CHAPTER 1: THE MEANING OF ART
1. Must be man-made
Humanities refers to the arts; branches of
learning concerned with human thought, feelings
and relations; brings out the good and the noble in
us.
Visual arts
o Architecture
o Painting
o Sculpture
Performing arts
o Music
o Dance
o Theater
o Drama
o Literature
Art important because it is concerned with the
communication of certain ideas and feelings by
means of sensuous medium.
- In the main building (UST) Ars longga,
vita brevis Art is long but life is short
Artis (Italian)craftsmanship, skill, mastery
of form, inventiveness, and the association
that exist between form and ideas and
between material and techniques
Ar (Aryan root)to join or put together
Artizein (Greek)to prepare
Arkiskeinto put together
THE NATURE OF ART
Art is very important in our lives.
Means of expression developed by man.
It is liked and enjoyed.
True work of art made by man himself
creatively.
True artist interprets it in his own way by
selecting features of the subject.
ART defined in various ways:
1. JV Estolas - ars (Latin) ability of skill
2. A. Tan - artis (Italian) craftsmanship,
skill, mastery of form, inventiveness, etc.
3. F. Zulueta a product of mans need to
express himself.
4. C. Sanchez communication of certain
ideas and feelings.
5. Plato brings life in harmony with the
beauty of the world.
6. John Dewey attitude of spirit, a state of
mind
7. Panizo & Rustia skillful arrangement of
some common but significant qualities of
nature
4 COMMON ESSENTIALS OF ART
2. Must be creative, not imitative
3. Must benefit and satisfy man and must
make use of art in practical terms
4. Expressed through a certain medium
THE SUBJECT OF ART
Foundation of the creation of the work of art
Varies; anything that is represented in the
artwork
Representational/Objective Arts
- Easily recognized by most people
- Painting, sculpture, graphic arts, literature,
and theatre arts
Non-representational/Non-objective Arts
- Have no resemblance to any real subject
- Rather appeal directly to the senses
primarily because of the satisfying
organization of their elements
THE FUNCTION OF ART
Every art form has a definite function that
satisfies a particular need.
1. Aesthetic function - man becomes
conscious of the beauty of nature
2. Utilitarian function - man now lives in
comfort and happiness; not only enriches
mans life but also improves nature
3. Cultural function - art transmits and
preserves skills and knowledge from one
generation to another
4. Social function - man learns to love and
help each other
THE SCOPE OF ART
JOSEFINA ESTOLAS
Major arts -
AUTHOR SCOPE OF ART
Manaois 1. Fine arts/independent
arts - for aesthetic
enjoyment (ex. Music,
painting, sculpture, etc.)
2. Practical arts/utilitarian
art - intended for
practical use. (ex.
Industrial art,
commercial art, business
art, etc.)
CUSODIOSA Visual Arts - we perceive CHAPTER 2: THE ARTISTS MEDIUM
SANCHEZ with our eyes
o Graphic arts - MEDIUM
painting, an artist communicates his idea
drawing, etc
materials which are used to interpret the
o Plastic arts -
organized into
artists feelings or thoughts
3D forms 1. Visual arts - can be seen and occupy
space
JOSEFINA Major arts - painting, a. Dimensional/two-dimensional arts
ESTOLAS architecture, sculpture - painting, drawing, printmaking,
photography
Minor arts - decorative
b. Three-dimensional arts -
arts, popular arts,
sculpture, architecture,
graphic arts, etc.
landscape, etc.
Visual arts
2. Auditory arts - mediums that can be
Performing arts heard and are expressed in time
Literary arts 3. Combined arts - dance, drama, film,
Popular arts opera
Gustatory art of the
cuisine TECHNIQUE
Decorative The manner in which the artist controls
arts/applied arts his medium to achieve the desired
PANIZO & Purpose effect.
RUSTIA - Practical arts
- Liberal arts THE ARTIST & HIS MEDIUM
- Fine arts The artist gives shape to his vision in
- Major arts terms of his medium
- Minor arts employs more than one medium to give
meaning to his creative production
Media and forms the artist must love, respect, and
- Platic arts understand his medium to make it easier
- Phonetic arts for him to expand his knowledge
- Kinetic arts the distinctive character of the medium
- Pure arts determines the way it can be worked on
- Mixed arts and turned into a work of art
each medium has its own characteristics
THE ORIGIN OF ART which determine the physical
appearance
Art dates back to the time when
superstitions and beliefs in the spirits THE ARTIST & HIS TECHNIQUE
are still very common in every culture artists differ from one another in
Indigenous art in the form of dancing, technique even if they use the same
painting, music and poetry medium
Tribalist cultures often wore body technique differs in the various artists
paintings during ceremonies technique is not the end but the means;
Cave paintings and drawings are also craftsman -- technique is the end
associated with religion technique is an important aspect that
The temples of the East and West bear distinguishes an art from a craft
evidences of arts that pertain to gods,
goddesses, etc.
MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
PAINTING
- art of creating meaningful effects on a
flat surface by the use of pigments
1. Watercolor
a. Difficult to handle because hard
to produce warm and rich tones
b. Invite brilliance and a variety of
hues
c. Simple and clear spontaneity
d. Gouache
2. Fresco
a. Done on a moist plaster surface
with colors ground in water or a
limewater mixture
b. Must be done quickly because it
is an exacting medium
c. Michaelangelos The Creation of
Adam
3. Tempera
a. Mineral pigments mixed with egg
yolk or egg white and ore
b. Egg based emulsion binds the
pigments to the surface
c. Used throughout the Middle Ages
and early Renaissance
4. Pastel
a. A stick of dried paste made of
pigment ground with chalk and
compounded with gum water
b. Colors are luminous
c. Less popular
5. Encaustic
a. Used by the Egyptians for
painting portraits on mummy
cases
b. Applying wax color fixed with heat
6. Oil
a. One of the most expensive art
activities today
b. Pigments are mixed with linseed
oil and applied to the canvas
c. May use a brush, palette knife, or
even his bare hands when
applying paint on his canvas
7. Acrylic
a. This synthetic paint is mixed with
acrylic emulsion as binder for
coating the surface of the artwork
b. Do not tend to break easily
MOSAIC
- Art of putting together small pieces of
colored stones/glass - TESSERAE
- Important feature of Byzantine churches
- Sta. Cruz Church
STAINED GLASS
- Common in Gothic cathedrals
- Combining small pieces of colored glass
held together by bands of lead
- Depict the lives of saints
TAPESTRY
- Fabric produced by hand-weaving
colored threads upon a warp
- Used during the Middle Ages and hung
on the walls of palaces and in cathedrals
on festive occasions to provide warmth
DRAWING
- Done on paper using pencil, pen and
ink, or charcoal
- MOST FUNDAMENTAL OF ALL
SKILLS NECESSARY IN ARTS
1. Pencil, Pen and Ink, Charcoal
a. Pencil Leads (Graphite) - graded
in different degrees of hardness
or softness
b. Ink - one of the oldest mediums
still in use
i. India Ink
ii. Chinese ink
c. Charcoal - carbonaceous material
obtained by heating wood
2. Bistre
a. Brown pigment extracted from the
soot of wood
3. Crayons
a. pigments bound by wax and
compressed into painted sticks
b. popular among children
4. Silverpoint
a. Uses a silver stylus to produce a
thin grayish
b. Popular during the Renaissance
PRINTMAKING
- Duplication process
- Usually done in balnk ink on white paper
- Calendar pictures and Christmas cards
LITHOGRAPHY
- A surface printing done from an almost
smooth surface which has been treated
chemically or mechanically so that some
 surface areas will print and others will Psychosocial needs - for recognition, for
not response

SCULPTURE FACTORS IN THE CHOICE AND USE OF

1. Stone ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS
a. Granite - granular igneous rock 1. Structural property - workability with
composed of feldspar and quartz; tools when used as construction
good for large works with only materials
few designs a. Compressive strength
b. Marble - limestone in a more or b. Tensile strength
less crystalline state c. Porosity
i. Breciated - composed of d. Lightness
angular fragments e. Durability
ii. Serpentine - variegated f. Rigidity
patterns and is often used g. Gracefulness
in large flat planes h. Flexibility of use
c. Basalt - hard and black 2. Physical property - use of the material
d. Limestone - fine and even texture for aesthetic purposes
2. Jade - usually colored green and used a. Texture
widely in Ancient China b. Tonal quality
3. Ivory - main parts of the usks of c. Color
elephants 3. Weakness of the material
4. Metals a. Rotting
a. Bronze - oldest alloys composed b. Corrosion due to moisture
of copper and tin with color c. Susceptibility to infection by
b. Brass - an alloy of copper and wood-boring weevils, termites,
zinc and other pests
c. Gold and silver - used for small d. Discolorization
objects e. Solar radiation
d. Lead - bluish gray metal used for f. Fungus growth
casting and forging 4. Longevity of the material - lifespan of the
5. Plaster - composed of lime, sand, and material
water; made for manikins, models, etc a. 10 years
6. Clay - natural earthy material that is b. 20 years
plastic when wet; terra cotta - baked c. half a centure
earth d. more than a centure
7. Glass - hard, brittle, non-crystalline, 5. other inherent properties
more or less transparent substances a. weight
produced by fusion b. water resistance
8. Wood - easier to carve c. heat resistance
d. acoustic values
ARCHITECTURE e. availability
- An art of designing a building and f. economy
supervising its construction CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL
- To fulfill a mans needs MATERIALS (Salvan, 1999)
Physical needs - selter 1. Materials in Nature
Emotional needs - endowed with rich a. Stone
beauty and interest i. Limestone
Intellectual needs - a building for ii. Granite
science, education, govnmt iii. Marble
iv. Sandstone
b. Wood
 2. Materials Manufactured by Man
a. Ceramic materials - can be
manufactured in different ways
b. Metals
i. Bronze
ii. Wrought iron
iii. Copper
iv. Chrome-nickel steel
v. Aluminum
vi. Monel metal
vii. Nickel silvers
c. Concrete materials
d. Plastics
3. Indigenous Materials
a. Sawali - comes from the outer
covering of bamboo poles
b. Coco coir - by-product of coconut
is used to minimize the use of
cement and as sandwich panels
for insulation
c. Bagasse - sugar cane waste
used for insulation or cement
backing
d. Abaca - leafstalk of a banana
plant
e. Bamboo
f. Palm frond stems
g. Mud bricks
4. Fauvism
- Important art movement of the 1900s
- Tried to paint pictures of comfort, joy,
and pleasures
5. Dadaism
- A protest movement in the arts formed
in 1916 by a group of arts and poets in
Zurich, Switzerland
- Tried to shock and provoke the public
with outrageous pieces of writing
6. Futurism
- Developed in Italy about the same time
cubism appeared in France
- To capture speed and force of modern
industrial society
7. Surrealism
- Founded in Paris by Andre Breton
(1924)
- Uses art as a weapon against the evil
and restrictions that surrealists see in
society
- Tries to reveal a new an higher reality
than that of daily life
8. Expressionism
- Introduced in Germany

METHODS OF ART PRODUCTION AND

PRESENTATION

1. Realism
- Portray the subject as it is
- The artists main function is to describe
as accurately and honestly as possible
what is observed
2. Abstraction
- Used when the artist becomes so
interested in one phase of a scene or a
situation that he does not show the
subject at all as an objective reality
- to move away or separate
o distortion
o elongation
o mangling
o cubism
o abstract expression
3. Symbolism
- a visible sign of something invisible such
as an idea or a quality