Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Mixed convective radiative flow of second grade nanofluid with

convective boundary conditions: An optimal solution
M. Ramzan a,, M. Bilal b, U. Farooq c, Jae Dong Chung d
a
Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Computing, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
c
Comsats Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We have studied three dimensional second grade nanofluid flow with effects of thermal radiation and
Received 26 September 2016 mixed convection over an exponential stretched surface under the influence of convective boundary con-
Accepted 13 October 2016 ditions. Obtained partial differential equations are transformed into coupled differential equations with
Available online 19 October 2016
the aid of apposite transformations. Newly introduced BVPh 2.0 Mathematica package is used to obtain
an optimal convergent solution. This method is more efficient to provide optimal convergent value for all
Keywords: involved fields unlike Homotopy analysis method (HAM) which provide a rough estimate of convergence
BVPh 2.0 Mathematica package
region. Impact of incipient physical parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration fields is
Thermal radiation
Convective conditions
presented in the form of graphs and debated accordingly. Numerical tabulated values of skin friction
Mixed convection coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with requisite discussion against numerous parameters
Second grade nanofluid is also added. It is noticed that temperature field is higher for larger values of radiation parameter.
Moreover, increase in temperature profile and decrease in concentration field against gradually mounting
values of Brownian motion parameter are experienced.
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction models to discuss nanofluid flow under the influence of thermal

The term nanofluids comprises of suspended nanoparticles
introduced by Choi [1] has revolutionized the present era due its
extensive engineering and technological applications like cooling
of vehicles, nuclear reactors, increasing heat transfer rate in micro-
chips in computers, food processing, fuel cells and transportation
etc. Nanofluids trigger the thermal conductivity and heat transfer
rate when a small amount of nanoparticles (typically comprises
of Ag, Au, Al or their oxides) sized from 1 to 100 nm is inserted into
conventional base fluids (water, glycol, ethylene, oil). A consider-
able number of explorations are available pertaining to nanofluids.
Shehzad et al. [2] discussed three dimensional Jeffrey nanofluid
flow with of thermal radiation and internal heat generation. The
whole investigation is done in attendance of convective boundary
conditions. Hayat et al. [3] explored MHD boundary layer three
dimensional flow of Sisko nanofluid. The flow is produced by a
bidirectional stretching surface. Khan et al. [4] explored three
dimensional flow of a rotating nanofluid initiated by a deformable
surface which is convectively heated. They used two dissimilar
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mramzan@bahria.edu.pk (M. Ramzan).
conductivity. Dogonchi and Ganji [5] studied MHD radiative vis-
cous nanofluid flow between stretching/shrinking walls by using
DuanRach technique which is claimed to be modified form of
Adomian Decomposition method. Ramzan and Bilal [6] presented
solution of MHD three dimensional elastico visco nanofluid flow
with chemical reaction. They used HAM to find the series solution
of the problem. Akbar et al. [7] analyzed MHD double diffusive
nanofluid flow under the influence of natural convection using
the Buongiorno model and found dual solutions for stretching
parameter. Few more recent researches in this direction are
appended at Ref. [815].
During last many years, the study of non-Newtonian fluids is
most pondered area by scientists and researchers because of its
varied geophysical and engineering applications like certain oils,
blood at miniscule shear rate, paints, shampoo, polymers, colloidal
fluids, cosmetic merchandises, pasta, suspension fluids, ice cream,
dough flour, mud etc. These fluids may be natural or synthetic
including oils, water, red cells, particle and extended chain mole-
cules in drilling operations, food industry and bioengineering.
Ensuing products of these fluids possesses varied rheological
characteristics and there exist a nonlinear relation between
dynamic viscosity and shear rate in these fluids. A single

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2016.10.011
2211-3797/ 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804 797

constitutive equation cannot reveal intact characteristics of non- 2. Mathematical formulation

Newtonian fluids. That is why numerous non-Newtonian fluid
models are being used by researchers in their theoretical and We cogitate an incompressible steady three dimensional mixed
experimental works [1624]. Industry related applications includ- convective radiative boundary layer flow of an visco-elastic nano-
ing liquid coating on photographic films, food processing, film con- fluid flow over an exponentially stretching surface restricted in the
densation process and oil recovery accentuated the importance of region z > 0. The whole evaluation is conducted under the influ-
boundary layer non-Newtonian flows. The flow of stretched ence of convective boundary conditions (see Fig. 1). The impact
boundary layer flows is more vital as far as their engineering and of thermal radiation is inserted in temperature equation and is
industrial oriented product applications such as metal extrusion, simplified through Rosselands approximation. The governing
paper production, glass fiber, hot rolling, plastic films and wire boundary layer equations representing the said system are:
drawing etc. Sakiadis [25] and Crane [26] coined work invited fol-
lower researchers to present more innovative ideas. Mustafa et al. @u @ v @w
0; 1
[27] discussed 3D rotating flow of ferrofluid generated by a radia- @x @y @z
tive surface under the effects of magnetohydrodynamic. A combi-
nation of nanoparticles with Fe2 O3 is considered with new idea @u @u @u @2u
u v w m 2
of radiative heat flux in nonlinear form. Ali et al. [28] pondered @x @y @z @z
" !#
the effects of MHD Soret and Dufour on second grade viscoelastic k0 3
@ u 3
@ u @u @ 2 u @u @ 2 w @u @ 2 u @w @ 2 u
flow past a permeable oscillatory stretched sheet accompanying u w  2 2
q @x@z2 @z3 @x @z2 @z @z2 @z @x@z @z @z2
thermal radiation. Homotopy Analysis method is exercised to solve
this problem. Pal et al. [29] examined flow of MHD Casson nano- gbT T  T 1 gbC C  C 1 ;
fluid under the influence of thermal radiation and ohmic dissipa- 2
tion over a nonlinear vertical stretching surface. Scaling group
transformations are engaged to reduce the boundary layer partial @v @v @v @2v
differential equations to ordinary differential equations. RKF 5th u v w m 2
@x @y @z @z
order technique with shooting method is used to solve the prob- " !#
k0 @3v @3v @v @2 v @v @2 w @v @2v @w @ 2 v
lem. Mabood and Pochai [30] explored solution of MHD viscous v w  2 2 ; 3
q @y@z2 @z3 @y @z2 @z @z2 @z @y@z @z @z2
fluid flow over a nonlinear permeable stretched sheet using Opti-
mal Homotopy Analysis method.  2  
It was necessitated that there should be some appropriate @T @T @T k @2T 1 @qr DT @T @T @C
u v w  s s D :
@z qC p @z2 qC P @y
B
method that can address proposed mathematical model. Scientists @x @y T 1 @z @z @z
and researchers look for alternate analytical techniques due obvi- 4
ous restrictions in numerical methods [31]. Although Perturbation
method [32] is most common amongst analytical techniques but
@C @C @C @ 2 C DT @ 2 T
its high dependency on small/large parameter is a main obstacle u v w DB 2 ; 5
@x @y @z @z T 1 @z2
to address nonlinear problems. Moving a step further, non-
perturbation techniques like Adomian decomposition method with velocity components u in x-direction, v in y-direction and w in
[33] and variational iteration method [34] were introduced to z-direction. Also, q; m; k0 , C; DT ; DB ; C p and qr represent fluid den-
jump this obvious hurdle. But these methods because of poor con- sity, kinematic viscosity, material parameter, concentration species,
vergence in case of series solutions are not in priority list of thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, Brownian diffusion coefficient,
researchers. However, Liaos suggested Homotopy Analysis method specific heat and is the radiative heat flux respectively. The value of
(HAM) [35] is considered as a strong contender to obtain series qr using the Rosseland approximation is appended below
solution of highly non-linear problems. Unlike numerical tech-
niques HAM can be applied to far field boundary value problems 4r @T 4
qr  ; 6
to obtain series solution with ample choice of convergence control 3k @y
parameters. Recently, Liaos newly proposed concept of Optimal
where k and r are Rosseland mean absorption coefficient and the

HAM has augmented the convergence of series solution with the
help of averaged residual error using BVPh 2.0 Mathematica pack- StefanBoltzman constant. Here, temperature difference is taken so
age [36].
In all above discussed explorations, either a numerical or an
analytical technique is used. But none of the author has used BVPh
2.0 technique to address either two or three dimensional flow
problem with presented characteristics in elastico vicous nanofluid
flow. This paper does have two fold novelty. One, it will be the first
paper to address three dimensional nanofluid flow over an expo-
nentially stretched surface with effects of thermal radiation and
mixed convection having convective boundary conditions. Sec-
ondly, the usage of newly introduced BVPh 2.0 Mathematica tech-
nique to address the problem which provide an optimal
convergent value for all involved distributions unlike to Homotopy
analysis method (HAM) that provide a rough estimate of conver-
gence region. Graphical illustrations of different arising parameters
against velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are
depicted and argued accordingly. Numerically tabulated values of
skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with requisite
discussion are also presented. Fig. 1. Geometry of the problem.
798 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804

 0 
small that T 4 and can be expanded about T 1 using Taylor series g 000 f g g 00  2 f g 0 g 0
"  00 000 
#
ignoring terms of higher order 6g 000 g 0 3f  3g 00 gf g 00
K  0 00   0  0; 14
T 4 u4T 31 T  3T 41 : 7 4f 2gf g 000  f g gf g 0000
 
4  0 
Eq. (4) after using Eqs. (6) and (7) takes the form 1 Rd h00  PrA f g 0 h Prf g h0 PrN b h0 /0 PrN t h02 0;
3
 2 15
@T @T @T k @ 2 T 16r T 31 @ 2 T DT @T
u v w s
@x @y @z qC p @z2 3k qC P @y2

T 1 @z  
  N t 00  0 
@T @C /00 h PrLef g /0  PrLeA f g 0 / 0; 16
sDB : 8 Nb
@z @z
and the boundary conditions becomes
The boundary conditions are stated as
@T   @C f 0 0;
0
f 0 1; g 0 0 a; g 0 0;
u U w ; v V w ; w 0; k h Tf  T ; k
@z @z
  h 0 c1  h0;
0
/ 0 c1  /0;
0
at y 0
h C f  C at z 0; 9
0
f 1 ! 0; g 0 1 ! 0; h1 ! 0; /1 ! 0 as y ! 117 17
u ! 0; v ! 0; T ! T1; C ! C1 as z ! 1: 10
where a; K; Pr; N b ; Nt ; Le; k; N; Rd ; A; Grx ; Rex and c are ratio
where k; T f ; h and T 1 are thermal conductivity, hot fluid tempera- parameter, second grade parameter, Prandtl number, Brownian
ture, heat transfer coefficient and free stream temperature respec- motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Lewis number,
tively. Here, stretching velocities U w ; V w and fluids temperature mixed convection parameter, concentration buoyancy ratio param-
T f are given as: eter, radiation parameter, temperature exponent, local Grashof
xy xy Axy number, local Reynold number and Biot number respectively and
Uw Uo e L ; V w V oe L ; Tw Tf T1 Toe 2L ; are given by
Axy
Cw Cf C1 Co e 2L ; 11 Grx lc p gbT w  T 1 x3 uw x
k ; Pr ; Gr x ; Rex ;
in which L; A and U o ; V o are reference length, temperature expo- Re2x k v2 m
nent and constants respectively. DT T w  T 1 sD B C w  C 1 4r T 31
By dimensionless quantities: Nt ; Nb ; Rd
T m m ke k
s1
 1=2
Uo h 2mL ko U w Vo a
v Uo e c ; a
0 Axy
u U o e L f g; g 0 g; g
xy xy
e z ; K ; Le : 18
2lL
L 2L
2mL k Uw U0 DB
 
mU o 1=2  0  Axy
w f gf g gg 0 ; T T1 Toe 2L hg Expressions of skin friction coefficient C fx and C fy in the x- and y-
2L
directions and local Nusselt Nu and Sherwood numbers Sh are giver
Axy
C C1 Co e 2L /g: 12 by

Requirement of Eq. (1) is automatically justified whereas Eqs. swx swy xqw
C fx 1 ; C fy 1 ; Nux ;
(2)(5) take the form 2
q U 2
w 2
qU 2
w
kT w  T 1
" 000 0  00  00 # xjw
000  0  0
00 6f f 3g 00  3f gg 000 f Sh ; 19
f f g f  2 f g 0 f K 000 0000 kC w  C 1
4g 0 2gg 00 f  f g gg 0 f
where swx and swy are the skin frictions along the x and ydirec-
2kh N/ 0;
tions, qw is heat flux and jw is the mass flux.
13

" 2 #!
v @y@z
@2 u 2
@ u
@u u @x@z w @@z2u @u @u
swx jz0 l ko @v @v
@z @x
@z 2 @w @w  @w @u
@z @x @z @x @z @z z0     
" #! 16r T 13 @T @C
qw  k ; jw k :
@v @2 v
u @x@z v @2 v
w @@zv2 @u
2
@u
3k

@z z0 @y z0
swy jz0 l ko @v @v
@y@z @z @y
@w @ v
; 20
@z @z @y
@w @w
2 @z @y  @z @z
z0

Dimensionless forms of skin friction coefficients, Nusselt and

Sherwood numbers are

p 00 000 0 00 00
C fx Rex1=2 2f Kff gf 5f g f 2f f 2g 0 g 0 g0 ;
 
x 1 43 Rd 0 x 1
p  0 00 
N u Re1=2
x  p h 0; ShRex1=2  p /0 0:
C fy Rey1=2 2 g 00 K f gg 000 5f g g 00 2f f 2g 0 g 00 g0 :; 21
x
L 2 L 2
 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804 799

3. Homotopic solutions Table 2

Average squared residual errors for different order of approximations using conver-
gence control parameters c0f 0:91691; c0g 0:317098; ch0 1:07077 and
Homotopic analysis method necessitate initial guesses c/0 1:5569 when a 0:2; N Pr Le 1; k Nb Nt c Rd K A 0:1.
 
f 0 ; g 0 ; h0 ; /0 and linear operators Lf ; Lg ; Lh ; L/ [41] in the
m (order of 10th 20th 30th
forms approximation)
f 0 g 1  eg ; g 0 g a1  eg ; mf 2:03942  104 4:62789  105 1:66370  105
g
h0 g e ; /0 g eg : 22 mg 6:39118  106 1:84388  106 8:64394  107
hm 2:96864  105 2:57296  105 1:48301  105
and /m 2:70800  104 1:11046  105 1:72586  106
000 0 tm 5:10821  104 8:49570  105 3:40574  105
Lf g f  f ; Lg g g 000  g 0 ;
Lh g h00  h; L/ g /00  /: 23
The auxiliary linear operators have the following properties:
Lf C 1 C 2 eg C 3 eg  0; 24

Lg C 4 C 5 eg C 6 eg  0; 25

Lh C 7 eg C 8 eg  0; 26

L/ C 9 eg C 10 eg  0; 27
where C i i 1  10 are the arbitrary constants. Following the foot-
steps provided in Liao [31], the rest procedure is completed for zer-
oth and mth order approximations.

4. Convergence analysis

As suggested by Liao [36], average square residual error at mth

0
order of approximation are given by: Fig. 2. Influence of K on f .
" !#2
1 X k Xm
b
Xm Xm
b
Xm
b
f
Nf f g; g g;
b hg; /g ; 28
m
k 1 j0 i0 i0 i0 i0

" !#2
1 X k Xm
b
Xm
g
Ng f g; g g
b ; 29
m
k 1 j0 i0 i0

" !#2
1 X k Xm
b
Xm Xm
b
Xm
b
h
Nh f g; g g;
b hg; /g ; 30
m
k 1 j0 i0 i0 i0 i0

" !#2
1 X k Xm
b
Xm Xm
b
Xm
b
/
N/ f g; g g;
b hg; /g ; 31
m
k 1 j0 i0 i0 i0 i0

where k is an integer. The total square residual error tm is given by

tm c0f ; c0g ; ch0 ; c/0 mf c0f ; c0g ; ch0 ; c/0 mg c0f ; c0g ; ch0 ; c/0 hm
/m c0f ; c0g ; ch0 ; c/0 : 32 Fig. 3. Influence of K on g 0 .

Mathematica BVPh 2.0 package is used to minimize these

errors. By choosing a 0:2; N Pr Le 1; k Nb Nt c
Rd K A 0:1. The values of optimal convergence control
parameters c0f ; c0g ; ch0 and c/0 for different order of approximations
are given in Table 1. It is found that at 5th order of approximation,
the values of optimal convergent control parameters are c0f
0:91691; c0g 0:317098; ch0 1:07077 and c/0 1:5569
with total error tm 0:0029787. By considering these optimal
values given at 5th order, the residual error of each corresponding
equation decreases as depicted in Table 2. This is how we get con-
vergent analytic solution for the problem.

Table 1
Optimal convergence control parameters for different order of approximations m when a 0:2; N Pr Le 1; k Nb Nt c Rd K A 0:1.

m c0f c0g ch0 c/0 tm

1 3:51833  101 3:46938  101 8:71118  101 1.18739 4:51146  102
3 8:66246  101 5:59423  101 1.01128 1.45623 9:14558  103
5 9:16910  10 1
3:17098  10 1 1.07077 1.5569 2:97870  103
800 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804
0
Fig. 4. Influence of k on f .
Fig. 5. Influence of k on g 0 .
Fig. 6. Influence of k on h.
5. Results and discussion
Figs. 220 are plotted to see the impact of numerous emerging
parameters like k; K; Rd ; Pr; Le; Nb; N t ; N, c and a that is, mixed
convection parameter, second grade parameter, radiation parame-
ter, Prandtl number, Lewis number, Brownian motion parameter,
thermophoresis parameter, concentration buoyancy ratio parame-
ter, Biot number and ratio parameter respectively. Figs. 2 and 3
illustrate the effect of viscoelastic parameter K on velocity fields.
0
Fig. 7. Influence of N on f .
Fig. 8. Influence of Rd on h.
Fig. 9. Influence of Pr on h.
It is observed that larger values of K give rise to velocity and its
associated boundary layer thickness. Growing values of second-
grade parameter are responsible for fluids rapid flow which even-
tually upsurge the momentum boundary layer. Impact of k on
velocity and temperature distributions are depicted in Figs. 46.
It is noticed that mounting values of buoyancy forces correspond
to rise in velocity distributions and diminution in temperature
distribution. As sturdier buoyancy forces are related to smaller val-
ues of temperature field and vice versa. However, velocity profile
and related boundary layer thickness increase for larger values of
 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804
Fig. 10. Influence of Pr on /.
Fig. 11. Influence of c on h.
Fig. 12. Influence of c on /.
mixed convection parameter. In Fig. 7, effect of buoyancy ratio
parameter N on velocity profile is portrayed. Growing values of
buoyancy ratio parameter boosted the concentration buoyancy
forces that trigger the velocity profiles values. Both temperature
distribution and its related boundary layer thickness increase for
higher values of radiation parameter Rd as shown in Fig. 8. Increas-
ing values of thermal radiation parameter decrease the mean
absorption coefficient which is main source for higher values of
divergence of the radiative heat flux and subsequently increase
801
0
Fig. 13. Influence of a on f .
Fig. 14. Influence of a on g 0 .
Fig. 15. Influence of Nt on h.
in temperature distribution is noticed. Figs. 9 and 10 are drawn
to see influence of Prandtl number Pr on temperature and nanopar-
ticle concentration distributions. Higher values of Prandtl number
results in thinner temperature and concentration boundary thick-
nesses. Gradual increasing values of Prandtl number relates to
shoddier thermal diffusivity which eventually fallouts in the form
of reedier heat and nanoparticle concentration boundary layer
thicknesses. Impact of Biot number c on temperature and nanopar-
ticle concentration distributions is depicted in Figs. 11 and 12. A
802 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804
Fig. 16. Influence of Nt on /.
Fig. 17. Influence of Nb on h.
Fig. 18. Influence of Nb on /.
rapid increase in heat and mass profiles is observed for smaller
values of Biot number but this change is relatively smaller for
larger values of Biot number. Figs. 13 and 14 are graphed for grad-
ual increasing values of ratio parameter a against velocity
0 0
distributions f and g 0 . It is witnessed that f decreases and g 0
0 6. Final remarks
increases. This is because of the fact that velocity fields f reduces
in the direction of original stretching nevertheless its adjacent sur-
face start moving in ydirection and eventually increases g 0 . Effect of
Fig. 19. Influence of Le on h.
Fig. 20. Influence of Le on /.
thermophoresis parameter Nt on heat and mass transfer is outlined
in Figs. 15 and 16. Both temperature and concentration fields with
relevant boundary layer thicknesses are higher for increasing val-
ues of thermophoresis parameter. As nanoparticles are dragged
farther from the hot surface to cold one. This results in increase
in temperature and volume fraction distribution. Consequence of
Nb on temperature and concentration distributions is depicted in
Figs. 17 and 18. Higher values of Brownian motion parameter
intensifies the nanoparticle collision that results in increment in
fluids temperature and decrement in its concentration. Figs. 19
and 20 are graphed to portrait the consequences of Lewis number
Le on heat and mass distributions. Scrawny molecular diffusivity
and concentration boundary layer are observed because of decre-
ment in both temperature and concentration distributions against
increasing values of Lewis number.
Tables 35 are formed to display numerically calculated
values of Skin friction coefficients, Nusselt and sherwood numbers.
It is noticed that skin friction coefficients increase for
K; A; Pr; Le; Nb and aand decrease for Rd ; N; c; Nt and k. Local
Nusselt number show increasing behavior for K; A; k; Rd ; Pr; N, c
and a but exhibit decreasing attitude for Nt; Nb and Le. Sherwood
number demonstrate increasing tendency for K; A; k; Rd ;
Nb; Le; N; c and a but decreasing for Pr and Nt.
We have studied here three dimensional elastico visco nano-
fluid flow with combined effects of thermal radiation and mixed
 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804 803

Table 3
1=2 1=2
Numerical values of skin friction coefficient C fx Re1=2 1=2
z , C fy Rez , Nusselt number NuRez , and Sherwood number ShRez for different parameters when
Pr 1:0; Nt 0:8; Nb 0:2; Le 0:7; N 0:1; c 0:3; a 0:2.

K A k Rd C fx Rez1=2 C fy Re1=2 NuRez1=2 1=2

ShRez
z

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 3.58232 1.20485 0.19382 0.03845

0.1 2.74424 0.84940 0.19223 0.03402
0.3 4.33521 1.51369 0.19508 0.04227
0.4 5.02622 1.79140 0.19611 0.04563
0.1 3.5559 1.20166 0.18857 0.03091
0.3 3.6071 1.20768 0.19843 0.04569
0.4 3.6289 1.21022 0.20253 0.05260
0.1 3.85738 1.23769 0.19180 0.03001
0.2 3.71387 1.22067 0.19292 0.03480
0.4 3.46176 1.18995 0.19456 0.04147
0.2 3.60464 1.20723 0.17874 0.03267
0.4 3.56235 1.20256 0.20848 0.04391
0.5 3.54281 1.20041 0.22279 0.04899

Table 4
1=2 1=2
Numerical values of skin friction coefficient C fx Re1=2 1=2
z , C fy Rez , Nusselt number NuRez , and Sherwood number ShRez for different parameters when
K 0:2; A 0:2; k 0:3; Rd 0:3; N 0:1; c 0:3; a 0:2.

Pr Nt Nb Le C fx Re1=2
z C fy Rez1=2 NuRez1=2 1=2
ShRez

1.0 0.8 0.2 0.7 3.58232 1.20485 0.19382 0.03845

0.8 3.53094 1.19906 0.18518 0.05135
1.2 3.62135 1.20885 0.20055 0.02787
1.4 3.65081 1.21224 0.20594 0.01911
0.7 3.59759 1.20649 0.19443 0.05682
0.9 3.56881 1.20322 0.19323 0.01896
1.0 3.55420 1.20162 0.19258 0.00170
0.1 3.50138 1.19546 0.19534 0.12410
0.3 3.61031 1.20793 0.19283 0.09249
0.4 3.62315 1.20934 0.19197 0.02010
0.6 3.56499 1.20270 0.19410 0.01422
0.8 3.59725 1.20638 0.19360 0.05821
0.9 3.60851 1.20762 0.19343 0.07475

Table 5
1=2 1=2
Numerical values of skin friction coefficient C fx Re1=2 z , C fy Re1=2
z ; Nusselt number NuRez , and Sherwood number ShRez for different parameters when
K 0:2; A 0:2; k 0:3; Rd 0:3; Pr 1:0; Nt 0:8; Nb 0:2; Le 0:7.

N c a C fx Re1=2
z C fy Re1=2
z NuRez1=2 ShRez
1=2

0.1 0.3 0.2 3.58232 1.20485 0.19382 0.03845

0.2 3.47652 1.19224 0.19465 0.04243
0.3 3.37047 1.18050 0.19523 0.04555
0.1 3.81593 1.23275 0.08447 0.05351
0.2 3.68066 1.21662 0.14665 0.05601
0.4 3.50975 1.19591 0.23066 0.01320
0.1 3.32549 0.83066 0.19091 0.03482
0.3 3.85096 1.63717 0.19654 0.04216
0.4 4.13003 2.12919 0.19908 0.04589

convection under the influence of convective boundary conditions
over an exponentially stretching sheet. This model with its supple-
mentary characteristics is being presented first time and will be a
useful addition to the pertaining literature. BVPh 2.0 Mathematica
package is engaged to address presented model. The salient fea-
tures of the present exploration are:
 Increasing values of buoyancy forces correspond to increase in
velocity distributions and decrease in temperature distribution.
 Temperature and concentration distributions are higher for
increasing values of thermophoresis parameter Nt.
 Local Nusselt number and sherwood numbers show contrary
behavior for Brownian motion parameter Nb.
 Both temperature distribution and its related boundary layer
thickness increase for higher values of radiation parameter Rd .
 Higher values of Brownian motion parameter relate to decrease
in temperature field and increase in concentration distribution.
Conflict of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest regarding this publication.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by Korea Institute of Energy
Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) granted financial
resource from the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy of Korea
(No. 20132010101780).
804 M. Ramzan et al. / Results in Physics 6 (2016) 796804

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