Assignment 1

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 02/08/2007

Q.1.
Find I1, I2, I3.

Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

Identifying Node 1,2 and 3.

For Node 1

2A – I1+ 12A = 0
I1=14A
For Node 2

-12A + I2 + 14A = 0
I2 + 2A = 0
I2 = -2A

For Node 3

-14A + I3 + 4A = 0
I3- 10A = 0
I3 = 10A

Q.2.
Determine I1 to I5 .

Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

For finding I solve the Circuit.

1Ω || 2 Ω

= 1*2/1+2
= 2/3
= 0.67 Ω

4Ω || 0.67 Ω

= 4*0.67 / 4+0.67
= 2.68 / 4.67
= 0.57 Ω

0.57 Ω is in series with 3 Ω

= 0.57 + 3
= 3.57 Ω

Now find total current through the circuit

Itotal= V / R
= 40 / 3.57
Itotal = 11.20A

From the given circuit we have

 Where Itotal = I1= 11.20A

To find I2 and I3 we will use current divider rule and their source current will be I1

I2= (R0.67Ω / R4Ω + R0.67Ω ) x I1

I2= (0.67 / 4.67) x 11.20
I2= 1.61A

I3= (R4Ω / R4Ω + R0.67Ω ) x I1

I3= (4 / 4.67) x 11.20
I3= 9.60A

To find I4 and I5 , once again we will use current divider rule and their source current will be I3

I4= (R2Ω / R2Ω + R1Ω) x I3

= (2 / 3) x 9.60
I4= 6.4A

I5= (R1Ω / R2Ω + R1Ω) x I3

= (1 / 3) x 9.60
I5= 3.2A

Q.3.
Find Req.
Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
Sol.
The two 12kΩ are in parallel As 12kΩ || 12kΩ gives

= 144 / 24
= 6kΩ

At this particular point most of the students commit the following mistake and redraw the circuit as

This technique is wrong because in the above circuit we displace the out put terminal which is connected
at Node A form its original position and connect it at C.

The correct circuit will be redrawn as

The 6kΩ is in series with the top 6kΩ gives

=6+6
= 12kΩ

This 12kΩ is parallel with 4kΩ

= 48 / 16
Req= 3kΩ

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 2(Summer session 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 08/08/2007

Q.1.
Find V10.
Draw the circuit diagrams if necessary otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

20Ω and 5Ω are in series. So the combined effect will be equal to

20Ω+5Ω= 25Ω

1MΩ and 1MΩ are in parallel so same voltage 35v drops across each resistance. Now 35v divides to 10
and 25(sum of 20 and 5) which can be find by voltage division rule.
We know the voltage division formula

⎛ R1 ⎞
V10 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠

⎛ 10 ⎞
V10 = ⎜ ⎟ 35
⎝ 10 + 25 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
V10 = ⎜ ⎟ 35
⎝ 35 ⎠
V10 = 10Volts

Q.2.
Find IA

Draw the circuit diagrams if necessary to elaborate your point of view otherwise you will lose your marks.
Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived
value.

Sol.
We can redraw the given circuit as
 R1=40Ω A

IA
IS
IB R3 =10Ω

R2=30Ω
Is =10A

R4 =4Ω

Since 10Ω are in series with 4 Ω so

10 + 4= 14 Ω and the circuit can be redrawn as follow

R1=40Ω A

IA
IS
IB R3 =14Ω
Is =10A
R2=30Ω

As the current Is passing through the R1 resistor is 30 A. At the node A current Is divides into IA and IB, so
by current division rule,

R2
IA = I − − − − − ( A)
R3 + R2 s
we know Is = 10 A R2 = 30Ω and R3 = 14Ω
by putting these values in (A) we have,
30
IA = x10
14 + 30
120
=
44
= 6.81A
Q.3.
First Identify and label each node in the network. Use nodal analysis to find voltage VO in the network
given below. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Circuit can be redrawn as,

At node V0:

V0 − 30 V0 V0 − V2
+ + =0
1 2 4
4 V0 − 120 + 2V0 + V0 − V2 = 0
V2 − 7V0 + 120 = 0 − − − − − − − ( A)
At Super Node
As the V2 and V3 made the super node so its equation will be ,
V3 V − V0
−3+ 2 =0
16 4
V3 − 48 + 4 (V2 − V0 ) = 0
V3 − 48 + 4V2 − 4V0 = 0
V3 + 4V2 − 4V0 − 48 = 0 − − − − − − − − − − ( B )
Now coupling equation of Super node will be as

V2 − V3 = 2V0 − − − − − (C )
and V3 = V2 − 2V0

Put this value of V3 in (B), we have

V2 − 2V0 + 4V2 − 4V0 − 48 = 0

5V2 − 6V0 − 48 = 0
6V0 + 48
V2 = − − − − − (I )
5
Put this (I) in (A) we have,

⎛ 6V0 + 48 ⎞
⎜ 5 ⎟ − 7V0 + 120 = 0
⎝ ⎠
6V0 + 48 − 35V0 + 600 = 0
− 29V0 + 648 = 0
− 29V0 = −648
648
V0 = = 22.34 V
29

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 3 (Summer session 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 23/08/2007

Q.1.
Calculate V0 & IO.
Draw the circuit diagrams if necessary otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the
calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

From output loop we have

Vo= 50Io x 20 x103 = 106Io ----------- (A)

From Input loop we have

3x103+ 4x103Io-Vo/100 =0 -------------- (B)

Solving (A) and (B) we have

IO = 0.5µA

And VO= 0.5V

Q.2.

Sol: Nodal equation at Vo will be

v0 − 12 v0 v0 − 10
+ + =0
4 6 2
3(v0 − 12) + 2v0 + 6(v0 − 10)
=0
12
3v0 − 36 + 2v0 + 6v0 − 60 = 0
11v0 − 96 = 0
11v0 = 96
96
v0 =
11
v0 = 8.7272v

Alternative method

Labeling circuit for super node

Constraint equation becomes,

V0-V1=10 -----------------(A)

OR

V1 =V0 - 10
KCL equation for the super node is ,

V0 − 12 V0 V1
+ + =0
4 6 2
3V0 − 36 + 2V0 + 6V1
=0
12
5V0 + 6V1 − 36 = 0 − − − − − − − − − ( B)

Putting the value of the V1 in the (B)we have

5V0 + 6 ( V0 − 10 ) − 36 = 0
5V0 − 60 + 6V0 − 36 = 0
11V0 − 96 = 0
96
V0 = = 8.72 Volts Answer
11

Q.3.
First Identify and label each mesh in the network. Use mesh analysis to find voltage V1, V2 in the network
given below. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

First we will identify mesh and labeled them,

From Mesh I1:
According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
2(I1 –I2)+ 2(I1 – I3) = 12
2I1 - I2 – I3 = 6 ----------------- (A)

From Mesh I2:

According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
2(I2 –I1) + 2I2 +2(I2 – I3) = 0
-I1 +3I2 – I3 = 0 ----------------- (B)

From Mesh I3:

According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
2(I3 –I1) + 2(I2 – I3) +2I3= 0
-I1 -I2 +3I3 = 0 ----------------- (C)

Solving (A) (B) and (C) simultaneously

I1 = 6A, I2 = 3A and I3 = 3A
And V1=2I2 = 6V
V2=2I3 = 6V

Q.4.
First Identify and label each mesh in the network. Use mesh analysis to find current IO in the network
given below. Draw and labeled complete circuit diagram otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each
step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
Sol.

First we will identify mesh and labeled them,

From Mesh I1:

I1 = -2A ---------(i)

From Mesh I2:

According to KVL
Sum of all the voltage drop = sum of all the voltage rise
1(I2 –I1)+ 2(I2 – I4) + 9 + 4I2 = 0
I1 +7I2 – 2I4 = -9
Put I= -2A from (i) we have

7I2 – 2I4 = -11 ----------------- (ii)

From the circuit we observe that a current source of 4A is sharing by Mesh I3 and
Mesh I4 so Super Mesh will develop here
Now redraw the circuit for Super Mesh equation

Super Mesh Eq:

-24 + 4I3 + 3I4 +1I4 +2(I4 –I2)+ 2(I3 – I1) = 0

-2I2 +6I3 + 6I4 = 20 ---------------- (iii)

Constraint equation:

I4-I3=4 ----------- (iv)

Solving equation (i) ,(ii), (iii) and (iv) simultaneously we have,

I2 = -11/20 = -0.55 A
I3 = -17/40 = -0.425 A
I4 = 143/40 = 3.575 A
From the circuit we know that Io= I1-I2 =-2-(0.55) = -1.45A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 4(summer session 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 30/08/2007

Q.1.
Find the terminal voltage Vab by
(a) Superposition
(b) Nodal Analysis

Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

(a) Super position

Only Current source is acting

-10x2 +3Vab1+Vab1=0
4 Vab1=20
Vab1=5V
 Only Voltage source is acting

-4V + +3Vab2+Vab2 = 0
4Vab2 = 4
Vab2 = 1
By Superposition
Vab = Vab1 + Vab2
= 5+1
= 6V
(b) By Nodal Analysis

At Node Vab :

(Vab + 3Vab -4)/10 -2 = 0

Vab + 3Vab -4 - 20 = 0
4Vab = 24
Vab = 6V

Q.2.
Apply Source Transformation on the circuit given below to find I.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
Sol.

Working circuit using source transformation is a little like a chess or checker game, different people will
make different moves to get to the same end.
What I see is making a current to voltage to current transformation to the left of a-b then makes a voltage
to current transformation to the right of c-d.
Then continue current source to one net current source, combine resistors to one resistor then use
current division to find I.

First Step to the left of a-b

Second Step to the right of c-d

Apply Current division rule
I = 1x 5/(5+4)
= 5/9 A
=0.555A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 5 (summer session 2007)
(SOLUTION)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 11/09/2007

Q.1.
Find VO in the network given below using Norton’s theorem
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the
circuit diagram of each step and also mention the units of each derived value.

SOL:

First step: Replacing RL with a short circuit to find IN. Here RL is 6k resistor.

Second step: Finding IN using nodal analysis

I =I + I
sc 1 2
 For node 1
V /3k + (V – 6)/6k + V /8k +4m=0
1 1 1
8V +4V – 24 +3V +96 =0
1 1 1
15V +72=0
1
or V = -4.8V
1
For node 2
V /2k + V /4k -4 =0
2 2
2V +V – 16 =0
2 2
3kV = 16
2
V =16/3
2
V = 5.33V
2
Now
I = V /4k
1 2
= 5.33 /4k
I = 1.33 mA
1
I2=V1/8
I = -4.8/8k
2

=-0.6mA
So,
I =I +I
N 1 2
I = (1.33 -0.6)
N
I = 0.73mA
N

Third step: Calculating R

N
To calculate R we will short circuit all voltage sources and open the current sources
N

For R
N

3k|| 6k = 2k

2k is in series with 8k = 2k + 8k
= 10k
4k is in series with 2k = 4k + 2k
=6k

10k ||6k = 10 x6/16

R =60/16
N
R = 3.75k
N
Fourth Step:
After calculating I and R , re-inserting the load resistance R in the circuit in parallel
N N L
R and considering the I current source parallel with these two resistances.
N N

To calculate V
0
I = 0.73m x 3.75k x 1/(6k+3.75k)
0
= 0.280mA
V = 6k x 0.280m
0

V = 1.68 Volts
0

Q.2.
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the network in the shaded area between A, B.
Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step and also mention the units of each
derived value.

First step: removing load resistance between point A,B

Second step: Finding Vth

Vth is the voltage drop across point A,B of removed resistance.
Since terminal A,B and resistance 6Ω are in parallel so the circuit can be redrawn as
Voltage drop across 6Ω will be the Vth which can be find out by using voltage divider formula for series
resistance of 6Ω and 4Ω

Vth=8x6/6+4=48/10=4.8v

Third step: Finding Rth

To find the Rth we short circuit the voltage source

Here 2Ω is short circuited its effect will be ignored in the circuit

Now 6Ω and 4Ω are in parallel as terminal A,B exists between them so

Rth=6x4/6+4=2.4Ω

Therefore Thevenin equivalent circuit will be

Q.3
what will be the source voltage Vs if 6.7v drops across resistor having germanium
diode in series in the given fig.

Sol:
Source voltage (Vs) can be find using the formula
VS=VR+Vf
Because diode is germanium so 0.3v is dropped across it for its forward
biasing s
VS=6.7+0.3
VS=7v

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 6(summer session 2007)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 16/09/2007

Q.1.
A diode for which the forward voltage drop is 0.7V at 1.0mA and for which n=1 is operated at 0.5V.
What is the value of the current?

Sol.
For
v/nVT v/nVT
I = Is (e -1) ≅ Is e
Given I=1mA at V=700mV and n=1 find I when V=500mV
V2-V1=nVT ln (I2/I1)
v2 –v1/nVT
I2/I1 = e
v2 –v1/nVT
I2 =I1 e

500 –700/1x25
I2 =1mA e
=0.335µA =335nA

Q.2.
For the circuit shown in the figure below, using the constant voltage-drop (VD = 0.7V) diode model, find
the voltage and currents indicated.

Sol.

(A) Diode FB by inspection,

I = {3-(-3 +0.7)}/10 = 530 µA =0.53mA

Diode FB , so replace by 0.7V source ⇒ V=3 – (0.53mA) (10k)= -2.3V

(B) Diode RB by inspection,
Diode ≡ Open circuit ⇒ V=+3V
I = 0 (same as ideal diode)
(C) Diode On by inspection, 0.7V drop
 I = {3- 0.7) –(-3)}/10 = 530 µA =0.53mA

⇒ V= -3 + (10k)(0.53mA)= 2.3V

(D) Diode Off by inspection,

Diode ≡ Open circuit ⇒ V=-3V
I = 0 (same as ideal diode)

Q.3.
Measurements on the circuits given below produces labeled voltages as indicated. Find the value of β for
each transistor.

Sol.
(A)

ic/ib= β = 2/0.215 =9.3

(B)

ic / ib = β = 9.9/0.1 =99

(C)

β + 1= ie / ib
= 3x 100/3.3
β = (300/ 3.3) - 1
= 89.9

------ Good Luck -----