Gram Tica de 5 A B PDF

92 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections OneTwenty 101102
Grammar for Section 5AB
In this section you cover:

c Imperfect indicative, active and middle: ,
c Augments
c Position of adjectives
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Ensure you know the meaning of:

, , , , , , , , , ,
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
Imperfect indicative active

101. The forms of the imperfect active are as follows:
-- I was stopping
-- I was stopping, I used to stop, I stopped
-- you (s.) were stopping, used to stop, stopped
--() he/she/it was stopping, used to stop, stopped
-- we were stopping, used to stop, stopped
-- you (pl.) were stopping, used to stop, stopped
-- they were stopping, used to stop, stopped
Imperfect indicative middle

102. The forms of the imperfect middle are as follows:
--, I was stopping (myself)

-- I was stopping, I used to stop, I stopped (myself)
-- you (s.) were stopping, used to stop, stopped (yourself)
-- he/she/it was stopping, used to stop, stopped (him/her/itself)
-- we were stopping, used to stop, stopped (ourselves)
-- you (pl.) were stopping, used to stop, stopped (yourselves)
-- they were stopping, used to stop, stopped (themselves)
Form
(a) Note the prefix of the stem, -. This is called the augment (1045).
(b) Look back at 52. There it was asserted that there were two forms of the
middle ending, one being:
- - - - - -
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102104 Grammar for Section 5AB 93
Here, then, is the second:

- - - - - -
(c) Note the recurrence of the thematic vowels (16b).
(d) There were also wise words at 52 about the 2s. and intervocalic sigmas which
you will well, ah, recall. So here: the 2s. was originally --, the inter-
vocalic dropped out leaving --, which contracted into .
Meaning
103. The new tense you meet in this section is called the imperfect. The word
imperfect comes from a Latin word meaning incomplete.
c The imperfect is used to describe continuing, repeated or uncompleted
actions in the past something that was happening, used to happen, began to
happen or kept happening.
c Depending on context, then, (the imperfect of ) could be
translated I was stopping, I used to stop or simply I stopped.
c Note, though, that in the last case, the use of the imperfect implies that
I stopped (i.e. used to stop or kept stopping) on a continual basis or
more than once, e.g. I stopped him going into the house every day.
E X ER C I S E
5AB: 1. Translate into English, then convert into the middle equivalent:
1. 4.
2. (two possibilities) 5.
3.
Form
n The augment
104. Augment means growth or increase and is so named because the addi-
tion of an augment generally causes the verb to increase in size.
The distinguishing mark of an indicative verb in the past is the pres-
ence of an augment at the front of the verb.
n Augments in -
(a) When the verb begins with a consonant, the augment takes the form of -, e.g.
--, I was ordering, used to order, ordered
--, I was going, used to go, went
n Augments as lengthened vowel

(b) If the verb starts with a vowel, however, - is NOT added. Rather, this initial
vowel will lengthen if it can, e.g.
- I was listening, used to listen, listened

I was setting free, used to set free, set free
o I was living, used to live, lived
(i) Note that, as in the last example, iota is traditionally written subscript
after a long vowel (e.g. , ).
(ii) A handful of verbs beginning in - has the augment - (rather than ).
Learn the most common example, which is , I have, imperfect:
, I was having, used to have, had.
(c) If a verb already begins with a long vowel, this vowel simply remains long in
the imperfect too, e.g.
I was keeping quiet, used to keep quiet, kept
quiet
I was enjoying, used to enjoy, enjoyed
Augment summary
105. The following chart summarises the rules of augmentation for verbs begin-
ning with vowels:
unaugmented vowel augmented vowel
!

!
E XE RC I S E
5AB: 2. Translate and convert the following presents into the equivalent imper-
fect form:
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
Augment and prefix

There is an important rule applying to augment and prefixes:
The augment is added to the base verb, NOT to any prefixes it may have
acquired.
Thus becomes -- in the imperfect and becomes

--. Observe how other prefixes react to the addition of an aug-
ment:
* +
+
** +
*** +
* +
* +
* +
* +
or
* +
*** +
* Note that all two-syllable prefixes ending in a vowel drop their final vowel before an aug-
ment. The exception to the above rule is -; - also can stay unchanged.
** Note that - changes to - before a vowel.
*** Note that with e.g. and , the prefix recovers its basic form .
E XER CI S E
5AB: 3. Translate and convert into the equivalent present forms:
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. (two possibilities)
THE IMPERFECT OF CONTRACT VERBS
106. As in the present, contract verbs (such as , I make, do, ,

I honour and , I show, reveal) also contract in the imperfect.
Remember that these contractions follow predictable patterns (see 25):
Active contract verbs
, I was honouring (-contract verb)

-- > I was honouring, used to honour, honoured
-- > you (s.) were honouring, used to honour,
honoured
-- > he/she/it was honouring, used to honour,
honoured
-- > we were honouring, used to honour, honoured
-- > you (pl.) were honouring, used to honour,
honoured
-- > they were honouring, used to honour,
honoured
I was making, doing (-contract verb)

-- > I was making, used to make, made
-- > you (s.) were making, used to make, made
-- > he/she/it was making, used to make, made
-- > we were making, used to make, made
-- > you (pl.) were making, used to make, made
-- > they were making, used to make, made
, I was showing, revealing (-contract verb)

-- > I was showing, used to show, showed
- - > you (s.) were showing, used to show, showed
-- > he/she/it was showing, used to show, showed
-- > we were showing, used to show, showed
-- > you (pl.) were showing, used to show, showed
-- > they were showing, used to show, showed
Middle contract verbs

107. The forms of the imperfect middle contract verbs are as follows. Note once
more that these verbs contract in the imperfect in the same way as in the
present (53).
, I was watching (-contract verb)

-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
, I was fearing (-contract verb)

-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
, I was enslaving (-contract verb)

-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
-- >
Identifying imperfects: removing the augment

108. The imperfect is based on the present stem of the verb. As you have seen, to
form the imperfect you add an augment to the beginning of the verb and the
correct imperfect personal ending.
Now the dictionary form of any verb is the present. So if you meet an unfa-
miliar verb in the imperfect, you will need to be able to work out its present
form in order to look it up in the dictionary. In other words, you will have
to reverse the process of forming the imperfect from the present: you must
learn to form the present from the imperfect.
n Verbs augmented with -

- augments should generally be easy to deal with:
= -- from , I/they say, speak
Therefore = I was/they were saying, speaking, etc.
= --- from , I go through
Therefore = you were going through, etc.
n Verbs augmented with a long vowel

If the imperfect form begins with a long vowel, the present stem of the verb
may be more difficult to ascertain, e.g. has the ending -
(we), but what of --?
c The initial - must represent the augment, but what would it be in the present?
c The answer is that it could represent , or in the present (105).
c Therefore, the present stem of the verb could be -, - or -.
c No doubt you recognise one of these stems as belonging to a verb with

which you are familiar, namely , I hear, listen (to), which allows
you to work out that:
= we were hearing, listening to, etc.
You may find, of course, that, when you have removed the augment, you do
not recognise any of the stems you are left with! In that case there is, unfortu-
nately, no alternative but to hunt under all the possibilities in your dictionary
(in the above case, e.g. -, - and -) until you find a suitable can-
didate. The more you study the language, the more you will develop a good
instinct for where to look first.
Different meanings of the imperfect

109. The imperfect tense can be translated in the following ways:
I was ------ing I kept on ------ing
I used to ------ I tried to ------
I continued ------ing I began ------ing
Note that all these meanings denote an action which the speaker wishes to
characterise as continuing or repeated in the past: a process rather than an
event, or put another way an incomplete rather than a completed action.
The past of to be
110. Learn the irregular past of the verb to be:
or I was
or I was
you (s.) were
he/she/it was
we were
() you (pl.) were
they were
E XE RC I S E S
5AB: 4. Translate:
1. 7. (two ways)
2. 8. (two ways)
3. (two ways) 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
5AB: 5. Translate into Greek using the following verbs: , , ,

, .
1. They were honouring 4. I was preventing
2. He used to suffer 5. You (pl.) were ordering
3. We were owing
5AB: 6. Translate:
1. 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
6. 12.
5AB: 7. Translate into Greek using the following verbs: , ,
, , .
1. They were obeying 4. I was seeming
2. He used to be afraid 5. You (pl.) were conversing
3. We were fighting
5AB: 8. Translate into Greek using one word only:
1. He was preventing () 6. You (pl.) began to shout ()
2. He used to stop (middle: 7. They were enslaving (middle:
) )
3. We were calling to witness 8. I kept on honouring (middle:
() )
4. You (s.) were owing 9. She continued making (middle:
() )
5. I tried to hear () 10. They were conversing ()
PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES
111. Observe the subtle Greek use of the position of the adjective in relation to
its noun + definite article to indicate a slightly different meaning:
(a) or the wise man
BUT: (b) or the man [is] wise
The distinction applies to all cases of the noun, e.g.
lit. much the expense she caused, i.e.
the expense she caused was great
100 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections OneTwenty 111 112
When the adjective stands outside the definite article + noun phrase, or is not
linked with it by a preceding definite article (as in [b] above), it will carry this
so-called predicative meaning.
S U M M A RY L E A R N I N G VO C A B U L A RY F O R S E C T I O N 5 A B
o responsible (for), guilty (of)
light; fasten, fix
deep
heavy
, life, means, livelihood (2a)
, marriage (2a)
converse
, lawsuit; penalty; justice (1a)
(- ) exact ones due; punish ( + gen.)
because
unlucky
(-) bring in, carry in
be in
sweet, pleasant
, horse (2a)
/ treat badly; do harm to
punish
, young man (1d)
young
, house-slave (1d)
o whole of
/ not yet
owe
(()-), father (3a)
stop
(-) trust, obey (+dat.)
near, nearly; almost
then
, son (2a)
you (s.) say
, debts (3c uncontr.)
, money (3b)
good, fine, serviceable
TA K ING STOC K
1. Do you understand the idea of the imperfect tense and know its endings?
Can you therefore spot one at a hundred paces?
2. Can you confidently de-augment an imperfect verb to find its dictionary
form? What, for example, could - de-augment to? What -?
111 112 Revision Exercises for Section 5AB 101
REVI SI ON EXERCIS ES F OR S EC TI O N 5A B
b/c word shape and syntax
1. Translate each sentence, then change the verbs from the present to the imper-
fect tense:
a. , o .
b. ; .
.
c. . .
d. o. o
o.
e. o , .
2. Translate each verb, then change to s. or pl. as appropriate (numbers in brack-
ets indicate which person, where there is ambiguity):
, , (3), , , , ,
, , (1), , , .
d english into greek

Translate these pairs of sentences:
1. , .
I was sleeping deeply but my son did not stop shouting.
2. o .
The father always punished his son.
3. o .
Young men used to be good, and obey.
4. , .
We used to give orders, but the slaves mistreated us.
5. o.
We would shout and stop the slaves conversing.

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92 A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections OneTwenty 101102

Grammar for Section 5AB

In this section you cover:

Ensure you know the meaning of:

THE IMPERFECT TENSE

Imperfect indicative active

Imperfect indicative middle

--, I was stopping (myself)

Here, then, is the second:

n Augments as lengthened vowel

- I was listening, used to listen, listened

unaugmented vowel augmented vowel

Augment and prefix

Thus becomes -- in the imperfect and becomes

THE IMPERFECT OF CONTRACT VERBS

106. As in the present, contract verbs (such as , I make, do, ,

Active contract verbs

, I was honouring (-contract verb)

I was making, doing (-contract verb)

, I was showing, revealing (-contract verb)

Middle contract verbs

, I was watching (-contract verb)

, I was fearing (-contract verb)

, I was enslaving (-contract verb)

Identifying imperfects: removing the augment

n Verbs augmented with -

n Verbs augmented with a long vowel

c No doubt you recognise one of these stems as belonging to a verb with

Different meanings of the imperfect

5AB: 5. Translate into Greek using the following verbs: , , ,

d english into greek

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