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1.1 Background
Business ethics is thinking or reflection of morality in economics and business.
Morality means the aspect of good or bad, commendable or reprehensible, and thus it is
allowed or not, of human behavior. Morality is always related to what humans do, and
economic activity is an important field of human behavior. During the company have a
quality product and be useful to society besides that is managed by the proper management in
the production, financial, human resources and others but do not have ethics, then sooner or
later these shortcomings akanmenjadi stumbling block for the company. Business to uphold
the code of conduct is an absolute necessary element in modern society. But if a
fenomenasosial that is so essential, the business can not be separated from the rules of the
game are always to be accepted socially, as well as moral rules
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of this paper is
1. Know and understand the meaning of the ethics of the profession.
2. Knowing development and business ethics profile
3. Knowing what factors had been influential in the history and culture of business ethics
Medern business is highly complex realistic. Many factors that influence and
determine the business activity, scientific - technological and political - social - kultiral.
komplekisitas komplekisitas related to modern society. As a social event, a business with
many ways intertwined with moder society komplekisitas it. All the factors shaping modern
business komplekisitas who have often studied and dianilisis through a variety of scientific
approaches, especially economics and management theory.
This book would like to highlight an aspect of business that until now mentioned in the
description - description of the other, but increasingly recognized the importance of that
aspect of ethical or moral. In order to explain the specificity of the ethical aspects of this, in a
first approach we used contrasting aspects - other aspects, particularly the economic and legal
aspects. For business as a social activity can highlight at - least of three different point of
view but it is not always possible separated this: Economic Viewpoint, Viewpoint Law,
Ethics viewpoint.
Changes in world trade demanded immediate dibenahinya business ethics that the world
economic order has improved. What steps should be taken? In business it is not uncommon
apply the concept of ends justify the means. Even smelling criminal action was taken for the
achievement of a goal. If it is so, the businessman who became a motor pengerak economy
will turn into economic animal. The occurrence of misconduct in the business world seems
not show tendencies but instead, the day is increasing. Actions mark up, broken promises,
disregarding the interests of society, not considering natural resources as well as acts of
collusion and bribery are a few examples of devotion to the entrepreneurs of business ethics.
Simply put business ethics can be interpreted as a rule is not binding because it was not legal.
But it should be borne in everyday business practice business ethics can be a limitation for
business activity is run. Business ethics is particularly important given the business world can
not be separated from other elements. The existence of the business is basically to meet the
needs of the community. Businesses do not only have a relationship with the people and legal
entities as suppliers, buyers, distributors, users and others. As part of the community, of the
business subject to the norms that exist in society. Tata business relationships and community
are inseparable it brings with it certain ethics in its business activities, good ethics among
businessmen as well as business ethics towards society in a direct or indirect relationship. By
mapping the pattern of relationships in business as it can be seen that the principles of
business ethics embodied in a pattern of relationships which are interactive. This relationship
is not only in one country, but includes a variety of integrated country in the world that feels,
trade relations have now been changed. Change the feel of the development of the world
demand the immediate dibenahinya business ethics. Because the legal conditions surrounding
the business world too far behind in economic growth and development. Interwoven business
relationship with other parties related complex. As a result, when the business world moving
rapidly, there are parties which are backward and disadvantaged, because the appliance laws
and rules of the business world has not received the attention it balanced. One example which
then becomes a problem for the government and the business world is still a violation of the
workers' wages. This case led to some national products affected by restrictions in
international markets. Other examples are the products of the forest strong protests because of
Indonesian businessmen neglecting the continuity of valuable natural resources.
c. common assessment
The third way and perhaps the most powerful tool for determining the merits of an action
or behavior is handed kepadda general masyarakaat to be assessed. This method can be called
the "Social Audit".
2. What is Business Ethics?
The word "ethics" and "ethical" is not always used in the same sense as it was too
"business ethics" can be different meens. A systematic description of business ethics should
begin to investigate and clarify how sseperti word "ethics" and "ethical" use. How we choose
to analyze the meaning - the meaning of "ethics" is to distinguish between "ethics as praxis"
and "ethics as rafleksi".
Ethics as praxis means: values - values and norms - norms morally as far as practicable, or
just not practiced. Although it should be practiced. Can also be interpreted ethics as praxis is
what is done so far or are not in accordance with values - values and morals - morals. We
must note the word "ethics" or "ethical" in the sample - this is, people who complain that
business ethics thinning, mean that business people often deviate from the norm right, so he
appointed ethics as praxis. And people who think about the problem of corruption found with
menbuat law - anti-corruption laws and apply laws - laws that are strictly and consistently,
and moral values in business can be enforced. Ethics as a practice tantamount to moral or
morality.
Ethics as a reflection is moral thinking. In a reflection of ethics in our thinking about what to
do, especially on what to do and especially be true about what to do or not to do. Ethics as a
reflection of talking about ethics as praxis or ricochet ethical praxis sabagai object. Ethics as
a reflection highlight and assess the good and the bad behavior of people. Ethics in this sense
can be run on both popular and scientific level.
Actually, the distinction between praxis and reflection is not marking understand "ethics"
course. Another field-was sometimes can we brbicara about praxis in addition to reflection
(science). Ethics as a science has a long tradition, the tradition is the same length as selurung
history of philosophy, as ethics in this sense is a branch of philosophy. Because it is also
often ethics as well as philosophy of science is often called moral or philosophical ethics.
It does not mean that philosophical ethics would like to have a monopoly preformance topic -
moral topics. Another science could also raised the question - maalah ethical, even if only in
passing, for example science - social science. But only in philosophical ethics, a topic - moral
topics thoroughly discussed with special systematic method in accordance with the moral
sphere.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies human behavior burukya good. Therefore ethics
in this sense is often referred to as "practical philosophy". Branch - the branch of philosophy
which appears to others talk massalah farther from concrete life. Since the late 1960s the
theory of ethics began to open itself to the topic - the topic is concrete and real as oobyek
research. This new development is often called "applied ethics" (Applied Ethich). Mula - The
first topic concerns the concrete science - biomedical science, because it is scientific progress
raises new ethical issue. Not long keudian applied ethics expand its attention to the topic -
other actual topics, such as the environment, nuclear weapons, nuclear power pemnggunakan
Nuclear Power Plant (NPP), and others - others. Business ethics should also take a look as a
field of specialization of applied ethics.
As applied ethics in general, ethics bisnispun can be run at three levels; macro level, moeso
and micro. This relates to the three levels that are three possibilities to start economic
activities and the three possibilities that might be to carry out economic and business activity.
At the macro level, an aspect of business ethics - moral aspect of the economic system as a
whole.
At the intermediate level of meso 9madya or 0, business ethics investigate ethical problems in
the field of organization. Organization here mainly for the company - the company, but can
also serrikat labor, consumer organizations, professional associations, and others - others.
At the micro level, the focus is the individual in relation to the economy or business. Here
studied ethical responsibilities of the parties keryawan and employers, subordinates and
managers, producers and consumers, suppliers and investors.
Finally may be added a note of the name of "business ethics" in Indonesian study of ethical
issues in economics and business can already indicated by the name, in line with common
practice in the area of English (Business Ethics). But in other languages there are many
variations. in Dutch generally worn Bedrijfshethiek name (corporate ethics) and in the
German language Unternehmensethik (business ethics). Quite close to it in English
sometimes - sometimes used Corporate Ethics (corporate ethics).
Part of a different name - the difference is related to a preference for perspetif macro, meso or
micro different in different countries. However, basically all these names refer to the study of
aspects - moral aspects of economic and business activities, as pursued in this book.
Throughout the issue, trade or business of the spotlight never forget ethics. Attention
business ethics for the rest of the business itself. Since humans engage in commerce, realizing
also that this activity can not be separated from ethical issues.
Commercial activities have always been dealing with ethics, meaning always have to
consider what is allowed and what not to do. However, if we listen to business ethics as
understood and practiced today. Can not be denied as well, here we are facing a new
phenomenon. Never in the history, business ethics got so big attention and incentives like this
now.
Ethics has always been associated with the business, since there is no business, since then
also linked to business ethics, as ethics have always been linked to the area - other areas of
human life, such as politics, family, sexuality various professions and so on. So ethics in
business or business-related ethics talk about business as one of the topics in addition to
many other topics. Ethics in business is not a specialized field that has its own style and
identity. It was only timbulny a "business ethics" in the real sense. Etikan in business has a
long history already once, while still young age of business ethics at all. We can only talk
about business ethics in its specific meaning after becoming a field (Field) itself, means an
intellectual and academic fields in the context of teaching and research in universities.
Business ethics in this special sense utuk was first raised in the United States in the 1970s and
rather quickly expanded to other regions of the world. With mamanfaatkan and broaden
thinking De George we can distinguish five periods in the development of ethics in business
into the business ethics.
The world of education respond to this situation in a different way - different. One of the
most important reaction is to give special attention to social issues in a lecture about the
management. NSome mencamtumkan business schools start with new courses in the
curriculum that usually dibesi name of Business and Society. This lecture was given by
Doden - Lecturer management and they compiled the book - handbooks and other
publications to support the course. This approach is held in terms of management, with in
part also involves law and sociology, but the theory of philosophical ethics here untapped.
The second factor that triggered the onset of business ethics as a field of study that is
a serious moral crisis experienced by the American business world in the early 1970s. Moral
crisis in the business world was reinforced by the more general moral crisis that swept across
American society at that time. Dlatarbelakangi the general moral crisis, the American
business world affected by specific moral kerisis. in part as a reaction to the events - events
are not ethical in the early 1970s in the American education based on the need for ethical
reflection in the field of business. One special effort is to make business ethics as a subject in
the curriculum of this turned out to have a wide impact. Thus choosing business ethics as a
subject in the curriculum of business schools greatly contributed towards its development
kapada scientific field that has its own identity.
If we study the history and especially the history of the western world, this positive attitude
does not always mark the views of the business. Traders do not have a good reputation in
western societies of the past. People such as merchants clear - clear dicurigakan ethical
quality. The negative attitude towards the business continued into the new modern and should
disappear around the time of industrialization. Here is certainly not impossible to learn the
entire historical development of the attitude towards the business. Only a few elements alone
will be discussed. But would it be enough to show that the ethical views on trade and
business berkiatan closely with historical and cultural factors.
5.3 Islam
If we look at history, the religion of Islam seem more positive view terhadp trade and
economic activities. In the modern period was not found critical and suspicious attitude
toward business. The Prophet Muhammad himself was a merchant and the teachings of Islam
first - early disseminated primarily through Muslim traders. In Al - Quran there is a warning
against the misuse of wealth, but it is not prohibited from seeking wealth by lawful means. If
it did, it would be a conflict arises also with the teachings of zakat which requires people to
divide wealth and excess revenue. Historically penelitiaan ethics reform needs to be done
whether it was in fact under the influence of the teachings of Islam.
A word should be added about the problem of usury in Islamic view, a problem that is clearly
related to economic ethics. First - all peru we emphasize that this problem is not limited to
Islam alone / by said taking usury prohibited in the entire world. If we look at the historical
perspective, the problem of usury is very interesting as an example of mungkinkannya rudikal
changes in moral reasoning and in particular the changes that are driven by economic reality.
In Islamic circles today not everyone can accept the distinction between usury interest of this
money. So that views on this moral issue to be different.
In discussions - discussions that modern ethical problem of usury resurfaced in the context of
sovereign debt - the poor countries - rich countries. One of the arguments to defend the
country - poor countries who can not pay back the loans is that they are forced to borrow
money from the state - rich countries, in order to survive. Here you can not say that they
freely choose to request the loan. They had no other option, if you do not want to drown in
the edge of destruction. They do not borrow money according to the "market value". They
entwined utag based on riba (in the sense of unethical).
The differences are described earlier times - sometimes echoed in the experience of
modern Javanese people. A well-known businessman, the origin of Java, for instance,
admitted to foreign journalists. "Father always insisted to me that the business is an activity
for the lower classes. He wanted me to be working in the government. " In Javanese culture
transitional dicurigakan wealth turns. This view is certainly not conducive to promoting
entrepreneurship. Spotan wealth is not valued as a result of hard work or as an achievement
in the attempt.
This everything's beraku at national and international level. even in the current era of
economic globalization, the problem becomes more complicated. If the power of the
economy could be rampant freely, the economy can not be avoided - the weak economy has
prosecuted. The power is always held by a strong and naturally the strong oppress the weak.
Here is not the place to the detriment of all of this in more detail. For a while we can confine
ourselves to the principle: the bigger interests - interests that the business struggled, the more
urgent is also keikutsetaan ethics.
1. Conclusions
a)\ Business is an important activity in the community, in addition to risking goods and
money for the purpose of obtaining profit, business ethics also require that at least provide
guidelines and rules for the parties to do so. Business ethics play an important role in giving
confidence to the group or individual interested in that activity by running a system to
prevent things that are not diingkan both sides. Basically, the business world will be able to
develop the moral ethics that will ensure that business activities can proceed smoothly.
b) From the perspective of civil law, policy R & D is seen as a natural thing. This means that
IBRA is deemed entitled to make an agreement with the obligor. Given the initial agreement
is an agreement of the parties that entered the agreement valid then apply as law for those
who make it.