Assignment 2(Spring 2007)

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 45
Due Date: 10/04/2007

Q.1.
i. In which condition current division and voltage division is used?
Answer:
When the resistances are placed parallel in the given circuit then we use the current divider rule because
current is divided in the parallel resistances.

When the resistances are placed in series in the circuit then we use the voltage division
because voltage is divided in the series circuit.

ii. Do you find any difference between reference node, common node, ground and low
potential?

All these terms almost have same meanings however their concepts in practical usage are given below.

Reference Node Common Node Ground Low Potential

The reference node is The reference node is A point in an electrical
commonly called the commonly called the system that has zero
ground since it is ground since it is voltage. The chassis of an
assumed to have zero assumed to have zero electrical component is Low potential
potential. .Generally potential. usually at ground potential refers to the lower
when we are choosing The choice of a and thus serves as the value of voltage as
reference node on paper reference node is return path for signals as compared to
we will consider the completely arbitrary, well as for power circuits. higher voltage.
bottom node of the but the node with the
circuit as reference largest number of
node. components or
voltage source
connected to it is
usually most
convenient.

What will be the current through 5Ω resistance in the given circuit?

Answer: It is clear from the figure that circuit is open and we know that current cannot flow through the
network when it is open so no current will flow through the 5 Ω
Q.2
Use nodal analysis to find both VO and V1 in the network given below. Identify and label each node
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol: Labeling for nodes we have

We can see that 10v is connected to v2, so value of v2=-10v

(V1-(v2))/3 + (V1)/10 + (V1)/6 + 4 = 0
(V1+10)/3 + (V1)/10 + (V1)/6 + 4 = 0
From this we have V1 = -12.22V
This -12.22v drops across sum of 4 and 2 ohm so for finding the value of V0 we apply the voltage divider
role. Then we have

V0 = (2/6) * -12.22
V0 = -4V

Q.3. Use nodal analysis to find voltage of 16Ω, also finds current IO as indicated in the given
network. Identify and label each node otherwise you will lose your marks.
Sol: First we label the circuit for nodes. We see a 10v voltage source involves between node v2 and v3 so
we also assign a super node.

As 5Ω and 3Ω are in series, their equivalent is 8Ω so we will write 8Ω value writing nodal equations.
As from the above figure there is a super node so the equation for the super node will be:
v3 − v 2 = 10v …….. (1)
v3 = 10 + v 2
And the KCL equation for the node will be

v 2 − v1 v3 − v1 v3
+ + = 4A
4 8 8
2v 2 − 2v1 + v3 − v1 + v3 = 32
2v 2 − 3v1 + 2v3 = 32
Now putting the value of v3 we get

2v 2 − 3v1 + 2(10 + v 2 ) = 32

2v 2 − 3v1 + 20 + 2v 2 = 32
4v 2 − 3v1 = 32 − 20
4v 2 − 3v1 = 12 …………… (2)

Nodal equation for node 1:

v1 v1 − v3 v1 − v 2
+ + =0
16 8 4

v1 + 2v1 − 2v3 + 4v1 − 4v 2 = 0

7v1 − 2v3 − 4v 2 = 0

Now putting the value of v3 we get

7v1 − 2(v 2 + 10 ) − 4v 2 = 0

7v1 − 2v 2 − 20 − 4v 2 = 0

7v1 − 6v 2 = 20 …………….(3)

From equation (2)

 12 + 3v1
v2 =
4
And putting it into eq: 3 we get
⎛ 12 + 3v1 ⎞
7v1 − 6⎜ ⎟ = 20
⎝ 4 ⎠
14v1 − 36 − 9v1 = 40
5v1 = 40 + 36

5v1 = 76
v1=76/5

v1 = 15.2volts

12 + 3(15.2)
v2 =
4

12 + 45.6
v2 =
4
57.6
v2 =
4
v 2 = 14.4volts
Now we find I0
Since both the resistances 5Ω and 3Ω are in series, so we find Io through 8Ω

v1 − v3
Io = −
8
Io=15.2-24.4/8=-9.2/8=-1.15A

Io=-1.15A same will be the current of 5Ω

Assignment 3(Spring 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 18/04/2007

Q.1
Using Nodal analysis find the power dissipation across 6kΩ resistance for the circuit
given below. label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise you will
lose your marks. Also mention the units of each derived value.

Solution:

Labeling diagram fir nodes

Here voltage source exists between two nodes so it will be a super node.

v1 v2 v2
+ + −2=0
6 3 2
v1 v2 v2
+ + =2
6 3 2
v1 + 2v2 + 3v2
=2
6
v1 + 5v2
=2
6
v1 + 5v2 = 12 − − − − − −( A)
Constraint equation is

v1 − v2 = −3
v2 = v1 + 3
puttiing the value of v2 in A we have,
v1 + 5(v1 + 3) = 12
v1 + 5v1 + 15 = 12
6v1 = 12 − 15
6v1 = −3
3
v1 = −
6
v1 = −0.5V

P=VI
P=V(V/R)
P=V2/R
P=(-0.5)2/6k
P=0.041mw OR
P=41watt

Q.2
Use Mesh analysis to find currents through all loops also find currents through each
resistance in the networks below. Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of
calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Also mention the units of each derived
value.
Solution:
Labeling for meshes

For loop I1:

I1 = -6A

For loop 2:

5( I 2 − I1 ) − 4 + 12 I 2 + 8( I 2 − I 3 ) = 0k
5 I 2 − 5 I1 − 4 + 12 I 2 + 8 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 0
25 I 2 − 5 I1 − 8 I 3 − 4 = 0
−25 I1 + 25 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 4
Putting the value of I1 we have,
-5(-6)+25 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 4
30 + 25 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 4
25 I 2 − 8 I 3 = 4 − 30
5 I 2 − 8 I 3 = −26 − − − − − − − ( A)

For loop 3,
3 + 8( I 3 − I 2 ) = 0
3 + 8I3 − 8I 2 = 0
8 I 3 − 8 I 2 = −3
−8 I 2 + 8 I 3 = − 3 − − − − − − ( B )

25 I 2 − 8 I 3 = −26
−8 I 2 + 8 I 3 = −3
17 I 2 = −29
17 I 2 = −29
−29
I2 = ⇒ −1.70 A
17
Putting this value of I2 in (B)
−8I 2 + 8I 3 = −3
−8(−1.70) + 8I 3 = −3
13.6 + 8I 3 = −3
8I 3 = −3 − 13.6
8I 3 = −16.6
−16.6
I3 = ⇒ −2.07 A
8
Current through 6k is I6=-6A I5=I1-I2=-6+1.70=--4.3A
I12=-1.70A I8=I2-I3=-1.70+2.07=-0.375A

Q.3.
Use Mesh analysis to find Current through each mesh in the given network also find the
current Io. Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise
you will lose your marks. Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the units
of each derived value.

Solution:

I1 = -4A ………………………….(i)

Writing mesh 2 equation

6I2 + 6I2 - 6I3 - 6I1 + 2I2 - 2I3 = 0

14I2 - 8I3 - 6I1 = 0
14I2 - 8I3 – 6(-4) = 0
14I2 - 8I3 + 24 = 0
14I2 - 8I3 = -24 …………………(ii)

Writing mesh 3 equation

2I3 – 2I2 + 6I3 + 6I1 – 6I2 + 4I3 = 6 – 12

12I3 – 8I2 + 6I1 = 6 – 12
12I3 – 8I2 + 6I1 = –6
12I3 – 8I2 + 6(-4) = –6
12I3 – 8I2 – 24 = –6
12I3 – 8I2 = 18
– 8I2 + 12I3 = 18 …………………….(iii)
Multiplying (ii) by 3 and (iii) by 2
42I2 - 24I3 = -72 _____________A

– 16I2 + 24I3 = 36 _________________B

Adding A and B

42I2 - 24I3 = -72

– 16I2 + 24I3 = 36
26I2 = -36
I2 = -36 / 26
I2 = -1.38A

– 8I2 + 12I3 = 18
– 8(-1.38) + 12I3 = 18
11.04 + 12I3 = 18
12I3 = 6.96
I3 = 6.96 / 12
I3 = 0.6 A
Io=I2-(I1+I3)
=-1.38-(-4+0.6)
=-1.38+3.4
I0 =2.02A
Assignment 4(Spring 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 24/05/2007

Q.1.

Identify and label each node in the network. Calculate the power supplied by current
source using nodal analysis technique. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Solution;
First of all label the diagram for nodes and assign V1 and V2 for
node voltage

Since voltage source exists between two nodes v1 and v2 so diagram is also
labeled for super node

It is clear from the diagram that node V1 is directly attached to +ve terminal of 4v
battery
So V1=4v
Constraint or coupling equation is V2-v1=10
Putting the value of V1
V2—4=10
V2=14

This is the voltage appearing at node 2, therefore total voltage due to 2A will be
14+10=24v
This can also be verified using ohm’s law, as 2A current is passing through 12kΩ

So voltage drop due to 2A will be V=IXR=2X12=24KV

So power will be
P=VI
P=24*2=48kw

Q.2.
Use Mesh analysis to find VO in the given network. Identify and label
each mesh otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each
derived
value.

Sol: Labeling

Here Ix=I1

KVL for loop I1

6kI1+2k(I1-I2) -10=0
6kI1+2kI1-2kI2 -10=0
8KI1-2kI2=10……………………..(1)
KVL for loop I2
4KI2+2K(I2-I1)+50Ix=0
4KI2+2KI2-2kI1+50Ix=0
As Ix=I1 so replacing Ix by I1and simplifying

4I2+2I2-2I1+50I1=0
6I2+48I1=0 OR
48I1+6I2=0 ……………………..(2)

Multiplying equation (1) by 6 and subtracting from (2)

48KI1-12kI2=60
- (48KI1+6KI2)=0

-18I2=60
I2= -60/18=3.33mA
This I2 current is passing through 4k so Vo will be

Vo=I2XR
Vo=3.33mAx4kΩ
Vo=13.33v

Q.3. Answer the followings:

i. Silver is the best conductor than copper, then why Copper wires
are generally used in daily life instead of silver wires?
ii. What will be the frequency of 3v DC battery?
iii. In which circuit analysis techniques KCL and KVL are used.
Answers:
i. Through silver is the best conductor than copper but financially it
costs more as compared to copper, so being cheaper copper wire
is used in daily life instead of silver wire
ii. Frequency of Direct Current(DC) is always zero because it moves
in unidirectional without changing its polarity, therefore
frequency of 3V DC will be zero.
iii. Kirchhofs current law (KCL) is used in Nodal analysis
technique because we write nodal equation in terms of current
value using ohm’s law I=V/R
Kirchhofs voltage law (KVL) is used in Loop analysis technique
because we write equation in terms of voltage value using ohm’s law
V=IR
---- Good Luck -………
Assignment 5(Spring 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 03/06/2007

Q.1
Using superposition find

a) the current through the 4-Ω resistor due to the voltage source
b) the current through the 4-Ω resistor due to the current source
Draw and label the circuit diagram, otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation and
also mention the units of each derived values.

Sol.
a) open the current source

At right side 6kΩ and 2kΩ are in series so 6+2=8kΩ

8kΩ and 4kΩ are in parallel therefore equivalent is

8x4/8+4=32/12==2.66kΩ
Using voltage divider rule, voltage across 2.66k is

V=2.66x2/8.66=0.61v

This 0.61v drops across 4k so by ohms law, current through it will be

I4=V/4=0.61/4k
I4= 0.153mA

Considering current source only

Short circuiting the voltage source

Here 6k and 4k are in parallel so its equivalent is

6x4/10=2.4k

This circuit can be drawn as

Using current division rule, the current through series combination of 6k and 2.4k
will be

I2.4 =3x2/2+8.4=0.576mA
This is the current through 2.4k as it is in series, again using current division rule current
through 4k will be (As 2.4 is resultant of 4k and 6k )

I4k=6x0.57/6+4
I4k=-0.346mA
Q.2
Find Vo in the network using Source Transformation. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step, otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation to get maximum
marks.

Sol.
-8 +I(4k+3k+3k)+9=0
I=-0.1mA
V0 = (-0.1mA)(3k)
= -0.3V

………….Good Luck………
Assignment 6(Spring 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 45
Due Date: 13/06/2007

Q.1.
Find VO in the network given below using Thévenin’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol:
Removing RL and find Vth using nodal analysis

Vth will be the voltage appearing across node V2

At Node I:
V1/12 + (V1-V2)/6+4=0
3V1 -2V2=- 48 --------- (A)

At Node II:
V2 – V1/6 + (V2 +16)/4=0
-2V1 +5V2= -48--------- (B)

Multiplying (A) by 2 and (B) by 3 and adding both

6V1 -4V2=- 96
-6V1 +15V2= -144

11V2=-384
V2=Vth=-21.81v

Calculating Rth
To find Rth we short circuit the voltage source and open circuit the current source
 In the above circuit 6Ω is series in 12Ω so give =18Ω

18Ω is parallel with 4Ω = 18*4/18+4=3.2727Ω

3.2727Ω is in series with the 2Ω so we get =5.27Ω

So Rth=5.27Ω
Reinserting the load resistance in series of Rth and Vth and find Vo

Using voltage division rule Vo across 8Ω will be

Vo=8x21.8/13.27=13.14v
Q.2
Find VO in the network given below using Thévenin’s theorem.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the
circuit diagram of each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol:
Removing RL and find Vth using nodal method

Vth is voltage appearing at Vx

Coupling equation is
Vx-V1=10
And from here the value of
V1=Vx-10
For node 1
V1/2k-4Vx/1k+Vx/4k=0
2V1-16Vx+Vx=0………………….(A)
put the value of V1 in equation (A
2 (Vx-10) -16Vx+Vx=0
2Vx-20-16Vx+Vx=0

-13Vx-20=0
-13Vx=20
Vx= -20/13
Vx= -1.538volts=Vth
Calculating Rth

There is a dependent source in the circuit we will short circuit the open circuit and find Isc and then Rth
using Isc value so we have coupling equation
Vx-V1=10
V1 = Vx-10
Super node equation is
V1 /2k - 4 Vx /1k + Vx /4k + Vx /2k = 0
2V1 - 16 Vx + Vx + 2Vx = 0
2(Vx-10) - 16 Vx + Vx + 2Vx = 0
-11 Vx = 20
Vx=-20/11=-1.81v
Isc = -1.81/2 = -0.90mA
Rth = Vth / Isc = -1.53/-0.90= = 1.7k
Forth step: calculating unknown quantity.
After calculating Vth and Rth , re-inserting the load resistance RL in the circuit in series with Rth and
considering Vth as a battery in the series with the two resistances.

V0 = 1.53*4k/4+1.7

V0 = 6.12/5.7 = 1.07volts

Q.3
Find Io in the network using Norton’s theorem. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step, otherwise
you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation to get maximum marks.
Sol.

Applying KCL at node V1

V1 – V2 V1 – V2 V1
+ + =0
6k 3k 2k

V1 – V2 + 2V1 – 2V2 + 3V1

=0
6k

V1 – V2 + 2V1 – 2V2 + 3V1 = 0

6V1 – 3V2 = 0
2V1 – V2 = 0
Here
V2 = 12 V
2V1 – 12 = 0

V1 = 6 V

V2 – V1
I1 =
3k

12 V – 6 V
I1 =
3k

I1 = 2 mA

V2
I2 =
4k

12 V
I2 =
 4k

I2 = 3 mA

According to KCL
ISC = I1 + I2
ISC = 2 mA + 3 mA

ISC = 5 mA

RN =?

Parallel combination:
2 kΩ × 6 kΩ
=
2 kΩ + 6 kΩ

12 k × k
=
8k

= 1.5 kΩ

Series combination
= 1.5 kΩ + 3 kΩ
= 4.5 kΩ

Parallel combination:
4.5 kΩ × 4 kΩ
=
4.5 kΩ + 4 kΩ

18 k × k
=
8.5 k

= 2.118 kΩ

RN = 2.118 kΩ
NORTON’S EQUIVALENT:

According to current divider rule:

2.118 k
I2k = × 5 mA
2.118 k + 2 k

I2k = 2.572 mA = I0

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 7(Spring 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 25/06/2007

Q.1.
For the diode that conducts 2mA at a forward voltage drop of 0.3v and
whose n=2. Find the equation of the straight line tangent at ID=2mA

Sol:
To find the equation of straight line , first of all we have to find the slop
We know slop is the reciprocal of dynamic resistance(rd) so

Slope = 1/ rd
We know rd =nvT/ID
= 1 /nVT/ I
D

= 1D /nVT
= 2mA/2x25mV
=1/25ohms
Now on VD axis it will be
= 0.3 – 2 (0.025)
= 0.3 - 0.05
= 0.275 V
So
by the equation of straight line
y - y1= m (x-x1)
here m is a slope = 1/25ohms
iD = 1/25 (VD -0.275)
VD – 0.275 – iD(25) =0

Which is the required equation of straight line

Q.2.
The circuit shown in figure below utilize four identical diodes having
n=2 and Is =10-10 A. Find the value to obtain an output voltage
Vo=3V, if a current of 2mA is drawn away from the output terminal
by a load, what is the change in output voltage.

Sol:

For V0 =3V, so the voltage drop across each diode is 3/4V.

Thus I must be
v/nVT
I = Is e
VT= 25 mV=0.025 volts
-10 3/4x2x0.025
= 10 e
= -10 15
10 e
= 0.327mA
If a current of 2mA is drawn away from the terminals by means of a load, the current
though the diodes reduces to
0.327 – 2 = -1.67
Change of diode across each diode will be
∆V = v2 –v1 = nVTln(i2/i1)

∆V =nVT ln(1.67/0.327)
=2x0.025xln(5.11)
= 0.05 x 1.63
=0.0815v=81.5mv
The total decrease in V0
V0 = 4 x 0.0815
= 0.326v=326mv
Q.3.
Determine the voltage VF across the diode in the figure below for values of IF = 5mA and
IF =8 mA. Assume that the bulk resistance of the diode is 10 Ω and the diode is
germanium.

Sol.
Because the diode is germanium and forwarding voltage for germanium is 0.3v so we use
VF = 0.3V+ IF RB
For IF = 5mA
VF = 0.3 + (5mA) (10Ω)
= 0.3 + 0.05V
= 0.35 V (350 mV)

For IF =8mA
VF = 0.3 + (8mA) (10Ω)
= 0.3 + 0.08 V
= 0.38 V (380 mV)
Q.4.
Determine the dc load voltage for the circuit shown below.

Sol.
Primary voltage is in rms so we can calculate the peak voltage
V1(pk) = Vrms/0.707
= 60/0.707
= 84.86Vpk
Primary voltage and turn ratio is known so we can determine the secondary voltage
V2(pk) =(N2/N1)V1pk
=4/5 (84.86)
=67.89Vpk
Now load voltage can be calculated as
VL(pk) = V2/2 – 0.7
= 67.89/2 -0.7
= 33.24Vpk
Now dc value of the voltage can be calculated as
Vave = 2VL(pk) / Π
= 66.57/ Π
= 66.57/3.14
= 21.17Vdc

------ Good Luck for forthcoming exams -----