TRNG I HC HNG HI VIT NAM

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

THUYT MINH
TI NCKH CP TRNG

TI

NGHIN CU K THUT GIU THNG TIN TRONG

AUDIO - NG DNG CHO BN QUYN AUDIO S
V TRUYN TIN MT BNG AUDIO

Ch nhim ti: TS. H TH HNG THM

Thnh vin tham gia: THS. TRNH TH NGC HNG
THS. NGUYN TH THU H

Hi Phng, thng 5 / 2015

 MC LC
DANH MC CC CM T VIT TT .......................................................................4

DANH MC CC HNH V ......................................................................................... 5

LI M U .................................................................................................................6

Chng I. TNG QUAN ................................................................................................ 7

1.1. Giu thng tin l g ? ............................................................................................. 7

1.2. Phn loi cc k thut giu tin ..............................................................................9

1.2.1. Phn loi theo phng tin cha tin: .............................................................. 9

1.2.2. Phn loi theo cch thc tc ng ln cc phng tin ................................ 11

1.2.3. Phn loi theo cc mc ch s dng: .......................................................... 12

1.3. Mt s ng dng v xu hng pht trin ............................................................ 13

1.4. m thanh, c tnh v cu trc lu tr ca m thanh .........................................14

1.4.1. Sng m v cm gic m ..............................................................................14

1.4.2. M ha m thanh wave .................................................................................14

1.4.3. Cu trc tp tin m thanh ..............................................................................16

1.5. S giu tin v tch tin trong d liu m thanh ...............................................17

1.6. Tng an ton cho thng tin em giu ............................................................. 18

1.7. nh gi cht lng m thanh sau khi giu tin ...................................................19

Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH ........................................20

2.1. K thut giu tin trn bit c trng s thp LSB (Least Significant Bit).............20

2.1.1. Thut ton giu tin: ....................................................................................... 22

2.1.2. Thut ton tch tin: ....................................................................................... 22

2.2. K thut giu tin nh xm trn tn hiu audio (LSB nng cao)........................... 23

2.2.1. Thut ton giu tin: ....................................................................................... 23

2.2.2. Thut ton tch tin: ....................................................................................... 24

2.3. xut phng php giu vn bn kt hp MSB v LSB ca tn hiu audio....25

 2.3.1. Phng php 1 .............................................................................................. 26

2.3.2. Phng php 2 .............................................................................................. 27

2.4. K thut thy vn s trn min bin i ca tn hiu audio ................................ 28

2.4.1. Thut ton giu tin: ....................................................................................... 31

2.4.2. Thut ton tch tin: ....................................................................................... 32

Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI ............................................34

3.1. Mi trng ci t v mt s giao din chng trnh .........................................34

3.1.1. Mi trng ci t ........................................................................................ 34

3.1.2. Giao din chng trnh .................................................................................34

3.2. Th nghim .........................................................................................................39

3.2.1. Tp d liu th nghim.................................................................................39

3.2.2. Thc hin th nghim ...................................................................................40

3.3. Nhn xt v nh gi ........................................................................................... 42

KT LUN ...................................................................................................................44

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 45

 DANH MC CC CM T VIT TT

AES Advanced Encryption Standard

BPF Band Pass Filter
DES Data Encryption Standard
EOF End of file
HVS Human Vision System
HAS Human Auditory System
LSB Least Significant Bit
LPF Low Pass Filter
MSB Most Significant Bit
MOS Mean Opinion Score
SNR Signal-To-Noise Ratio
RSA Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir v Len Adleman
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
 DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. K thut giu tin cng b trong giai on 1992 2007[3] ............................. 8
Hnh 1.2. T l phng tin c la chn giu tin nm 2008 [3] ............................. 8
Hnh 1.3: S phn loi cc k thut giu thng tin .................................................13
Hnh 1.4: nh dng tp wave ...................................................................................... 15
Hnh 1.5: Trch mu .....................................................................................................15
Hnh 1.6. S tng qut giu tin v tch tin trong audio............................................18
Hnh 2.1. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu A = 218 ...................................................................20
Hnh 2.2. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu B=219 sau khi giu bit 1 vo LSB ca A ...............21
Hnh 2.3. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu C=219 sau khi giu bit 0 vo LSB ca A ...............21
Hnh 2.4. S giu tin trn 8 bit LSB ca tn hiu audio c s ..................................21
Hnh 2.5. Minh ha k thut giu nh trn tn hiu audio .............................................25
Hnh 2.6. Minh ha k thut giu vn bn da vo7 bit MSB v 4 bit LSB ca tn hiu
audio .............................................................................................................................. 27
Hnh 2.7. Minh ha k thut giu vn bn da trn 4 bit MSB v 3 bit LSB ca tn
hiu audio ...................................................................................................................... 28
Hnh 2.8. S tng qut giu tin v tch tin trn min tn s [9]............................... 29
Hnh 2.9. Bin i tn s Fourier ca tn hiu c s v tn hiu thng ip .................30
Hnh 2.10. a) Tn hiu c s s dng b lc LPF, b) tn hiu thng ip s dng BPF
.......................................................................................................................................30
Hnh 2.11. Tn hiu mang thng tin giu. .................................................................31
Hnh 2.12. Tn hiu thng ip sau khi tch ra ............................................................. 31
Hnh 3.1. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh .................................................................34
Hnh 3.2. Giao din chnh vi module chc nng giu tin mt (Stegangraphy) ...........35
Hnh 3.3. Giao din chnh vi module chc nng Thy vn s (Watermarking) .........35
Hnh 3.4. Giao din giu tin vn bn trn LSB ca Audio............................................36
Hnh 3.5. Giao din tch tin vn bn giu trn LSB ca Audio ............................... 36
Hnh 3.6. Giao din thy vn mt nh nh phn trn LSB ca Audio .......................... 37
Hnh 3.7. Giao din tch thy vn mt nh nh phn trn LSB ca Audio ...................37
Hnh 3.8. Giao din thy vn mt audio trn tn hiu bin i ca Audio gc .............38
Hnh 3.9. Giao din tch thy vn l mt audio trn tn hiu bin i ca Audio ........38
Hnh 3.10. Giao din tnh thay i nhiu PSNR ca audio gc v audio giu tin ........39
Hnh 3.11. nh nh phn cn giu trong tp d liu audio.............................................41
Thuyt minh ti NCKH LI M U

LI M U
Giu thng tin (Hiding information) l k thut giu thng tin quan trng vo
i tng d liu s m khng lm nh hng trc gic n cht lng ban u ca d
liu s. D liu s dng che giu tin c th l nh s (image), m thanh s (audio),
phim hoc on clip (video)... Giu tin c hai mc ch chnh:

- Th nht, giu tin nhm mc ch bo v cho chnh ti liu s dng bao

che thng tin giu, y chnh l hnh thc dng bo v bn quyn hoc
chng xuyn tc ni dung ... V ngi ta gi hnh thc giu ny l thy vn
s (Watermarking). Thy vn s ch cn giu vi mt lng thng tin rt
nh nhng mnh (bn vng) c th bo v ti liu s c mang thng
tin.

- Th hai, giu tin nhm mc ch trao i thng tin mt n mt i tng

ng minh m khng mun i tng th ba (khng mong mun) c th
pht hin ra hay nghi ng. Ngi ta gi hnh thc giu ny l giu tin mt
(Steganography), cc k thut giu theo hnh thc ny thng c gng
nghin cu giu c cng nhiu thng tin vo d liu s cng tt nhng
vn m bo cht lng theo trc gic ca d liu bao tin.

Lnh vc giu tin v ang thu ht s quan tm ca nhiu nghin cu trn th

gii, c bit trong lnh vc an ninh, quc phng, thng mi, . Tuy nhin Vit
Nam giu tin trong nh c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v cng b, cn giu tin
trong m thanh s vn cn rt hn ch, cha c nhiu cng b rng ri trong lnh vc
ny. Do trong ti nghin cu ny nghin cu v tm hiu mt s k thut giu tin
trong m thanh vi c hai hnh thc Watermarking v Steganography. Da vo c s
nghin cu c xy dng chng trnh giu tin trong tn hiu m thanh vi nhiu
kiu d liu thng tin c th giu trong audio: vn bn, nh nh phn, nh cp xm hay
mt on audio.

6
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN

Chng I. TNG QUAN

1.1. Giu thng tin l g ?

Giu thng tin (Steganography) l k thut lin lc mt da trn hnh thc

giu thng tin quan trng vo i tng khc. T thi k c i ngi ta s dng
phng php ny lin lc mt cho nhau. Mt v d c in hnh v giu tin [1]
(485-525 trc cng nguyn) l cu chuyn ca mt ngi tn l Histaius mun gi
thng tin quan trng v K hoch ng h cuc ni dy chng li c vua Ba t
Xerxes cho nh nhip chnh thnh ph Miletus bng cch xm thng tin ln da u
ngi n l tin cy ca mnh, cho n khi tc mc di tr li ng ta c ngi n l
n gp nh nhip chnh, trn ng i khng b l thng tin, c th vt qua mi
cuc kim sot, khi n gp nh nhip chnh, nh nhip chnh ch vic co trc u
ngi n l l c th c c thng tin. Hay mt pht minh khc ca Pliny T. Elder
(23-79 sau cng nguyn) v mc khng mu chnh l sa ca mt s loi ng vt,
khi mc ny vit trn giy kh kh pht hin ra, v ch khi giy c h nng
cc vt mc s chuyn sang nu, c th c cc dng ch vit. Vo thi k phc
hng, nm 1518 Johannes Trithemius vit cun sch v m ha Polygraphia. Trong
cun sch ny ngi ta thy xut hin u tin thut ng Steganographia, y l mt
t ghp bt ngun t ngn ng Hy lp steganos ngha l bao bc cover v graphia
ngha l bn vit writing [2].

Tri qua nhiu thi k bin ng ca x hi loi ngi, ngy nay khi m k
thut s bng n, con ngi cng s ho lnh vc giu tin phc v cho cuc sng
hin i. Trong [3] ngi ta thng k s pht trin mnh m ca cc cng c giu
tin trong giai on 1992 n 2007.

Giu tin c mt u im m mt m hc (Cryptography) cn hn ch l c

th bo v c bn quyn s, hay khi gia cc i tng lin lc mt vi nhau trn
cc knh thng tin cng cng m t b nghi ng. L do v bn quyn s m ha sau
khi c gii m th kh c th gi c bn quyn, hay thng tin mt cn trao i
gia cc bn, sau khi c m ha s lm cho ngi khc bit r l cc bn c trao i
thng tin mt no cho nhau. Giu tin trong d liu a phng tin chnh l nhng
b khuyt cho cc vn trn ca mt m hc.

7
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN

Hnh 1.1. K thut giu tin cng b trong giai on 1992 2007[3]

V nguyn l, giu tin trong d liu video, d liu m thanh hay trong d liu
nh s khng khc g nhiu. Giu tin trong nh d thc hin hn, giu c nhiu
thng tin hn, v nh l i tng c s dng kh ph bin trn Internet hin nay,
nn k thut giu tin trong nh chim t l nhiu nht trong cc loi d liu a phng
tin (hnh 1.2).

Hnh 1.2. T l phng tin c la chn giu tin nm 2008 [3]

Giu tin trong audio da vo h thng thnh gic ca con ngi nn thng kh
hn trong cc d liu s khc do h thng thnh gic ca con ngi kh nhy cm vi
cc nhiu, tuy nhin audio cng l loi d liu c s dng kh ph bin trn internet
hin nay v vy n vn c quan tm v nghin cu rng ri th 2 theo [3] a ra
(hnh 1.2) cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau: bo v bn quyn, chng sao chp, xuyn
tc ni dung...

8
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
1.2. Phn loi cc k thut giu tin

C nhiu cch tin hnh phn loi cc phng php giu thng tin thng qua
cc tiu ch khc nhau, nh theo phng tin cha tin, cc phng php tc ng ln
cc k thut cc phng tin cha tin, hay phn loi da theo cc ng dng c th...

1.2.1. Phn loi theo phng tin cha tin:

1.2.1.1. Giu thng tin trong nh:

Thng tin s c giu cng vi d liu nh nhng cht lng nh t thay i

v khng ai bit c ng sau nh mang nhng thng tin c ngha. Ngy nay,
khi nh s c s dng rt ph bin, th giu thng tin trong nh em li rt
nhiu nhng ng dng quan trng trn nhiu lnh vc trong i sng x hi. V d nh
i vi cc nc pht trin, ch k tay c s ho v lu tr s dng nh l h s
c nhn ca cc dch v ngn hng v ti chnh, n c dng nhn thc trong cc
th tn dng ca ngi tiu dng. Phn mm WinWord ca MicroSoft cng cho php
ngi dng lu tr ch k trong nh nh phn ri gn vo v tr no trong file vn
bn m bo tnh an ton ca thng tin. Ti liu sau c truyn trc tip qua
my fax hoc lu truyn trn mng. Theo , vic nhn thc ch k, xc thc thng tin
tr thnh mt vn cc k quan trng khi m vic n cp thng tin hay xuyn tc
thng tin bi cc tin tc ang tr thnh mt vn nn i vi bt k quc gia no, t
chc no. Thm vo , li c rt nhiu loi thng tin quan trng cn c bo mt
nh nhng thng tin v an ninh, thng tin v bo him hay cc thng tin v ti chnh,
cc thng tin ny c s ho v lu tr trong h thng my tnh hay trn mng.
Chng rt d b ly cp v b thay i bi cc phn mm chuyn dng. Vic nhn thc
cng nh pht hin thng tin xuyn tc tr nn v cng quan trng, cp thit. V
mt c im ca giu thng tin trong nh l thng tin c giu trong nh mt
cch v hnh, n nh l mt cch m truyn thng tin mt cho nhau m ngi khc
khng th bit c bi sau khi giu thng tin th cht lng nh gn nh khng thay
i c bit i vi nh mu hay nh xm.

9
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
1.2.1.2. Giu tin trong audio

Giu thng tin trong audio mang nhng c im ring, khc vi giu thng tin
trong cc i tng a phng tin khc. Mt trong nhng yu cu c bn ca giu tin
l m bo tnh cht n ca thng tin c giu ng thi khng lm nh hng n
cht lng ca d liu gc. m bo yu cu ny, k thut giu thng tin trong nh
ph thuc vo h thng th gic ca con ngi - HVS (Human Vision System) cn k
thut giu thng tin trong audio li ph thuc vo h thng thnh gic HAS (Human
Auditory System). V mt vn kh khn y l h thng thnh gic ca con ngi
nghe c cc tn hiu cc gii tn rng v cng sut ln nn gy kh d i vi
cc phng php giu tin trong audio. Nhng tht may l HAS li km trong vic pht
hin s khc bit cc di tn v cng sut iu ny c ngha l cc m thanh to, cao tn
c th che giu c cc m thanh nh thp mt cch d dng. Cc m hnh phn tch
tm l ch ra im yu trn v thng tin ny s gip ch cho vic chn cc audio
thch hp cho vic giu tin. Vn kh khn th hai i vi giu thng tin trong audio
l knh truyn tin. Knh truyn hay bng thng chm s nh hng n cht lng
thng tin sau khi giu. V d nhng mt on java applet vo mt on audio (16
bit, 44.100 Hz) c chiu di bnh thng th cc phng php ni chung cng cn t
nht l 20 bit/s. Giu thng tin trong audio i hi yu cu rt cao v tnh ng b v
tnh an ton ca thng tin. Cc phng php giu thng tin trong audio u li dng
im yu trong h thng thnh gic ca con ngi.

1.2.1.3. Giu thng tin trong video

Cng ging nh giu thng tin trong nh hay trong audio, giu tin trong video
cng c quan tm v c pht trin mnh m cho nhiu ng dng nh iu khin
truy cp thng tin, nhn thc thng tin v bo v bn quyn tc gi. Ta c th ly mt
v d l cc h thng chng trnh tr tin xem theo on vi cc video clip (pay per
view application). Cc k thut giu tin trong video cng c pht trin mnh m v
cng theo hai khuynh hng l thu vn s v giu tin mt. Nhng phn gii thiu ny
ch quan tm ti cc k thut giu tin trong video. Mt phng php giu tin trong
10
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
video c a ra bi Cox l phng php phn b u. tng c bn ca phng
php l phn phi thng tin giu dn tri theo tn s ca d liu cha gc. Nhiu nh
nghin cu dng nhng hm cosin ring v cc h s truyn sng ring giu tin.
Trong cc thut ton khi ngun th thng cc k thut cho php giu cc nh vo
trong video nhng thi gian gn y cc k thut cho php giu c m thanh v hnh
nh vo video. Nh phng php ca Swanson s dng phng php giu theo
khi, phng php ny giu c hai bit vo khi 8*8. Hay gn y nht l phng
php ca Mukherjee l k thut giu audio vo video s dng cu trc li a chiu...

1.2.1.4. Giu thng tin trong vn bn dng text

Giu thng tin vo cc vn bn dng text kh thc hin hn do c t cc thng

tin d tha, lm c iu ny ngi ta phi kho lo khai thc cc d tha t
nhin ca ngn ng. Mt cch khc l tn dng cc nh dng vn bn (m ha thng
tin v khong cch gia cc t hay cc dng vn bn). T ni dung ca thng ip cn
truyn i, ngi ta cng c th s dng vn phm phi ng cnh to nn cc vn bn
phng tin cha ri truyn i.

1.2.2. Phn loi theo cch thc tc ng ln cc phng tin

1.2.2.1. Phng php chn d liu

Phng php ny tm cc v tr trong tp (file) d b b qua v chn cc d liu

cn giu vo , cch giu ny khng lm nh hng g ti s th hin ca cc file d
liu v d nh d liu c giu sau cc k t EOF (End of file).

1.2.2.2. Phng php thay th

Thc hin vic thay th cc phn t khng quan trng ca phng tin cha
bng cc d liu ca thng ip cn chuyn i. V thay th vo cc phn t khng
quan trng ca phng tin cha nn d nh la c cm nhn ca con ngi.
Phng php thay th c nhiu cch thc hin nh: thay th cc bit t quan trng, thay
th trong min tn s, cc k thut tri ph, thng k.

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
1.2.2.3. Phng php to cc phng tin cha

T cc thng ip cn chuyn s to ra cc phng tin cha phc v cho

vic truyn thng tin , ti pha ngi nhn da trn cc phng tin cha ny ti
to li cc thng ip.

1.2.3. Phn loi theo cc mc ch s dng

1.2.3.1.Giu thng tin mt

y l ng dng ph bin nht t trc ti nay, i vi loi ny ngi ta quan

tm ch yu ti cc mc tiu: an ton ca thng ip v lng thng ip ti a c
th giu m vn m bo an ton, bo mt ca thng tin trong trng hp giu tin
b pht hin.

1.2.3.2.Giu thng tin thu vn

Do yu cu bo v bn quyn, xc thc v chng xuyn tc... nn giu tin thu

vn c yu cu khc vi giu tin b mt. Yu cu u tin l cc du hiu thu vn phi
bn vng trc cc tn cng v tnh hay c g b n. Thm vo cc du hiu
thu vn phi c nh hng ti thiu (v mt cm nhn) i vi cc phng tin cha.
Nh vy cc thng tin cn giu s cng nh cng tt. Phn bit giu thng tin b mt
v thu vn c th m t tm lc trong cc bng 1.1 sau [1]:

Bng 1.1. So sng s khc bit gia giu tin mt v thy vn s

Giu thng tin b mt Thu vn s

(steganography) (watermark)
Tng hnh cc phin lin lc, bo Ch yu phc v cho mc ch bo v
Mc mt thng tin bn quyn
tiu Dng trong cc lin lc xc inh Ch yu dng trong cc hot ng
xut bn
Cch Khng lm thay i phng tin C th tc ng nh v cm nhn ti
thc cha phng tin cha
hin
Yu Giu c nhiu thng tin nht Ch cn nhng t d liu

12
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
cu Khng cn quan tm ti bn ca D liu nhng cn phi mnh
phng tin cha m bo trc cc phng php nn
Khng th quan st c vic giu d liu
thng tin D liu nhng c th nhn thy hay
Khng kim tra c nu khng c khng nhn thy
kho thch hp Khng kim tra c nu khng c
kho thch hp.

Hnh 1.3 l s phn loi giu tin c Fabien A.P.Petitcolas xut nm

1999 [5].

Information Hiding (giu thng tin)

Steganography (giu tin mt) Watermarking (thu vn s)

Robust copyright marking Fragile Watermarking

(Thu vn bn vng) (Thu vn d v)

Imperceptible watermarking Visible Watermarking

(thu vn n) (thu vn hin)

Hnh 1.3: S phn loi cc k thut giu thng tin

1.3. Mt s ng dng v xu hng pht trin

Che giu thng tin ni chung c rt nhiu ng dng tu theo tng hon cnh c
th. Giu thng tin b mt gp phn thc hin tng hnh cc phin lin lc, mt b
sung l tng cho cng tc bo mt thng tin. Di y l mt s ng dng ang c
trin khai trn th gii:

Bo v bn quyn tc gi (copyright protection)

Nhn thc thng tin hay pht hin xuyn tc thng tin (authentication and
temper detection)

13
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
Giu vn tay hay dn nhn (fingerprinting and labeling)
iu khin sao chp (copy control)
Truyn thng tin mt (steganography)

1.4. m thanh v cu trc lu tr ca m thanh

1.4.1. Sng m v cm gic m

Khi mt vt dao ng v mt pha no , n lm cho cc lp khng kh lin

trc b nn li, v lp khng lin sau dn ra. S nn v dn khng kh nh vy lp
i lp li mt cch tun hon nn to ra trong khng kh mt sng n hi. Sng
ny truyn ti tai, nn vo mng nh khin cho mng nh cng dao ng vi cng
tn s. Khi mng nh dao ng, cc v tr phn bit ca mng nh trn b mt ging
nh n chuyn ng v trc hay sau p ng vi cc sng m vo. Khi cng mt
thi im, ta nghe thy nhiu m, th mi m thanh phn bit ny c trn vi
nhau mt cch t nhin trong tai ging nh mt hnh mu n ca p sut khng
kh thay i. Tai v c lm vic cng nhau phn tch tn hiu ny ngc li
thnh nhng cm gic v m ring bit.

1.4.2. M ha m thanh wave

D liu m thanh trong tp tin WAV l dng d liu m thanh khng nn

(RAW data) da trn nh dng m ha PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). nh dng
WAV c u im l cu trc n gin , cht lng m thanh c bo ton, nhng
nhc im l dng lng file kh ln. Nu c ly mu vi tn s 44.1 kHz
(44100 ln/giy), phn gii 16 bit (tng ng vi cht lng CD) th 1 pht
m thanh s tiu tn ti 10 MB, ngha l mt bi ht khong 5 pht s mt dung
lng 50MB cng. Ph bin hn l cc chun nn m thanh khng bo ton ni
dung (Lossy) nh MP3, WMA, AC-3 mc d m thanh khng cn nguyn vn,
nhng cht lng cng tng i tt, v c bit ch chim khong 5MB cho mt
bi ht khong 5 pht (bng 10% so vi chun WAV).
Trong phm vi ca ng dng ny, v mt s hn ch, ng dng ch h tr file
WAV m thi. Trong tng lai, nhm pht trin s tip tc m rng h tr cc
chun nn thng dng hin nay nh MP3, WMA

14
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN

Hnh 1.4: nh dng tp wave

Trch mu
Ta bit, sng m l mt lot cc dao ng ca vt cht trong mi trng
truyn m. Vo mi mt thi im nht nh, vt cht c mt bin nht nh.
Tng tng nh trong dao ng ca con lc ng h. Mi lc con lc c mt
lch no so vi v tr cn bng chnh gia.
Khi mun a m thanh vo m ha trn my tnh, th ta cn phi xc nh
bin dao ng ca sng m vo cc thi im khc nhau. Vic gi l trch/ly
mu. Trong mt giy pht ra m thanh, ngi ta trch ly mt s mu bin m
a vo d liu. Con s y gi l tn s trch mu (Sample rate). Th d, ta m
phn thuc tnh ca mt tp tin m thanh v thy Sample rate = 44.1 kHz (44100
Hz) ngha l trong mt giy trch mu 44100 ln. Mt iu d nhn thy l tn s
trch mu cng cao th m thanh c m ha cng chnh xc.

Hnh 1.5: Trch mu

15
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
Hnh 1.5 minh ha vic trch mu. ng mu xanh l th sng m. Mi
khung (lt ct) mu xm l mt mu m thanh. Cc chm l cc gi tr (bin dao
ng) s c trch ly.
Chiu su bit
Mt yu t khc cng tc ng ti chnh xc ca vic trch mu m thanh.
l chiu su bit, trn bng thuc tnh tp tin WAV ghi l Audio sample size,
thng l 8 hoc 16 bits. Ta bit, 8 bits l 1 byte, lu c 256 gi tr (t 0 ti 255).
Cn 16 bits l 2 bytes tc 1 word, lu c 65536 gi tr (t -32768 ti 32767). S bit
cng ln th m thanh ly mu cng chnh xc. Ging nh thang im 100 s chm
ng (chi tit) hn thang im 10 vy.

Knh m thanh (Channels)

m thanh chia ra 2 knh tri-phi ( y khng bn ti m thanh 4.1, 5.1 hay

7.1 g ...) ku bng Stereo. Cng c m thanh ch mt knh (cng mt lung d liu
i ra hai loa) l Mono.

i vi m thanh hai knh, cc mu trch (sample) cng phn ra hai knh.

Kch thc mu trch

Cng thc kch thc mu trch (tnh bng byte) l:

LengthOfSample = Channels * AudioSampleSize / 8

1.4.3. Cu trc tp tin m thanh

Thuc h RIFF, mt tp tin WAV c chia ra thnh cc phn gi l chunk.

Phn di y lit k cc chunk v ni dung ca chng theo th t: v tr , kch
thc v m t.
RIFF chunk

FORMAT chunk

16
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN

DATA chuck

Nu m thanh l 2 knh v 16 bits th mi mu trch c kch thc 4 bytes: 2

bytes u cho knh tri, 2 bytes sau cho knh phi. Nu 2 knh v 8 bits th mi knh 1
byte, mu trch 2 bytes. Nu 1 knh v 16 bits th mu trch cng 2 bytes. Nu chiu
su bit l 8 th kiu d liu l BYTE khng du (0 ti 255). Nu l 16 th kiu d liu
l WORD (2bytes) c du (-32768 ti 32767).
Th t Byte

D liu trn tp tin WAVE tun theo quy tc Little-endian.

Th d, ta c tn s trch mu bng 44100 Hz. Gi tr 4 bytes, h thp lc phn
ca n l 0x0000AC44 (mi cp s l mt byte). Trn tp tin, con s ny s c lu
theo th t: 44 AC 00 00. Nh vy gi l Little-endian. (Kiu sp xp bnh thng gi
l Big-endian.)

1.5. S giu tin v tch tin trong d liu m thanh

S tng qut qu trnh giu tin v tch tin trong audio c m t tm tt

theo hnh 1.6.

17
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN

Hnh 1.6. S tng qut giu tin v tch tin trong audio

Trong :
- Audio content: l d liu m thanh s u vo ban u dng bao thng
tin
- Watermark Data: l d liu quan trng cn giu trong cc d liu m thanh
- Watermark Embedder: b chng trnh giu tin
- Watermarked Audio: l d liu m thanh s giu tin
- Watermark Detector: b chng trnh tch thng tin giu trong audio
Watermark Data em giu c th l mt on vn bn, mt nh logo, mt on
m ID nh danh no lin quan n bn d liu s che giu n hoc c th li l
mt on m thanh s ngn no ... trong trng hp mun s dng d liu m
thanh s giu tin mt ta c th giu mt vn bn mt (vi trang giy n vi chc
trang giu) trao i mt vi i tc ng minh m khng mun i tc th ba can
thip vo.

1.6. Tng an ton cho thng tin em giu

Mc d giu tin trong audio l v hnh so vi cc phng php an ton bo mt

khc. Tuy nhin trong trng hp nghi ng ngi ta c th s dng phng php
thng k tn sut hoc quan st quy lut t nhin ca cc tn hiu audio tch ra
c thng tin giu. Trong trng hp ny tng tnh an ton cho thng tin em
giu ngi ta c th s dng phng php m ha cho thng tin mt trc khi giu s

18
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng I. TNG QUAN
dng cc k thut m ha nh RSA, Elgama, AES hoc DES... Cng c th s dng
phng php m ha n gin l chuyn thng tin giu sang chui bit nh phn, sau
s dng php ton XOR ca chui bit thng ip vi chui kha.

1.7. nh gi cht lng m thanh sau khi giu tin

nh gi cht lng ca tn hiu m thanh u ra ca b m ho, ngi ta

thng s dng hai tham s: Sai s bnh phng trung bnh MSE (Mean Square
Error) v phng php h s t l tn hiu / tn hiu nhiu PSNR (Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio).
MSE gia tn hiu gc v tn hiu giu tin c tnh nh sau:

MSE =

y:
xi biu th gi tr tn hiu gc
yi biu th gi tr tn hiu b bin i
N l di ca tn hiu m thanh.
PSNR, n v: deciben (dB), thng c s dng trong x l tn hiu s:

PSNR = 10*log10 ( )

Thng thng, nu PSNR > 35dB th h thng mt ngi gn nh khng phn

bit c s khc bit gia tn hiu gc v tn hiu b bin i giu tin. PSNR cng
cao th cht lng ca tn hiu cng t b thay i so vi gc. Khi hai tn hiu ging ht
nhau, MSE s bng 0 v PSNR i n v hn.

19
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

Trong chng ny trnh by mt s k thut giu tin m tc gi tm hiu bao

gm k thut giu tin trn bit c trng s thp nht LSB (Least Significant Bit) ca tn
hiu audio v k thut thy vn trn min bin i tn s cho php giu vn bn, nh
nh phn, nh xm hay mt on audio no . Trong chng ny nhm tc gi cng
xut mt phng php giu tin vn bn trn tn hiu audio da vo s kt hp ca 7
bit MSB (Most significant bit) v 4 bit LSB, nhng ch lm thay i 1 n 2 bit LSB
ca tn hiu gc khng gy ra qu nhiu thay i gi tr ca tn hiu gc.

2.1. K thut giu tin trn bit c trng s thp LSB (Least Significant Bit)

Phng php giu tin trn bit c trng s thp hay cn gi l phng php m
ha LSB (Least Significant Bit) l phng php nhng bit thng tin vo cc bit c
trng s thp ca d liu audio.
Gi s mt tn hiu A = 218 ng vi gi tr 8 bit nh hnh 2.1, khi bit bn
tri nht (c gi tr 1) c gi l bit c trng s ln nht MSB (Most significant bit),
v bit bn phi nht (c gi tr l 0) c gi l bit c trng s thp nht LSB (Least
significant bit).

MSB 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 LSB

Hnh 2.1. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu A = 218

Vi bit c trng s thp nht khi thay i gi tr t 0 sang 1 hoc t 1 sang 0 s

khng lm thay i nhiu gi tr gc ban u. Do vy khi nhng thng tin mt vo tn
hiu audio ngi ta thng nhng vo bit c trng s thp nht ny khng lm nh
hng n trc gic ca ngi nghe.
Gi s mun giu mt bit c gi tr 1 vo tn hiu A th ta c tn hiu mi B =
219 ng vi gi tr 8 bit nh hnh 2.2. Ngc li mun giu mt bit c gi tr 0 vo tn
hiu A th ta c tn hiu mi C =218 (gi nguyn gi tr ban u) ng vi 8 bit nh
hnh 2.3, iu ny trong giu tin c hiu l ngm nh giu.

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

Hnh 2.2. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu B=219 sau khi giu bit 1 vo LSB ca A

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

Hnh 2.3. Gi tr 8 bit ca tn hiu C=219 sau khi giu bit 0 vo LSB ca A

Trong trng hp tn hiu audio c ly mu vi tn s ly mu l 44100Hz

th tn hiu audio c th biu din di dng 16 bit, khi ngi ta c th giu thng
tin n 8 bit c trng s thp thay v 1 bit c trng s thp nh s trong hnh 2.4
[9].

Hai Tn hiu audio c s Chui bit thng ip

Hai tn hiu audio c s, Hai tn hiu audio c

sau khi xa 8 bit LSB Tn
s mang
hiu thng
audio ip
c s
Hnh 2.4. S giu tin trn 8 bit LSB ca tn hiu audio c s

Vi trng hp ny c th gii thch v sao n vn c th c s dng ph

bin trong trao i thng tin mt v do th gic ca con ngi kh pht hin ra s khc
bit vi cc tn hiu c tn s m thanh thp (nh hn <250Hz) [6-8], do vy ngi ta
c th la chn giu trn nhiu bit LSB c th trao i nhiu thng tin mt trong
mt tp audio no trong qu trnh truyn i.
tng an ton cho qu trnh giu tin v tch tin ngi ta c th chn s
lng bit LSB dng giu tin sao cho ph hp nht m khng nh hng n cht
lng m thanh ban u.

21
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
Thut ton giu tin v tch tin trn k bit LSB ca tn hiu thi gian thc (tn
hiu c s) trnh by chi tit di y.

2.1.1. Thut ton giu tin:

u vo: Audio gc A c di tn hiu L, chui tin cn giu M.

u ra: Audio giu tin.

Cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: c audio vo A, da vo tn s ly mu v cc thng s lin

quan n cu trc lu tr ca tp audio ta c vector gi tr ca tn hiu
mu lu vo mng mt chiu thc hin giu tin.

Bc 2: Thc hin chuyn i chui tin cn giu M sang chui bit nh

phn c th giu vo audio, tnh di s bit thng ip lu vo L.

Bc 3: Chn gi tr k ph hp nht (tc l chn s bit LSB ca tn hiu

audio s giu tin)

Bc 4. Da vo k c chn bc 3, thc hin giu L ( di bit

thng ip) vo LSB ca ba tn hiu u tin hoc cui cng ca tn hiu
audio phc v tch tin.

Bc 5: Da vo k chn v di L ca thng ip ta thc hin chia

chui bit thng ip thnh cc chui con c di k bit. Mi chui con
ny s c thay th vo k bit LSB ca L/k tn hiu audio c th giu
L bit thng ip.

Bc 6: Lu li cc tn hiu audio vo tp audio kt qu ta c audio

giu tin S.

2.1.2. Thut ton tch tin:

u vo: Audio giu tin S.

u ra: Thng ip giu M.

Cc bc thc hin:

22
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
Bc 1: c audio vo S, da vo tn s ly mu v cc thng s lin
quan n cu trc lu tr ca tp audio ta c vector gi tr ca tn hiu
mu lu vo mng mt chiu thc hin tch tin.
Bc 2: Cho bit gi tr k (s bit LSB giu tin).
Bc 3: Tch ra di bit L giu trn ba tn hiu u tin hoc cui
cng ca tn hiu audio.
Bc 4: Thc hin tch k bit LSB ca L/k tn hiu giu tin ghp li
thnh chui bit, ta c chui bit giu.
Bc 5: Chuyn i chui bit tch v dng ban u ta c thng
ip cn tch.
Thng ip ban u cn giu c th l vn bn, d liu nh hoc l mt on
audio no . Trong hnh 2.4 l mt minh ha cho trng hp s bit LSB ca tin hiu
audio dng giu tin ng vi k=8.

2.2. K thut giu tin nh xm trn tn hiu audio (LSB nng cao)

y l k thut c tc gi Pradeep Kumar Singh v cng s xut nm

2010 da trn phng php ci tin phng php giu trn LSB ca tn hiu m thanh
[10]. Phng php ny p dng giu nh xm trn tn hiu audio bng cch s dng
7 bit quan trng nht MSB ca cc tn hiu audio giu cc im nh, qut ln lt
cc tn hiu audio so snh chui bit nh phn ca im nh vi 7 bit MSB ca tn hiu
audio:

+ Nu gi tr mt im nh cn giu (chuyn sang chui nh phn) trng vi 7

bit quan trng nht MSB ca tn hiu audio th vit v tr tng ng vo 3 bit LSB ca
tn hiu audio l 1 nh du giu mt im nh vo tn hiu ny.

+ Nu gi tr im nh cn giu khng trng vi 7 bit MSB th thay th 3 bit

LSB ca tn hiu audio u bng 0 nh du khng giu im nh tn hiu ny.

Qu trnh giu im nh s thc hin tip cho cc im nh tip theo trn cc

tn hiu audio cho n khi giu ht cc im nh vo audio. Nu khng qut n ht
audio m vn cn im nh cha giu th thng bo nh qu ln giu vo audio.

Di y trnh by chi tit thut ton giu tin v tch tin.

2.2.1. Thut ton giu tin:

23
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
u vo: Audio gc A c di tn hiu L, nh xm cn giu I.

u ra: Audio giu tin.

Cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: c nh cn giu v chuyn i gi tr cc im nh sang chui

bit nh phn. Lu s hng v s ct ca nh theo phng php no
phc v khi khi phc li nh (c th s dng cc tn hiu u tin hoc
cui cng ca audio giu gi tr s hng v s ct ca nh).

Bc 2: c audio dng che giu nh.

Bc 3: Chn cc tn hiu audio v so snh 7 bit MSB vi 7 bit im nh

cn giu, nu trng th nh giu vo 3 bit LSB ca tn hiu audio bng 1
v chuyn sang giu im nh tip theo, nu khng trng th nh giu
vo 3 bit tn hiu audio bng 0 (ngha l khng th giu vo) chuyn
sang tn hiu tip theo tm tn hiu tho mn.

Bc 4: Lp li bc 3 cho n khi giu ht cc im nh, nu sau khi

duyt ht cc tn hiu m vn cn im nh cha giu th thng bo nh
khng th giu vo audio ny ngc li thng bo Giu thnh cng.

Bc 5: Nu qu trnh Giu thnh cng lu tn hiu audio vo tp

audio ta c audio giu tin.

2.2.2. Thut ton tch tin:

u vo: Audio giu tin S.

u ra: nh giu I.

Cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: c audio vo S, tch ra gi tr s hng v s ct giu vo

audio theo bc 1 ca qu trnh giu tin.
Bc 2: Kim tra ln lt cc tn hiu audio, nu 3 bit LSB ca tn hiu
u khc 0 th tch ra 7 bit MSB ca tn hiu ta c im nh giu.
Bc 3: Thc hin lp li bc 2 cho n khi tch ht cc im nh
giu.

24
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
Bc 4: Da vo s hng v s ct ca nh ta c th khi phc li c
nh ban u giu vo trong audio.
K thut giu tin v tch tin nh giu trn audio c th minh ha theo hnh 2.5.
sau y.
Theo nhn nh ca nhm nghin cu chng ti th vi thut ton LSB nng
cao ny ca Pradeep Kumar Singh v cng s chng ta c th giu cc im nh xm
vo cc tn hiu audio nhng ch lm thay i n 3 bit LSB ca tn hiu. Tuy nhin
ph thuc vo nh cn giu v tn hiu audio c di khc nhau m khng phi nh
no cng c th giu vo trong audio.

Tn hiu audio gc Chui bit cc im nh

1101 0100 0110 0101 1101010 1111011

1001 0100 0110 1101

1101 0110 0110 0100

1111 0110 0110 1101

1101 0100 0110 0111

1001 0100 0110 1000

1101 0110 0110 0000

1111 0110 0110 1111

Tn hiu audio giu tin

Hnh 2.5. Minh ha k thut giu nh trn tn hiu audio

2.3. xut phng php giu vn bn kt hp MSB v LSB ca tn hiu audio

Da vo k thut giu nh xm ca tc gi Pradeep Kumar Singh v cng s

xut nm 2010 trnh by trong mc 2.2. Tc gi ca ti nghin cu ny thy rng c
th ci tin p dng cho phng php giu thng tin vn bn vo tin hiu audio bng
cch kt hp MSB v LSB chi tit nh sau y.

25
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
Nh chng ta bit thng tin vn bn l dng thng tin c ni dung ton vn
bn k t v s n thun, trong ni dung khng cha cc thng tin bng biu hay
hoc... vi nhng thng tin ny khi lu tr trong my tnh chng ta c th lu trong
cc tp text ca NotePad (*.txt) hoc WordPad (*.rtf). Mi k t lu trong tp ng vi
mt m ASCII c gi tr l 1 byte (gi tr t 0 n 255) nhng ch c 128 k t u l
hay dng, cn li l cc k t m rng. Cc k t c m t 0 n 31 gi l cc k t
iu khin, khng in ra c, c dng iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi, chng hn
k t c m l 7 dng to mt ting ku bip, k t c m l 13 dng chuyn con
tr mn hnh xung u dng dido truyn thng tin mt di dng vn bn
c bit vn bn ting Anh ta ch cn s dng cc k t t 32 n 127 l c th biu
din ni dung cn trao i.

2.3.1. Phng php 1

Vi nhn xt trn tc gi xin xut phng php giu vn bn trong tn hiu

audio bng cch s dng 7 bit/tn hiu n d liu m t c s thay i ca tn hiu
audio gc. C th on vn bn c chuyn i thnh m ASCII, s dng 7 bit m
ASCII ca mi tin so snh vi 7 bit cao MSB ca cc tn hiu gc, nu gp tn hiu
no trng khp, ta s nh du s c mt ca d liu trong mt tn hiu c th bng
cch s dng 4 bit LSB, theo nguyn tc iu chnh s bit 1 trong 4 bit LSB l s l.
Trong trng hp 7 bit cao MSB ca tn hiu gc khng trng khp vi 7 bit ca tin
giu ta s iu chnh s bit 1 trong 4 bit LSB ca tn hiu l s chn nh du tn
hiu ny khng giu tin. Qu trnh giu s lp li cho n khi giu ht cc k t ca
thng ip.

Qu trnh tch tin c thc hin bng cch kim tra 4 bit LSB ca tng tn
hiu audio, nu s bit 1 ca 4 bit ny l l th tch ra 7 bit MSB c k t giu,
ngc li nu s bit 1 l chn th b qua v thc hin kim tra tip cc tn hiu tip
theo.
Hnh 2.6 di y minh ha phng php giu k t N v O trong tn hiu
audio bng cch so khp 7 bit MSB v iu chnh 4 bit LSB khi giu vo tn hiu.

26
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

Chui bit ca cc k t vn bn
Tn hiu audio gc K t N K t O

1001 0100 0110 1001 1001110 1001111

1001 1100 0110 1101

1001 1110 0110 1001

1111 0110 0110 1101

1101 0100 0110 1001

1001 1100 0110 1101

1001 1110 0110 1000

1111 0110 0110 1100

Tn hiu audio giu tin

Hnh 2.6. Minh ha k thut giu vn bn da vo7 bit MSB v 4 bit LSB ca tn hiu audio

Vi phng php giu tin ny chng ta khng lm thay i qu nhiu s bit

LSB nh k thut giu nh cp xm trong audio trnh by trong 2.2, vi phng
php giu c th d dng b tn cng bng phng php thng k LSB. y khi
ci t chng ta c th iu chnh s dng 2 hoc 4 bit LSB kim tra tnh chn l
ca bit 1 trong chui.

2.3.2. Phng php 2

Phng n khc trong trng hp s lng k t cn giu vo audio qu nhiu

trong khi s cc tn hiu c 7 bit MSB trng khp vi 7bit ca k t khng th
chng ta c th s dng phng n ch so khp 4 bit ca k t vi 4 bit MSB ca tn
hiu audio nu trng khp ta thay th 3 bit cui ca tn hiu bng 3 bit cui ca k t.
Cn trong trng hp khng trng khp ta iu chnh 3 bit LSB ca tn hiu u bng
0 nh du tn hiu ny khng giu thng tin. Do trong trng hp tch tin
chng ta ch vic kim tra 3 bit LSB nu u bng 0 l khng giu tin, ngc li ta
tch tin giu bng cch ly 4 bit MSB ghp vi 3 bit LSB c k t giu.
27
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

Chui bit ca cc k t vn bn
Bn tn hiu audio gc K t N K t O

1001 0100 0110 1101 1001110 1001111

1001 1100 0110 1101

1001 1110 0110 1001

1111 0110 0110 1101

1101 0100 0110 1000

1001 1100 0110 1110

1001 1110 0110 1111

1111 0110 0110 1000

Bn tn hiu audio giu
tin
Hnh 2.7. Minh ha k thut giu vn bn da trn 4 bit MSB v 3 bit LSB ca tn hiu audio

Ty vo trng hp vi s lng k t giu c th m chng ta c th giu da

vo 4 n 7 bit MSB c th giu thng tin vn bn. Thut ton giu tin tng t
nh trnh by trong mc 2.2 nn mc ny tc gi khng trnh by chi tit thut
ton giu tin v tch tin.

2.4. K thut thy vn s trn min bin i ca tn hiu audio

y l k thut do nhm tc gi C.J. Ganier, Randall Holman, Julie Rosser v

Erik Swanson xut. Theo nhm tc gi ny th h thng thnh gic ca ngi trng
thnh c th phn bit c tn hiu m thanh trong khong t 4kHz n 18kHz, cc
tn hiu thp nh hn 4kHz tai ngi kh c th nhn bit. Trong thc t cc tn hiu
thp nh hn 4kHz khng c s dng, do nhm tc gi s dng tn hiu ny
nhng thy vn [9].

28
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
K thut thy vn s trn min bin i l phng php thay v giu trc tip
trn cc tn hiu min thi gian thc th cc tn hiu s c bin i sang min tn s
sau mi chn thng tin cn giu vo. Tng qut ca phng php c th m t qua
s trong hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8. S tng qut giu tin v tch tin trn min tn s [9]

Theo s 2.8 th tn hiu vo dng che giu thng tin gi l tn hiu c s

(Base Signals), tn hiu sau khi giu thng tin gi l tn hiu mang tin (Combined
Signals). B LPF (low pass filter) l b lc thng thp, l b lc ch cho thnh phn
tn s thp hn tn s ct i qua, thnh phn tn s cao th b loi b, BPF (Band pass
filter) l b lc thng di, l b lc ch cho cc thnh phn c tn s trong mt di i
qua thi, cc thnh phn b hn v ln hn th loi b. B cos(wt) l b iu chnh tn
hiu s dng php ton cosine. B l b kt hp tn hiu c s vi tn hiu thng
ip.
Quy trnh giu tin c m t tm tt nh sau: gi s c tn hiu vo che
giu thng tin (gi l tn hiu c s) v thng ip (gi s cng l mt on tn hiu
audio no ) cn c che giu. Khi bin i tn s Fourier ca hai tn hiu ny
c biu din ln lt trong hnh 2.9 a) v b).

29
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

a) b)
Hnh 2.9. Bin i tn s Fourier ca tn hiu c s v tn hiu thng ip

Tip theo chng ta thc hin lc s dng b lc thng thp LPF n 18kHz cho
tn hiu c s, s loi b trn 4kHz (kt qu nh hnh 2.10 a). S dng b lc thng
gii BPF cho tn hiu thng ip vi gii lc t 300Hz n 3.3 kHz (kt qu nh hnh
2.10b).

a) b)

Hnh 2.10. a) Tn hiu c s s dng b lc LPF, b) tn hiu thng ip s dng BPF

By gi chng ta thc hin iu chnh tn hiu thng ip ( lc) s dng bin

i cosine vi tn s mang 20kHz. Kt hp tn hiu c s ( lc) vi tn hiu thng
ip sau khi iu chnh chng ta nhn c tn hiu mi c giu thng tin (hnh 2.11).

30
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH

Hnh 2.11. Tn hiu mang thng tin giu.

Qu trnh tch tin c thc hin ngc li, s dng lc thng gii BPF cho tn
hiu mang tin tch ra gii thng ca tin hiu thng ip gp trong tin hiu c
s. Kt qu sau b lc BPF s c iu chnh s dng b cos(wt) bng php cosine
ta c tn hiu sau iu chnh, tn hiu ny s c s dng b lc thng thp LPF
c tn hiu thng ip giu, kt qu hnh 2.12.

Hnh 2.12. Tn hiu thng ip sau khi tch ra

Thut ton giu tin v tch tin trn min bin i nh trnh by sau y.

2.4.1. Thut ton giu tin:

u vo: Audio gc A c di tn hiu L, audio cn giu M.

u ra: Audio giu tin.

Cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: c audio vo A, da vo tn s ly mu v cc thng s lin

quan n cu trc lu tr ca tp audio ta c vector gi tr ca tn hiu

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
mu, bin i Fourier cho tin hiu vo (khng bin i 3 tn hiu audio
cui cng giu di thng ip)

Bc 2: c audio cn giu M, tnh di s tn hiu ca M c gi

tr L, lu vo 3 tn hiu cui cng ca audio vo A c th tch ra M
trong qu trnh tch tin. Thc hin bin i Fourier cho tin hiu thng
ip M.

Bc 3: Thc hin lc s dng b lc thng thp LPF n 18kHz cho tn

hiu c s.

Bc 4: S dng b lc thng gii BPF cho tn hiu thng ip vi gii

lc t 300Hz n 3.3 kHz.

Bc 5: thc hin iu chnh tn hiu thng ip ( lc) s dng bin

i cosine vi tn s mang 20kHz. Kt hp tn hiu c s ( lc) vi tn
hiu thng ip sau khi iu chnh chng ta nhn c tn hiu mi c
giu thng tin.

Bc 6: Lu li cc tn hiu audio giu tin vo tp audio kt qu ta

c audio giu tin S.

2.4.2. Thut ton tch tin:

u vo: Audio giu tin S.

u ra: Audio thng ip giu M.

Cc bc thc hin:

Bc 1: c audio vo S, da vo tn s ly mu v cc thng s lin

quan n cu trc lu tr ca tp audio ta c vector gi tr ca tn hiu
thc hin tch tin.
Bc 2: Tch ra di tn hiu L giu trn ba tn hiu u tin hoc
cui cng ca tn hiu audio.
Bc 3: S dng lc thng gii BPF cho tn hiu mang tin tch ra
gii thng ca tin hiu thng ip giu.

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng II. K THUT GIU TIN TRONG M THANH
Bc 4: iu chnh tn hiu s dng b cos(wt) bng php cosine ta
c tn hiu sau iu chnh, tn hiu ny s c s dng b lc thng
thp LPF ta c tn hiu thng ip giu.
Bc 5: Kt hp vi di tn hiu L giu ta c audio thng ip.
Thut ton trong k thun ny ph hp vi phng php thy vn s dng
giu mt on audio vo audio c s mc ch bo v bn quyn s i vi d liu m
thanh.

33
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

3.1. Mi trng ci t v mt s giao din chng trnh

3.1.1. Mi trng ci t

Chng trnh giu tin trong audio c thc hin trn mi trng Matlap phin
bn 2008b. Mi trng ny h tr nhiu tnh nng lin quan n c v lu d liu
audio v vy gip gim thiu vic x l vo ra i vi cc tp audio.

H iu hnh ti thiu c th s dng Matlab phin bn 2008 l h iu hnh

Win7, Window Vista hoc WinNT.

3.1.2. Giao din chng trnh

Sau y l mt s ca s giao din chnh ca chng trnh. Ca s chnh ca

chng trnh (hnh 3.1) c 2 module chnh l: module cc k thut giu tin mt v
module cc k thut thy vn s. Cc hnh tip theo l v d minh ha chi tit thc
hin ca mt s chc nng giu tin, tch tin c th.

Hnh 3.1. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh

Nhm chc nng Giu tin mt (Steganography) gm:

+ K thut giu tin vn bn: Gm c chc nng giu ni dung dng vn bn c

th g trc tip trn giao din hoc c vo t mt tp *.txt lu trong my tnh;

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI
+ K thut giu tin mt tp tin bt k: Cho php giu thng tin t mt tp bt
k lu trong my tnh.

Hnh 3.2. Giao din chnh vi module chc nng giu tin mt (Stegangraphy)

Nhm chc nng Thy vn s (Watermarking) gm:

+ Thy vn mt audio trn audio: c th giu trn min bin i Fourier hoc
giu trn LSB ca min thi gian thc.
+ Thy vn mt nh nh phn trn audio
+ Thy vn mt nh xm trn audio

Hnh 3.3. Giao din chnh vi module chc nng Thy vn s (Watermarking)
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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

Di y l giao din giu tin vn bn v tch tin trn LSB ca tn hiu audio.

Hnh 3.4. Giao din giu tin vn bn trn LSB ca Audio

Hnh 3.5. Giao din tch tin vn bn giu trn LSB ca Audio
36
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI
Di y l giao din thy vn v tch thy vn trn LSB ca tn hiu audio

Hnh 3.6. Giao din thy vn mt nh nh phn trn LSB ca Audio

Hnh 3.7. Giao din tch thy vn mt nh nh phn trn LSB ca Audio

Di y l giao din thy vn v tch thy vn l mt tn hiu audio tn hiu bin i

ca audio gc.

37
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

Hnh 3.8. Giao din thy vn mt audio trn tn hiu bin i ca Audio gc

Hnh 3.9. Giao din tch thy vn l mt audio trn tn hiu bin i ca Audio

38
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

Hnh 3.10. Giao din tnh thay i nhiu PSNR ca audio gc v audio giu tin

3.2. Th nghim

3.2.1. Tp d liu th nghim

Tp d liu m thanh dng th nghim bao gm 10 tp m thanh trong :

+ 5 tp m thanh loi nhc khng li,

+ 5 tp m thanh loi nhc c li

Bng 3.1. Biu tn hiu ca cc m thanh u vo

STT Nhc khng li Nhc c li

4
x 10

1 7

6
x 10
4 7

5
5

4 4

3 3

2
2

1
1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0
5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x 10
5
x 10

39
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI
4
x 10

2 7

6 7
x 10
4

6
5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2
1

1 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
5
x 10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
6
x 10

3
x 10 4
5 x 10
7

4.5
6

4 5

3.5 4

3 3

2
2.5

1
2

0
1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 x 10
6

5
x 10

4
x 10

4 7

6
x 10
4
7

5 5

4 4

3 3

2
2

1
1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x 10
6
x 10

4
x 10 4

5
7 x 10
7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 6
6 x 10
x 10

D liu thng ip gm: on m thanh no , tp vn bn bt k, nh nh

phn, nh cp xm.

3.2.2. Thc hin th nghim

Tin hnh th nghim giu tin cho tp d liu tn hiu m thanh (gm 10
tp), cho tng trng hp sau nh gi cht lng ca tn hiu m thanh sau khi
giu tin bng PSNR ta c cc kt qu cho tng trng hp nh sau:
+ Trng hp 1: giu nh nh phn (c kch c 337 x 336 pixel ng vi 113 232
bit, hnh 3.11) trong tp audio s dng k thut giu LSB (trnh by trong mc 2.1),
cho php thay i 4 bit LSB ta c bng kt qu 3.2.

40
Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

Hnh 3.11. nh nh phn cn giu trong tp d liu audio

Bng 3.2. Kt qu nh gi PSNR cht lng ca audio sau khi giu nh nh phn

PSNR (Decibel dB)

STT
Nhc khng li Nhc c li

1 73.3162 dB 79.0625 dB

2 75.4257 dB 77.6028 dB

3 70.9296 dB 79.4459 dB

4 63.4935 dB 78.3756 dB

5 76.4811 dB 78.9611 dB

+ Trng hp 2: Cng giu audio (c di 111 132 tn hiu) trong tp d liu

audio s dng k thut giu trn min bin i tn s Fourier trnh by trong mc 2.4
ta c bng kt qu 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Kt qu nh gi PSNR cht lng ca audio sau khi giu tin hiu audio

PSNR (Decibel dB)

STT
Nhc khng li Nhc c li

1 35.5063 dB 26.0642 dB

2 29.7468 dB 27.1257 dB

3 36.8012 dB 28.356 dB

4 30.768 dB 25.6758 dB

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI

5 27.1032 dB 25.3917 dB

+ Trng hp 3: giu nh cp xm (kch c ) trong tp 10 tp audio s dng k

thut giu trn LSB ci tin by trong mc 2.2 c bng kt qu 3.4.
Bng 3.4. Kt qu nh gi PSNR cht lng ca audio sau khi giu nh cp xm

PSNR (Decibel dB)

STT
Nhc khng li Nhc c li

1 80.0608 dB 81.3532 dB

2 79.6676 dB 84.0324 dB

3 78.4592 dB 82.0447 dB

4 81.6744 dB 86.4382 dB

5 77.3498 dB 88.5673 dB

+ Trng hp 4: giu vn bn (gm 13728 k t ng vi 109824 bit) trong tp

10 tp audio s dng k thut giu xut trnh kt hp gia 7 bit MSB vi 4 bit
LSB by trong mc 2.3 c bng kt qu 3.5.
Bng 3.5. Kt qu nh gi PSNR cht lng ca audio sau khi giu vn bn

PSNR (Decibel dB)

STT
Nhc khng li Nhc c li

1 85.6798 dB 91.4732 dB

2 89.6473 dB 90.0247 dB

3 83.4591 dB 92.0687 dB

4 84.673 dB 91.4382 dB

5 87.3452 dB 93.8745 dB

3.3. Nhn xt v nh gi

Da vo bng 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 v 3.5 chng ta c th a ra nhn xt nh sau v

cc k thut giu tin, y cc thng tin giu c di xp x nhau v s bit:

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Thuyt minh ti NCKH Chng III. CI T, TH NGHIM V NH GI
+ K thut giu tin trn min bin i tn s Fourier c PSNR thp nht (bng
3.3) (l trng hp thay i nhiu gi tr ban u ca tn hiu audio gc), so vi cc k
thut giu khc n gy ra nhiu tn hiu gc nhiu nht nhng cht lng vn c th
chp nhn c vi cc khn gi khng qu kh tnh. Tuy nhin theo nhm tc gi
xut k thut ny cho rng y l phng php c th gi thy vn giu bn vng
trc mt s tn cng v x tn hiu. Do nhm nghin cu cha c nhiu thi gian xy
dng mt s php bin i tn hiu nh lc, gim hoc lm trn nhiu... nn cha th
khng nh c y l cc k thut thy vn bn vng.
+ K thut giu vn bn trn LSB kt hp vi 7 bit MSB ca nhm tc gi
xut lm thay i rt t gi tr ca tn hiu gc nn gi tri ca PSNR rt cao (bng 3.5)
(ngha l t nhiu so vi gi tr ban u)
+ K thut giu nh cp xm v nh nh phn (bng 3.2 v 3.4) c gi tr PSNR
bng nhau v hai k thut ny v c bn thay i s bit LSB ca tn hiu gc nh nhau.
Cha nghin cu v th nghim c trn m thanh ging ni (bn tin, thi
s,... k truyn) c th nh gi nh hng ca thng tin giu n cht lng m
thanh.
Cc phng php nh gi mi ch da trn tnh gi tr nhiu PSNR ca tn
hiu, cha nh gi c da vo h thng thnh gic ca ngi nghe (thnh gi) thc
s c s nhn nhn v h thng giu tin mt cch trc quan v a dng.

43
Thuyt minh ti NCKH KT LUN

KT LUN
K thut giu thng tin trong m thanh s l mt trong nhng hng nghin
cu chnh ca phng php giu thng tin hin nay v t c nhng kt qu kh
quan. ti nghin cu khoa hc ny tm hiu v trnh by li mt s k thut giu
tin in hnh theo hai hng giu tin chnh l:
+ Giu thng tin trn min d liu thi gian thc: ch trng n mt s k thut
giu tin trn cc bit LSB hoc kt hp gia cc bit MSB v LSB ca tn hiu m thanh.
Vi k thut giu tin ny chng ta c th p dng giu vn bn, nh nh phn, nh
cp xm hoc mt on m thanh vo tn hiu m thanh.
+ Giu thng tin trn min bin i: tm hiu phng php giu tin trn min
bin i Fourier c th p dng giu mt on m thanh vo mt on m thanh
khc.
T cc k thut tm hiu trn v trong qu trnh ci t th nghim tc gi ca
ti nghin cu ny xut mt phng php giu vn bn trn tn hiu m thanh
bng cch kt hp gia mt s bit MSB v LSB vi cc chui bit ca k t vn bn.
Vi k thut giu tin ny chng ta ch cn thay i mt n hai bit LSB ca tn hiu
m thanh v vn m bo cht lng tn hiu audio ban u.
Do hn ch v thi gian nn trong ti ny cha nghin cu c phng
php ci tin giu tin trn min bin i ca d liu audio. c bit cha nh gi
c bn vng ca cc k thut giu tin khi b mt s tn cng lm nh hng n
tn hiu ca audio mang thng tin. Cc k thut giu tin ch yu th nghim trn tn
hiu audio nh dng tp *.wav, cha thc hin trn cc tp m thanh nn nh dng
mp3, mp4, mpeg...
Tuy nhin bo co ca nghin cu c th coi lm ti liu cho sinh vin chuyn
ngnh CNTT, v tng hp v trnh by nhng khi nim c bn nht v giu tin
trong tn hiu audio lm nn tng mi cho cc nghin cu sau ny v an ton thng tin
trong d liu a phng tin.
Hng nghin cu tip theo ca ti s nghin cu phng php giu tin bn
vng trn tn hiu audio v trn dng m thanh nn: mp3, mp4,...

44
Thuyt minh ti NCKH TI LIU THAM KHO

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Aubrey de Seslincourt (1996), Herodotus - The Histories, Penguin Books,
London.
[2]. Ingemar Cox, Jeffrey Bloom, Matthew Miller, Ton Kalker, Jessica Fridrich
(2008), Digital Watermarking and Steganography, Second Edition, Morgan Kaufmann
Press, USA.
[3]. Jessica Fridrich (2009), Steganography in digital media: principles,
algorithms, and applications, Cambridge University Press
[4]. http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/Annual/2003/MTEAM.html
[5]. Nguyn Xun Huy, Trn Quc Dng, Gio trnh giu tin v thu vn nh,
Trung tm thng tin t liu, TTKHTN - CN 2003.
[6]. Min Wu, Multimedia Data Hiding, Princeton University, USA, 2001.
[7]. Michael Arnold, Dr. Christoph Busch, Watermarking of Audio, Music
Scores and 3D Models, INI-GraphicsNet - Press & Media, 2003.
[8]. Chun-Shien Lu, Multimedia Security: Steganography and Digital
Watermarking techniques for Protection of Intellectual Property, IDEA Group
Publishing, 2005.
[9]. https://www.clear.rice.edu/elec301/Projects01/smokey_steg
[10]. Pradeep Kumar Singh, R.K.Aggrawal: Enhancement of LSB based
Steganography for Hiding Image in Audio, (IJCSE) International Journal on
Computer Science and Engineering Vol. 02, No. 05, 2010, 1652-1658.

45