Unit 2 Chapter Tour

Learning Target I can predict how metabolism is controlled through enzymes.

Proficiency Descriptor Definition
4 Proficient I can predict how metabolism is controlled through enzymes.
3 Developing I can differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
2 Basic I can identify organic and inorganic substances important to the
human body and explain why each is important.
1 Minimal I can define organic and inorganic substances.
0 No Evidence No evidence.

Learning Target I can analyze substances and describe how they are used as energy in the body.
Proficiency Descriptor Definition
4 Proficient I can analyze substances and describe how they are used as energy in
the body.
3 Developing I can sequence the events of cellular respiration glycolysis, the citric
acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
2 Basic I can interpret a diagram that sequences the process of cellular
respiration.
1 Minimal I can define the steps of cellular respiration.
0 No Evidence No evidence.

Chapter 2
Section 2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells (p. 39-47)

Define:
Inorganic: not consisting of or deriving from living matter.
Organic: relating to or derived from living matter.
Carbohydrates: any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and
including sugars, starch, and cellulose
Monosaccharides: any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler
sugar.
Disaccharides: any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
Polysaccharides: a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a
number of sugar molecules bonded together.
Lipids: any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in
water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Triglyceride: an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main
constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.
Phospholipid: a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin.
Steroid: any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing
four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and
vitamins.
Proteins: any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of
one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural
components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.
Amino acids: a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2)
group.

Conformation: any of the spatial arrangements that the atoms in a molecule may adopt and freely
convert between, especially by rotation about individual single bonds.
 Nucleic Acids: a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose
molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Question:
How do inorganic and organic molecules differ?
organic means that a molecule has a carbon backbone with some hydrogen thrown in for good measure. Living
creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. Inorganic molecules are composed of other
elements. They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic. Any molecule that isnt
organic molecule is an inorganic molecule.


*Create a chart comparing the shape, function, example, monomer, polymer of the organic chemicals in
cells.





Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid

Shape

Function Provide energy Storing energy They do most of They make up

(bodys main the work in cells genetic
source of fuel) and are required information in
for the structure, living things
function, and
regulation of the
bodys tissues and
organs

Example Sugars and pasta Saturated fat Meat and dairy DNA

Monomer Monosaccharides Fatty acid and Amino acids Nucleotides

glycerol

Polymer Polysaccharides _____________ (Polypeptide) Polynucleotide

Chapter 4
Section 4.1-4.5 Cellular Metabolism (p. 76-83)

Define:
Enzymes: a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific
biochemical reaction.
Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the
storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

Catabolism:
Dehydration synthe breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together
with the release of energy; destructive metabolism.thesis:
Hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Substrate: a substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.
Active site: a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Glycolysis: the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Citric acid cycle: the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the
process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide
and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
Electron transport chain: A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox
reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP
synthesis.
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short, is the energy currency of life. ATP is a high-energy
molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy.
Anaerobic: relating to, involving, or requiring an absence of free oxygen.
"anaerobic bacteria"
Aerobic: relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen.
Metabolic pathway: a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound or class of compounds
in a living organism.

Question:
What is the general function of ATP?
ATPs are used as the main energy source for metabolic functions
What happens during glycolysis?
One glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In the process of
creating two pyruvates, two molecules of ATP are used but four are created.
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Cells in our body combine glucose and oxygen to make ATP and carbon dioxide
What are the final products of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells make ATP using glucose and oxygen. There are three steps to
cellular respiration. Glycolysis produces two ATP and two NADH and makes pyruvate, which is used in the
second step of the citric acid cycle.
How does cellular respiration represent a metabolic pathway?
a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.