock.

2. The train kept us indoors. 11. Who made these new rules?

3. Lets remain calm. 12. Peter is going to sound the headmaster

on this.
4. She should not have been so optimistic.
13. Her black hair is turning grey.
5. Will he make a good teacher?
14. Can you receive the BBC on your radio?
6. Did you taste this wine?
15. We should turn his offer down.
7. Why did she become his wife?
16. All her dreams have come true.
8. Im getting tired of his jokes.
17. These pills taste horrible
9. Youd better keep warm.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

18. Our neighbours keep chickens 20. Your perfume smells lovely

19. This material feels very soft

7.12. In the examples below the predicator is followed by two complements. To which of the
following patterns do these sentences belong?
A. P IO DO.

B. P BO DO.

C. P DO OA.

D. P DO PC.

1. Her essay combines intelligence and humour.

2. I always drink my coffee black.

3. I find her husband a crushing bore.

4. They offered him a job in the United States.

5. The police kicked the door open.

6. Could you procure me a book on sociolinguistics?

7. She will hand you the documents when you arrive at Victoria

8. The committee will probably elect Dr Brown chairman.

9. His stories reminded me of my native town.

10. Our friends had found us a nice hotel near the beach.

11. They bought both of their children a cottage in Wales.

12. Her fellow-students would not lend her any money.

13. Our neighbour has accused her husband of adultery.

14. Can I offer you a drink?

15. The dog always lick the plates clean.

16. He denies his children nothing.

17. Could you get me a copy of that letter?

18. That remark knocked me cold.

19. Why do they call their daughter Penelope?

20. She showed us the way to the library.

21. His accent proclaimed him a Frenchman.

AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

22. She never promised you a rose garden.

23. Who taught you French?

24. The rebels have taken two generals hostage.

25. You had better put that on the top shelf.

7.13. Say whether the predicator in the following sentences is followed by a constituent that
functions as direct object (A) or by a constituent that functions as predicator complement (B):
1. Has anyone filed these letters? 8. Sebastian stands six foot three.

2. Does she really weigh 85 kilos? 9. The new theatre will seat 850 people.

3. The Government employs thousands of 10. All my students have to read that book.
civil servants.
11. She has a lot of money in the bank.
4. The flight to Australia took almost 21
hours. 12. I shouldnt mind a glass of wine.

5. That blue shirt does not become you. 13. In that year Arsenal won the Cup Final.

6. We will have to exterminate these 14. They waved goodbye to us on the

beliefs. platform.

7. Tolstoy wrote War and Peace. 15. Everyone interprets this passage
differently.

7.14. The sentences (a) Mother would like [Mary to see a doctor] and (b) Mother persuaded Mary
[to see a doctor] require different analysis, as shown by the bracketing and passivization: *Mary
would be like to see a doctor / Mary was persuaded to see a doctor. Of the sentences below some
must be analysed like (a) and some like (b). Divide them into two groups.

1. George has invited us to come to his 8. The Trade Unions are arguing the
party. Government to create new jobs.

2. Do you wish me to cancel the meeting? 9. Do you really want me to come with you?

3. I would like you to think it over again.
4. They warned us not to drive too fast on
the motorway.
5. He would prefer our students to take
their exams in the summer.
10. The policeman helped the old lady to
cross the street.
11. We wont encourage our children to see
that film.
12. Will they force s to attend the meeting?

6. He will persuade you to quote form his
book.
7. My salary does not enable me to go
abroad every year.
13. Did you intend us to do it today?
14. Imagine yourself to be in New York on
Christmas Day.
15. We expect everybody to be punctual.
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 7

7.15. Identify those constituents in the sentences below that have the function adverbial:
1. Seriously, you should work much harder
than last year.
2. Queen Victoria died in 1901.
3. Thankfully, there is one company that can
help you avoid such mistakes.
4. Splash out on him on Fathers Day.
5. The Sunday Times Book of the
Countryside is published this weekend.
6. At the age of 15 he went to live in
California.
7. The moment you drive into the free car
park of our hotel, the world seems less
hostile.
8. Airlines obviously have to use their
equipment as efficiently as possible.
9. They left in a great hurry.
10. Fifty years ago Amy Johnson became
Britains heroine by flying solo from
Croydon to Australia.

7.16. Some of the sentences below have the same sentences patterns. Identify these sentences and
say what pattern is that they share:
1. Nevil is a student of mathematics.
2. Last year Stephen Potter was appointed
professor.
3. Lend me tour car tomorrow.
4. Inflation has eaten away part of the buying
power of our life insurance.
5. The results of this experiment were quite
complex.
6. Send us further information as soon as
possible.
7. Art critics looked at his paintings from time to
time.
8. The contribution of television to positive
social change is attracting increasing
attention.
9. Small savings soon mount up.
10. In 1975 Professor King was elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society.
11. His health quickly deteriorated.
12. Girls talk about sexuality in quite different
ways.
13. The election was a landslide for the Tories.
14. Stains which could ruin other fabrics will
leave no trace.
15. Give your family the warmth of double-
glazing this winter.
7.17. Which of the following sentence patterns are impossible in English?
Su P IO DO A

A Su P DO OA

Su P DO SA

P Su A P

A Su A P

Su A P BO DO A

Su P IO OA

P Su SA

Su A P DO

Su P PC O
AARTS & AARTS UNIT 8
Unit 8.-The structure of sentence: realizations
8.1. Say how the function of subject is realized in the following sentences:
1. The future is around the corner.
2. What seems to matter most is that she had
confidence in herself
3. In the past few generation the character of
wars had changed.
4. Why he had decided to give her up is hard to
understand.
5. Driving down a desert beach road at midnight
can be dangerous.
6. The past 60 years have seen an almost
continuous explosion of knowledge.
7. Putting up with that man was anything but
easy for her.
8. To new economic Golden Age that seemed
within reach in the sixties failed to materialize.
9. To deny all this wont help you.
10. The deadline for registration as a member of
the conference is 1 May.
11. Referring to Los Angeles as one city is
something of an over-simplification.
8.2. Which of the following sentences are introduced by anticipatory it?
27
12. The novels continuing popularity can easily be
explained.
13. It is a little surprising that he has been given
the Noble Prize for literature.
14. Whether he will be forced to loosen his
political hold on the country is another matter.
15. The continuing stagnation of the British
economy has convinced many of the jobless
young that they will never have a place in the
working world.
16. Would it take more than an hour to drive to
London?
17. There have been several accidents recently.
18. What did he say next?
19. Why would it be unwise to support him?
20. Not for a moment did he hesitate.
1. It is a tool we use to
reach our goal.
2. It would be the
cruellest thing in
the world to send
those refuges back.
3. It was the kind of
feeling that words
could hardly
express.
4. It was a country of
vast spaces and
rural communities.
5. It was terribly cold
in the attic.
6. It was 5 oclock
when they finally
arrived.
7. It must have been
someone else who
wrote the article.
8. It is quite obvious
that he is faking.
9. It was his wife that
introduced me to
him.
10. It is not likely that
he will paint
another of these
remarkable
paintings.
 AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

8.3. Which of the following sentences do not have variants with the final clause in sentence-initial
position?

1. It is obvious that Mrs Thomas cannot be held responsible.

2. It does not sound as if he is really keen on going.
3. It would have been silly to claim that the plan was feasible.
4. It is often said that he lacks common sense.
5. It would have been nice if you had told me earlier.
6. It might seem that any creature answering that description would be terrifying.
7. How lovely it was to be in Scotland again!
8. It says on the bottle that you should not take more than 4 pills a day.
9. It surprised me to hear that the negotiations with the unions had broken down.
10. It appeared that these figures had not been checked.

8.4. Sentences introduced by anticipatory it belong to one of six patterns a-f. Specify to which pattern the
examples below belong:

a. it+P (active)+Clause b. it+P (passive)+Clause c. it+P (active)+Cs+Clause d. it+P (passive)+Cs+Clause

e. it+P+Od+Clause f. it+P+Od+Co+Clause

1. It has been claimed that most political prisoners were tortured.

2. It would be a nuisance if the bank refused to give us a loan.
3. It was regarded as impossible to finish the project in six months.
4. It appears that this hypothesis is incorrect.
5. It really surprised me that he failed his driving-test.
6. It has been said that his first novel was expurgated.
7. It is high time she did something about her appearance.
8. It doesnt matter what he thinks of us.
9. It has made him very unhappy to discover that his wife has been unfaithful to him.
10. It was difficult not to interfere.

8.5. Indicate which of the following sentences are not existential:

1. There is something I have to tell you.

2. There are individual dreams and collective dreams.
3. Once upon a time there was a little boy named Steven.
4. There we were, not knowing what to do.
5. Suddenly there came a loud knock at the door.
6. There would seem to be no reason to worry.
7. There they didnt feel at home.
8. There has been so much commercialism in everything of late.
9. There, for the first time, he met his future wife Patty.
10. There are mice in your kitchen.

8.6. Say whether the italicized verb strings in the sentences below

a. are realizations of the function predicator in the sentence in question

b. are examples of cases where the predicator of a superordinate sentences is followed by the predicator of
an embedded clause

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 AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

Example of a: She must have been intelligent (one predicator)

Example of b: She wants to be intelligent (two predicators)

1. You might have had an accident.

2. They must have tried to persuade her.
3. He may have left at the same time as us.
4. The guerrillas have threatened to kill the hostages tomorrow.
5. We would have liked to attend the wedding.
6. You should have tried harder.
7. We would have arrived earlier if we had known.
8. He has promised to write regularly.
9. I would have to give up a plan I have always cherished.
10. She suddenly remembered serving him in the lift that morning.
11. His bungalow had been sold at last.
12. She may want to go alone.
13. The Government have decided to publish these figures.
14. The Joneses always enjoy coming to dinner on Christmas Day.
15. He may have hoped to find the girl of his dreams in America.

8.7. Identify the direct object in the sentences below and say how it is realized:

1. Would you consider it improper to use four-letter words in public?

2. I admire anyone who can do that sort of thing without getting frustrated.
3. Everyone knows that man to be a fool.
4. She denied having told him that she was married.
5. The University authorities claim that the recent student disorders were caused by a few militants.
6. The attorneys saw their petitions turned down by two state courts.
7. His parents wanted him to become a scientist.
8. Video-game enthusiasts contend that the industry is in its infancy.
9. One year ago last week Robert Bush made a decision that will probably be studied in business
schools for a long time to come.
10. We have never taken it for granted that she would go to Cambridge.
11. They will be promoting the new car on television next month.
12. She could not imagine having a better life.
13. Have you ever heard this word pronounced like that?
14. I would have preferred her to marry an Englishman.
15. He says he does not know whether to resign or not.

8.8. Many verbs (such as to believe and to complain) can be followed by a that-clause in English, as in the
two sentences under a:

a. The police believed that the man had committed suicide.

Everyone complained that the exam was too difficult.

A subset of these verbs (for example to believe, but not to complain) can occur in a passive construction
introduced by anticipatory it, as illustrated by the examples under b:

b. It was believed by the police that the man had committed suicide

30
 AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

(But not: *It was complained by everyone that the exam was too difficult)

State which of the sentences below allow passive constructions introduced by anticipatory it. Write them
out in full, leaving out the by-phrase.

1. James dreamed that Buckingham Palace had been blown up.

2. People say that her father was a diplomat in China before the war.
3. I swear that your brother will pay for this.
4. The manger admitted that a mistake had been made.
5. Everyone expected that Eric would return before the end of the week.
6. I doubt whether life in that part of the world is pleasant.
7. I bet that your parents did not know about this.
8. Two witnesses alleged that the woman left the pub before 10 p.m.
9. We all supposed that Mrs Jones was a widow.
10. Every firm claimed that the plan was a great success.

8.9. State which of the sentences in exercise 8.8. allow a passive construction in which the subject of the
that-clause has become the subject of the passive verb, as illustrated by example c:

a. The police believed that the man had committed suicide.

c. The man was believed to have committed suicide.

8.10. Which WH-clauses in the following sentences function as direct objet?

1. Do you know how we are supposed to react?

2. I have long hesitated what to do.
3. We were all wondering what might have happened.
4. The police do not wish to disclose where the money was found.
5. Can you show me how to get there?
6. What drove him to do it I found out when we questioned the third witness.
7. What drove him to do it still puzzles me.
8. It still puzzles me what drove him to do it
9. What drove him to do it cannot be found out by questioning witnesses.
10. Has he explained to you how the trick was worked?

8.11. Where possible, turn the finite DO-clauses in the following sentences into non-finite clauses.

1. John admitted that he had been wrong.

2. We had agreed that we would meet at 5 oclock.
3. He claims that he is the best player in the school team.
4. They say that he is the best player in the team.
5. I would consider it a blunder if Ian wrote that letter.
6. Father suggested that we go to the beach.
7. The guard denied that he had spoken to the prisoner.
8. Do not forget that you should go to the meeting.
9. I hear that John has become a member.
10. I remember that Freddy said that.

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 AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

11. Do not forget that, strictly speaking, you should go to the meeting.
12. Do not forget that you are already overweight.
13. We have always known that he is a hard worker.
14. We saw that the lorry hit the crash barrier.
15. I expect that I will arrive next week.

8.12. The function subject attribute may be realized among other things, by non-introduced NPs as well
as by NPs introduced by as. In the following sentences the NPs realizing the subject attributive function
are given in brackets. Say in which sentences as is required.

1. She was introduced (his wife).

2. Was Dr Delaware appointed (manager of the new firm)?
3. The victim was identified (the son of the mayor).
4. They parted (good friends).
5. Out team emerged (easy victors) in this years competition.
6. Jon is known (a hard worker).
7. The solution must be accepted (the only one available).
8. He came home from his travels (a wiser man).
9. It is regarded (the best novel of the year).
10. He was nominated (our firms representative).

8.13. State the function of the italicized non-finite clause in the following sentences and, where possible,
turn them into finite clauses. Note that in some finite clauses the use of an appropriate auxiliary is
required.

1. Our problem is where to start.

2. Thats what I call putting the cart before the horse.
3. We hope to start tomorrow.
4. I expect him to be there.
5. What I do before turning in is to read a book for half an hour.
6. He promised to obey me.
7. I told her not to touch any of the buttons.
8. I would prefer to go to the cinema.
9. Visiting Athens is seeing Greece at its best.
10. Weve been wondering whether to invite him or not.

8.14. Say whether the prepositional phrases in the following sentences function as object attributive,
predicator complement or adverbial.

1. He felt the house in a mess.

2. He felt the house in a hurry.

3. The book plunged the whole country into a heated controversy.

4. The thought has never occurred to me.

5. That kind of thing has never occurred, to my knowledge.

6. John takes afer his father.

32
 AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

7. Lindbergh was the first to fly across the Atlantic.

8. We do not count Edgar among our friends.

9. The money belongs to Larry.

10. Have you given the money to Larry?

11. He slipped on the icy surface.

12. She slipped into her dressing-gown.

13. We found my father-in-law in an extremely good mood.

14. The play cannot be compared with Shakespeares Hamlet.

15. I always wash my car in the garage.

8.16. Assign the adverbial clauses in the sentences below to one of the following semantic classes:

a. Hell go wherever the mood takes him.

b. I havent seen him since we left Oxford. Ill call you as soon as I arrive.

c. Since she is old enough, she can marry whoever she likes.

d. You cant expect me to help you, unless you give me more information. Even if he went down on
his knees, I wouldnt dream of lending him 1,000.

e. As long as you keep quiet, you wont come to any harm.

f. I overslept, so that I missed my train. She looked at me as if she saw me for the first time.

g. Should he call, give him this number.

h. As the approached their destination, their spirits rose.

i. We did it as we had been instructed.

j. Although it cost a lot of money, I decided to take it.

8.17. Replace the finite adverbial clauses in the sentences below by non-introduced non-finite ones:

1. Since we were short of money, we decided to leave a week earlier.

2. If the weather permits it, we shall go to Oxford tomorrow.
3. When I looked in the mirror this morning, I saw some grey hairs.
4. Once the book has been published, it will be adopted by most schools.
5. Because he didnt know what to do, he hesitated in the doorway.
6. When their task was completed, they could look back with satisfaction on the past two weeks.
7. He leant back his chair while he was smiling smugly.
8. If it is read as a poem, the passage acquires a new meaning.
9. When he had made his point, he turned his back on the audience and left the room.
10. While she was sobbing uncontrollably, she threw herself into her mothers arms.

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AARTS &AARTS EXERCICES

34