5 Beams and Frames

KL2102 CLASS 01
SEMESTER I 2016/2017

Frame Structures

y If any of the restrictions of a truss structure is

relaxed, the members are subjected to more internal
forces: shear force (V ) and bending moment
(M), in addition to axial / normal force (N).
M V
A N
B

y This type of structure is generally called frame

structure.
2

1
 Beam Structures

y Frame structures which have only horizontal

elements are called beam structures.

y Some examples:

Elements of Frame Structures

y Column: element that

mainly carry compressive
axial force.
y Beam: element that mainly
carry shear and bending
moment.
y Beam-column: element that
carry all three internal
forces.

2
 Distributed Force

y In addition to the concentrated forces, a frame

structure can also carry distributed forces or
distributed loads.
y The distributed force is designated by its intensity
w(x), which is force per unit length.
y In equilibrium equations, a distributed force is
p
represented byy its resultant.

Resultant of Distributed Force

y The resultant R of a distributed force is the sum of

the intensity w along the length L over which the
force is distributed.
y The resultant R is located at the centroid of the area
covered by w.

3
Resultant of Distributed Force

Resultant of Distributed Force

L
R = wdx
0
L

xwdx
x= 0
L

wdx
0

4
 Example 1

y Find the reactions of the beam structure shown.

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B

3m 1m 2m

y Free-body diagram 20 kN-m 25 kN/m

A
B

3m 1m 2m
RA
RB

y Equilibrium equations moment arm of the

resultant to point B
M B = 0 : 4 RA + 20 + ( 25 )( 3)( 0.5 ) = 0
RA = 14.375 kN ( ) resultant of the

F = 0 : RA + RB ( 25 )( 3) = 0
distributed force
y

RB = 89.375 kN ( )

10

5
 Sign Convention

y The positive directions for axial force N, shear force

V, and bending moment M are as illustrated below:
V M M
N N

y Axial force: points outward of the section line.

y Shear force: tends to rotate clockwise around the
section.
y Bending moment: tends to bend the section concave
upward.
11

Internal Forces at a Specific Point

y Determine the support reactions (if necessary).

y Draw a section line perpendicular to the member
axis at the point where the internal forces are to be
determined.
y Draw the FBD of the structure on either side of the
section line. Choose the side that has the least
number of loads.
{ Remember to keep all the loads and reactions at their exact
location, and the unknown internal forces N, V, and M act in
their positive directions.
y Apply equilibrium equations to determine the
unknown internal forces.
12

6
 Example 2

y Determine the internal forces at points C and D of

the beam structure shown.

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
C B D

2m 1m 1m 1m 1m

13

y FBD for internal forces at C 20 kN-m MC

A NC
C
VC
14.375 kN

y Equilibrium equations

F = 0: N = 0
x C

F = 0 : 14.375 V = 0
y C VC = 14.375 kN
M = 0 : 20 (14
C 375 )( 2 ) M
14.375 C = 0 M C = 8.75
8 75 kN

14

7
y FBD for internal forces at D VD 25 kN/m
MD
ND
D

y Equilibrium equations

F = 0: N = 0
x D

F = 0 : V ( 25)(1) = 0 V
y D D = 25 kN
M = 0 : M + ( 25)(1)( 0.5
D D 0 5) = 0 M D = 12.5
12 5 kN

15

Internal Force Function

y Unlike truss structures where the internal force is

constant within each member, the internal forces
in beams and frames usually vary along the
member.
y To describe this varying internal forces, we need to
know the internal forces as functions of
section line location within the structure.

16

8
 Internal Force Function

y To obtain the internal forces functions, the section

line is drawn on a variable location, or at a distance x
from a certain point, where x can take a range of
values.
y By applying equilibrium conditions at a segment of
the structure created by the section line above, we
can write the internal forces N, V, and M as functions
of x.

17

Example 3

y Determine the internal forces along the beam

structure shown.

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

3m 1m 2m

18

9
y FBD for internal forces 20 kN-m M
in span AB, 0 x 3 m A N

x V
14.375 kN

y Equilibrium equations

F = 0: N = 0
x

F = 0 : 14.375 V = 0 V = 14.375 kN
y

M = 0 : 20 14.375
section 14 375 x M = 0 M = 20 14.375
14 375 x

19

y FBD for internal forces

M V 25 kN/m
in span CD, 0 x 2 m
N D
(right to left) x

y Equilibrium equations

F x = 0: N = 0
F y = 0 : V ( 25 )( x ) = 0 V = 25 x
x
M section = 0 : M + ( 25 )( x ) = 0 M = 12.5

2
12 5 x 2

20

10
y FBD for internal forces x
25 kN/m
in span BC, 2 x 3 m M V
(right to left) N
C D

89.375 kN

y Equilibrium equations

F x = 0: N = 0
F y = 0 : V ( 25 )( x ) + 89.375 = 0 V = 25 x 89.375
x
M = 0 : M + ( 25 )( x ) 89.375 ( x 2 ) = 0
section
2
M = 12.5 x 2 + 89.375 x 178.75

21

Internal Force Diagrams

y To simplify the internal forces description within a

structure, the internal forces functions are usually
presented graphically by the internal force
diagrams.

22

11
 Example 4

y Draw the internal force diagrams for the beam

structure given in Example 3.

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

3m 1m 2m

23

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

14.375 kN
89.375 kN

N
50

+
V [kN]
14.375

39.375
20
+
M [kN-m]

23.125
50
24

12
 Internal Forces Relationship

dV
Fy = 0 : V (V + dV ) wdx = 0
dx
= w

dx dM
M right = 0 : M + Vdx wdx ( M + dM ) = 0
2 dx
=V

25

Example 5

y Use the internal forces relationship to draw the shear

force and bending moment diagrams for the beam
structure given in Example 3.

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

3m 1m 2m

26

13
 20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

14.375 kN
89.375 kN

y AB: w = 0 V = constant = VA = 14
14.375
375 kN
V = negative constant M decrease linearly
M A = 20 kN-m
M B = 20 ( 3)( 14.375 ) = 23.125 kN-m

y BC: w = positive constant V decrease linearly

VB = 14.375 kN
VC = 14.375 (1)( 25 ) = 39.375 kN
V = linear M = parabolic
M B = 23.125 kN-m
M C = 23.125 26.875 = 50 kN-m
27

20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

14.375 kN
89.375 kN

y CD: RC = 89.375 kN VC = 14.375 + 89.375 = 50 kN

w = positive constant V decrease linearly
VD = 50 ( 2 )( 25 ) = 0

V = linear M = parabolic
M C = 50 kN-m
M D = 50 + ( 50 ) = 0

28

14
 20 kN-m 25 kN/m
A
B C D

14.375 kN
89 375 kN
89.375

50

+
V [kN]
14.375

39.375
20
+
M [kN-m]

23.125
50
29

15