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OCTOBER 2014

+
LEDsmagazine.com

Standards
International auto
standards P. 35

Renewables
LEDs encourage solar
deployment P. 47

Optics
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES TIR lens technology
comes to COB
LEDs P. 61

Ancient
and sacred
venues:
SSL discreetly
lights legacy
architecture P. 9

Strategies in Light Europe event focuses on

lighting in the 21st Century see P. 43
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 ISSUE 73

2014
October Cover Story
Solid-state lighting was selected for minimal
impact on the structure of a neo-Gothic
German church while delivering state-of-the
art aesthetics in the historic building. (See p.
9; courtesy of ERCO/Frieder Blickle, Hamburg)

features
31 INITIATIVE
World prepares to celebrate International Year of Light
Caroline Hayes
columns/departments
35 STANDARDS
New global automotive qualification standards for 5 COMMENTARY Maury Wright
emerging LED applications Smart LED lamps pour in from the
Christian Jung, Philipp Plathner, Joe Jablonski, and Joachim smart-device and home industries
Reill, Osram
9 NEWS +ANALYSIS
43 PREVIEW
Strategies in Light Europe will examine 21st Century
ERCO SSL highlights neo-Gothic
architecture in ancient German church
lighting Bob Steele Packaged LEDs: Cree, Sharp,
Toshiba, Everlight
47 SOLAR
Commercial solar outdoor LED lighting communicates
Networks & control: Osram and Belkin,
Ace Hardware and Digital Lumens, Lutron
a renewable story Healthcare lighting: GE
Matt Ellenberger, Sol, Inc Lighting, Acuity Brands
Tunable lighting: Elgato, Philips Lighting
55 SIMULATION
Accurate thermal simulation enables LED lighting
SemiLEDs adds flip-chip blue LEDs,
and uses die in white CSP
products to match design goals
Tom Gregory, Future Facilities
25 FUNDING + PROGRAMS

61 FOCUS ON
Optics place LEDs in the right light
US DOE publishes Gateway research
on LED lighting in a theatrical setting
DOE publishes 2014 LED and
Maury Wright
OLED manufacturing roadmap

67 DEVELOPER FORUM
Determine LED temperature effects for reliable SSL
DOE report projects energy savings
that LED sources will deliver
products DOE updates LED dimming report with
Burden Museum lighting details
Andrs Poppe, Mentor Graphics Mechanical
Analysis Division EPA publishes lamps revision and
issues reminder on effective dates

72 LAST WORD
Intelligent lighting paves the way for the smart city
DOE announces $4B in loan funds
for energy-efficiency projects
Jrgen Hase, Deutsche Telekom

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 3

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come in two lengths and lumen packages
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commentary
Smart LED lamps pour
in from the smart-device
and home industries
W
e are seeing a number of color- and
white-point-tunable LED lamps
enter the market from unlikely spaces.
Companies that have focused their efforts
on add-ons for tablets and smartphones,
home automation, and the so-called
Internet of Things (IoT) see the lighting
sector as a ripe market. Meanwhile, at
lighting-industry conferences, weve seen
pioneers of LED lighting implore their
peers to protect this house against the
IT industry (trademark Under Armour).
The following list is far from exhaus-
tive, but consider some recently-
announced wireless-enabled smart-lamp
products. We reported the WigWag Fil-
ament lamp that is based on the 6LoW-
PAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless
Personal Area Network) networking
standard (http://bit.ly/1wtgcZy). Elgato
announced a Bluetooth-enabled lamp at
the consumer-electronics IFA trade fair
in Berlin (p. 18). At CES last January, net-
working-specialist Belkin announced a
ZigBee-enabled lamp, although the com-
pany has also recently allied itself with
Osram Sylvania (p. 9). And LIFX has been
in the news with its Wi-Fi-enabled lamp.
I can find fault with all of the above
products from a lighting perspective. The
products are typically not omni-direc-
tional and generally the LED utilization is
poor in the lamp architectures. Frankly,
the executives behind the companies dont
really understand the lighting space or the
professional customer base. Most dont
even realize that there is a deeper market
than replacement A-lamps.
But these companies have more expe-
rience with microcontrollers and net-
working technologies than many of the
engineers in the lighting industry. The
upstarts have come from a background
LEDsmagazine.com
of products that must be upgraded or
replaced multiple times per year.
These networking-centric companies
are chasing the IoT vision where intelli-
gence is embedded in your home appli-
ances, car, and in many other devices. Our
Last Word (p. 72) provides one opinion on
how street lights can help enable the IoT.
So how much concern should the light-
ing industry show for intrusion by IT- or
IP (Internet Protocol)-centric companies?
Surely some level of concern. Some of the
biggest players in lighting have com-
pelling smart tunable products. Philips
Lighting has done great with Hue. And
Osram Sylvania and GE Lighting are mak-
ing inroads of late. But much of the indus-
try is focused on proprietary technologies
or simpler methods than IP networks to
enable control strategies. Companies do
so at their own risk because open stan-
dards and interoperable products will
become predominant as the IoT takes off.
There is time for the lighting industry to
get things right. I believe the predominant
products will need to be ZigBee or 6LoW-
PAN based, although a recent poll shows
many of our readers believe Bluetooth will
be a prominent player. Long term, I think
lights need a persistent connection to the
Internet, and that requires a bridge elim-
inating Bluetooths primary attraction.
Id say the lighting industry should
move faster rather than slower. CES
is approaching. I bet we will see more
upstarts and probably more well-estab-
lished networking companies showing
LED lighting on the floor.
Maury Wright,
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OCTOBER 2014 5

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A.A.G Stucchi S.R.L U.S ..............................64
American Bright Optoelectronics .................29
Bayer Material Science LLC .........................28
Citizen Electronics Ltd. ..................................8
Cooledge Lighting .......................................27
Cree Inc. ...................................................CV4
E-Lite Semiconductor ..................................51
ebm-papst Inc. ..............................................7
ERG ............................................................18
FSP Technology Inc. ....................................40
Future Electronics Inc........................4, 22, 57
Global Lighting Technologies .......................33
Green Inova Lighting Technology
(Shenzhen) Limited ...................................20
Guangzhou Hongli
Opto-Electronic Co. Ltd. ............................50
Hangzhou Everfine Photo-E-Info Co. Ltd. ......54
6 OCTOBER 2014
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Correction
In the September 2014 issue of LEDs Magazine,
the capacitor C8 in Fig. 3 on p. 74 was
incorrectly labeled. Visit http://bit.ly/YPhCmp
for the full article and corrected figure.
Henkel ........................................................17 Proto Labs, Inc. ...........................................41
Indium Corporation .....................................15 Radiant Zemax LLC .....................................19
Informa Canada ..........................................59 Seoul Semiconductor Co. Ltd. .....................11
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Inc.........................49 Shanxi Guangyu LED Lighting Co. Ltd. .........63
Ledlink Optics Inc........................................21 Shat-R-Shield ..............................................26
Lextar Electronics Corp. ..............................30 Shenzhen Ledfriend
Linear Technology .....................................CV3 Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. .............................2
LPKF Laser & Electronics AG .......................32 Shenzhen OKT Lighting Co. Ltd....................16
LTF LLC .......................................................39 Shenzhen Refond
Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. ...........................34
Lumens Co. Ltd......................................36-37
Signcomplex Limited ...................................44
Lux Magazine ..............................................66
The Bergquist Company ..............................13
Matrix Lighting Limited, Hong Kong ...........CV2
The Korean Consulate General ....................14
MBN GmbH.................................................25
Underwriters Laboratories ...........................65
Orb Optronix................................................38
Universal Lighting Technologies...................45
Otsuka Electronics Co. Ltd. .........................12
Zhejiang Baikang Technological Co. Ltd. ......42
Philips Lumileds ............................................1
Plessey Semiconductors Ltd. ......................46
LEDsmagazine.com
 The spotlight shines on efciency.

In order to reach the desired lumen values in a small form factor, active cooling
may be required to effectively dissipate the heat produced by the LED components.
Active cooling technology offers thermal capabilities with inaudible noise thats
superior to passive heat sinks and raises performance while reducing the size of
the lighting xture. With an industry-leading, German-engineered compact fan and
an American-designed assembly, ebm-papst can provide the most reliable solution
for your LED cooling problems. To nd out more about custom Active Cooling
Solutions, visit info.ebmpapst.us/ActiveCooling. The engineers choice
 +
news views
HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

ERCO SSL highlights neo-

Gothic architecture in
ancient German church
Historic and sacred buildings are an application in which
LED-based lighting can excel given the flexibility of form

Image courtesy of Frieder Blickle, Hamburg

factor and the fact that LEDs generally require less power
than legacy sources, and therefore no new infrastructure.
The Lucente Lichtplanung lighting design firm located in
Sittensen, Germany faced such a challenge when it renovated
the St Mary and Bartholomew Church in Harsefeld, Germany.
The team was able to install ERCO LED lighting products
with minimal impact on the structure and architecture and
deliver state-of-the art aesthetics in the historic building.
The church dates to the first millennium and is a his-
torically-listed building. The design team was tasked with The design team worked with ERCOs core principal of
delivering outstanding visual comfort without any major providing light not luminaires in developing the con-
change to the interior neo-Gothic architecture. Moreover, cept for the church. The team focused its efforts on using
the church features a cross vault that presented its own the architectural pillars as a host for the lighting while not
lighting challenges. distracting from the aesthetics of the pillars. page 10

NETWORKS & CONTROL

PACKAGED LEDS

Cree delivers high-power LED Osram and Belkin

optimized for low system partner on residential
manufacturing costs networked lighting
Cree has announced the XLamp MH-B family of high-power LEDs Osram has announced a partnership with home-net-
that were designed specifically as an alternative to mid-power devices working specialist Belkin that will yield Osram SSL
with the goal of minimizing the system and manufacturing cost of SSL products that work with Belkins WeMo home auto-
products. The 6W surface-mount device (SMD) delivers 830 lm and will mation technology platform.
be sold over the range of 2700K6500K CCTs. The Osram and Belkin partnership
Mid-power LEDs are increasingly popular in some lighting appli- has the potential of leveraging
cations with performance sliding toward the high-power sector. For the strengths of each company
example, Seoul Semiconductor recently added high- to help drive smart lighting
voltage versions of mid-power LEDs (http:// into the residential market
bit.ly/1sSyljh). Moreover, manufacturers (http://bit.ly/1s6F9fo). Back at the
such as Samsung plan to further reduce Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in
the cost of mid-power LEDs (http://bit. January, Belkin had
ly/TOTDjX). Still, it remains to be seen if announced LED
mid-power LEDs can win in demanding appli- lamps that were
cations such as downlights, street lights, page 10 page 12

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 9

news+views
Historical from page 9
Lucente Lichtplanung and ERCO developed
custom rings that were mounted near the
tops of the pillars that blend with the archi-
tecture and provide a platform for both
direct and indirect light in the church.
The rings incorporate ERCO Quintes-
sence LED luminaires that are typically
applied as downlights. In the case of the
church, the fixtures are also mounted in
such a way to deliver dramatic lighting
upwards to highlight the iconic ceiling
structure and arches. Meanwhile, the same
products mounted on the underside of the
ring deliver the required comfortable ambi-
ent lighting for worshipers.
The cross vault was lit with ERCO Optec
spotlights. The team sought to use the lights
to accentuate individual elements of the
Cree LED from page 9
and high-bay luminaires.
The Cree 55-mm MH-B family looks
much like mid-power LEDs that are on the
market, although the performance specs
are at the upper end of the high-power
range. Still, the LED can be handled and
installed with surface-mount manufac-
turing equipment much like typical mid-
power LEDs. Automated surface-mount
assembly is a requisite for many SSL prod-
ucts that use mid-power LEDs because the
lower output of mid-power devices results
in many such LEDs being used in a prod-
uct. The new Cree product will offer man-
ufacturers the needed SMD compatibility
along with the ability to use far fewer LEDs
in the system.
The new Cree product family attacks
both the system and manufacturing cost
issues. Paul Scheidt, head of product mar-
keting for LED components at Cree, pro-
vided a detailed look at the typical bill of
materials (BOM) of an LED lighting prod-
uct. Today, the LEDs comprise about 30%
of the BOM cost. Meanwhile, the combi-
nation of thermal management, optics,
and printed-circuit board (PCB) costs
totals around 45% of the BOM. Scheidt
said some lighting manufacturers move
to mid-power LEDs to try and minimize
LED component cost, but that choice could
result in higher system costs because the
10 OCTOBER 2014
vault, including the church organ that is
among the striking features in the space. As
the images on the cover and p. 9 illustrate,
the combination of natural light and the
Optec fixtures delivers a compelling scene
in the restricted space of the vault.
The design team also sought to add con-
trols to the church lighting. But many con-
trol schemes requiring new wiring would
have proven problematic in the historic
space. The solution was a wireless DALI (dig-
ital addressable lighting interface) system
that can be controlled via a tablet computer.
The results of the renovations are compel-
ling as the images of the neo-Gothic interior
illustrate. Lucente Lichtplanung character-
ized the completed project as delivering a
harmonious synergy of historic structure
and modern LED lighting technology.
optics, thermal, and PCB costs are more
easily attacked.
Scheidt used several examples to make
the system-cost point. He said that a 1200-
lm downlight needs only three of the new
MH-B LEDs, whereas such a product would
require upwards of 40 5630-type mid-
power LEDs. While it seems logical that
the fewer LEDs would enable simpler man-
ufacturing, the automated SMD lines take
the cost out of the manufacturing process
to some extent.
Still, there are other impacts. For exam-
ple, Scheidt said the PCB cost would be
around $3.70 for the mid-power example
based on the size of the PCB required to
host the number of LEDs. The PCB for the
MH-B LEDs would cost pennies, according
to Scheidt, and even the cost of pick-and-
place on the manufacturing line would
be lower for the fewer high-power LEDs.
Scheidt also said the mid-power design
would require larger and more-expensive
optics and heat sinks.
Of course, Cree also believes that the
high-power option equates to a higher-
quality product as well. Mid-power LEDs
get to a low cost, especially for manufac-
turers who have invested in surface-mount
assembly, said Scheidt. But he quickly
pointed out that problems in color consis-
tency and lumen maintenance continue to
plague mid-power designs.
PACKAGED LEDS
Sharp COB LED enables
warm dimming
Sharp Devices Europe has announced the
Natural Toning Zenigata chip-on-board
(COB) LED family with on-board control
logic that can implement dim-to-warm func-
tionality in SSL lamps and luminaires.
Warm dimming, where an SSL product
mimics the color shift of an incandescent
source during dimming, has been a hot
technology over the course of the last year
(http://bit.ly/YSCAkc). Sharp is support-
ing the dim-to-warm concept with a sin-
gle COB LED. The company has previously
supported tunable color across a broad
range of Tiger-branded discrete and COB
packages by mixing two phosphors, imple-
For a lighting manufacturer to deliver
tight color uniformity at the system level
using mid-power LEDs, the manufacturer
must typically mix LEDs across a num-
ber of bins, creating additional manu-
facturing complexity and cost. Cree will
offer the MH-B family optionally within
a two-step MacAdam ellipse. Cree can
deliver such consistency because the
MH-B actually is implemented as an array
of emitters and Cree delivers the correct
mix using what the company has always
called EasyWhite technology.
Moreover, Scheidt said even mid-power
LEDs with enhanced packages still lack
the thermal capability of high-power
devices. He said the lighting manufactur-
ers can design products with the expecta-
tion that junction temperature hits 105C,
and that MH-B designs would match the
lumen maintenance of the best mid-power
LEDs operated at 85C.
While some products such as linear fix-
tures spread mid-power LEDs over rela-
tively large areas and eliminate thermal
issues, applications such as a downlight
or high-bay fixtures will locate the LEDs
in tight spaces and in a sealed environ-
ment. Scheidt said mid-power designs will
need larger heat sinks to match the sys-
tem-level reliability achieved with high-
power LEDs.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1tf1J3P
LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
mented as stripes, on a single package
(http://bit.ly/1hKHN5e). But those LEDs
have required the system designer to con-
trol the two separate drive channels.
The Natural Toning family includes LEDs
in both the Zenigata Mini (1215 mm) and
Mega (17-mm light emitting surface LES)
series. And in either case, Sharp has imple-
mented the control logic to vary the CCT
on chip so the driver electronics need only
reduce the current to achieve the warm-
dimming performance.
For example, the Mini version of the fam-
ily delivers 1000 lm at a CCT of 3000K when
driven at 350 mA. When that drive cur-
rent drops to 50 mA, the output is 105 lm
at 2000K. The Mega version performs sim-
ilarly at higher output levels near 3000 lm
at maximum drive current. Sharp is rating
the LEDs in the 9294 CRI range across the
color curve.
Toshiba launches high-
power GaN-on-Si LEDs
Toshiba Electronics Europe has announced
the new TL1L3 series in its Leteras
12 OCTOBER 2014
Osram from page 9 compatible with the
WeMo home-networking/automation
platform (http://bit.ly/1ie4niR). The
company had announced WeMo back
in 2012 for a variety of home devices
such as thermostats, cameras, and even
a networked baby monitor. WeMo is a
ZigBee-based wireless platform and Belkin
offers an Ethernet bridge called WeMo
Link to connect IT-centric devices and
smartphones to the ZigBee devices. WeMo
is Belkins technology thats targeted to
support the so-called Internet of Things.
Going forward Osram will make its
Lightify control platform, which was
announced at Light+Building this past
April, compatible with WeMo. The first
gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si)
LED family.
Toshiba is taking the next step in trying
to pioneer the GaN-on-Si technology area. As
we have covered before, the use of a low-cost
compatible lighting product will be a
Sylvania Ultra iQ BR30 LED replacement
lamp due on the market soon.
As connected lighting becomes more
mainstream, Osram Sylvania is working
with leaders in the Internet of Things
space like Belkin to unleash the full
potential of consumers homes by creating
personal lighting experiences that
promote comfort, convenience, and joy,
said Jes Munk Hansen, president and CEO
of Osram Sylvania. We are shaping the
future of lighting by delivering not only
long-life, energy-saving LED solutions,
but also by creating an experience that
changes the way people think about their
lighting.
silicon substrate has the potential to reduce
LED cost both based on substrate cost and
the use of fully-depreciated silicon fabs in
the back end of the LED production process
(http://bit.ly/1maS5OR).
The latest Leteras products are in a 3.53.5-
mm package with a primary optic integrated
on the package. The LEDs come in at the low
end of the high-power LED segment with
typical flux ratings of 112145 lm. Toshiba
expects the LEDs to be used in applications
ranging from fluorescent-replacement tubes
to downlights to street lights.
Weve yet to see broadly-sold commercial
SSL products that use GaN-on-Si LEDs from
LEDsmagazine.com
 9th Replacement

3rd Replacement
5th Replacement

12th Replacement

Its Lights Out Again.

Do You Really Want To

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Down This Road?
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news+views
Toshiba or other players such as Lattice and
Plessey. But the specifications of the new
Toshiba products are impressive in terms of
forward voltage (2.85 typical) and thermal
resistance (5C/W). Still, the LEDs continue
to trail the market in flux output.
Everlight develops high-
CRI COB LEDs
Everlight Electronics has announced the
Natural Light LED family that delivers min-
imum 95-CRI performance across COB
devices ranging from 350W.
Across the LED sector, the interest in high-
CRI lighting continues to grow. Applications
such as hospitality and retail, among others,
demand excellent color rendering, pushing
LED vendors to deliver more LEDs with 90
CRI or better. Everlight has moved to address
the high-CRI demand with its Natural Light
14 OCTOBER 2014
technology. The offering will include LEDs
in the Ceramic (JU Series) and Metal (XUAN
Series) families immediately and the com-
pany said it will bring the technology to all of
its LED families later this year.
Everlight said the typical CRI in the family
will be in the 98 range and the company will
specify a minimum 95 CRI. The name of the
product family is meant to evoke thoughts of
sunlight and the 100-CRI ideal for lighting.
NETWORKS & CONTROL
Ace Hardware deploys
intelligent LED lighting in
retail support center
Digital Lumens has announced an intelligent
lighting installation at the Ace Hardware
Retail Support Center in Rocklin, CA that
supplies goods to northern California retail
stores. The wirelessly-networked lighting
delivers 81% energy savings relative to the
mix of fluorescent and metal halide (MH)
products that were previously used in the
warehouse space.
The Digital Lumens system includes Zig-
Bee-wireless-enabled high-bay LED fixtures
along with the LightRules lighting manage-
ment platform that can be used to establish
operational settings and to monitor power
usage and the health of the luminaires.
When the company came to market several
years back, it did so with the bold claim of
enabling 90% energy savings with the combi-
nation of efficient LED technology and occu-
pancy sensors in the luminaires that enable
autonomous controls (http://bit.ly/1u8917q).
In the Ace Hardware case, the retailer
acted to upgrade its lighting after utility
Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) studied the
1-million-ft2 space and projected savings to
levels as high as 93% with the use of a net-
worked system with adaptive controls. The
Digital Lumens technology is especially effi-
cient in warehouse applications where parts
of the space can remain dark much of the
time, with lights only being brought to func-
tional levels when an operator is in the spe-
cific area of the luminaire. For example,
we covered a food-supply warehouse that
achieved 87% savings with Digital Lumens
lighting (http://bit.ly/1o3j1LS).
Ace upgraded 1653 fixtures including 1551
T5 florescent fixtures and 102 MH fixtures.
The result has been a 39.56% reduction in
power usage per square foot plus the savings
attributable to adaptive controls.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1mbumOB
Lutron will supply data loggers to
justify lighting control projects
Lutron Electronics has announced that it
will supply customers with data loggers that
can be used to monitor the lighting and per-
sonnel use of a space, and in turn enable reli-
able projections of the value that controls
could add to a lighting retrofit project. The
data can be directly tied to energy savings
LEDsmagazine.com

that can be realized through the use of con-
trols, and Lutron will supply the small data-
acquisition devices for free to customers
that register qualifying projects.
Lutron has documented a number of light-
ing projects where controls deliver substan-
tial savings beyond what can be achieved
by energy-efficient light sources alone. For
example, case studies released late last year
covered shared commercial work areas and
hotel rooms. Moreover, autonomous controls
have been documented to deliver huge sav-
ings in sparsely used spaces such as stair-
wells and corridors.
The data logger loaner program will allow
lighting designers and specifiers to docu-
ment the potential savings up front when
presenting an end customer with options
on a lighting project. Identifying areas of
lighting control opportunity beyond code
requirements will not only save energy but
further reduce energy bills, said Brian Don-
lon, sales vice-president for North America
at Lutron. Were confident the results of this
program will surprise and delight building
owners and end users at all levels.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1tgIgj9
HEALTHCARE LIGHTING
GE Lighting supplies varied LED
products to Philippines
medical school
GE Lighting has detailed an LED-
lighting project at the Davao
Medical School Foundation
teaching facilities in Davao City,
Philippines. The school installed
upwards of 1000 LED-based
tubes in place of existing fluo-
rescent lighting in its main facil-
ity. Moreover, the school recently
finished construction on a new
LEDsmagazine.com
news+views
High Reliability
audio-visual (A/V) building that also hosts a
dental laboratory, and nearly 1000 GE down- Solders and
lights are used in the new facility.
The medical school project is unique in TIMs for LED
that the foundation is a non-profit organi-
zation that has sought since 1976 to increase
the availability of doctors in rural areas of
the country. The foundation doesnt have the
available funds of a commercial medical facil-
ity, yet escalating energy costs attributable to
lighting led to the decision to spend sparse
funds, totaling around $20,000, on SSL.
Davao Medical School Foundation is an
institution that molds and trains students in
the medical fields of Dentistry and Medical
Doctors. It is best that we give our students Clear residue solder
a well-lit environment that is conducive for paste
their studies, said Carlos Salazar, chief of
the engineering department at Davao Med- Low voiding ux-coated
ical School Foundation. We used to spend solder preforms
nearly $49,000 on electricity bills per annum.
High performance
Compared to the old fluorescent lights, GE
Lightings new LED solution at the current
thermal interface
school building will give us an estimated materials >40 w/mK
energy savings of about $31,600. This is a
significant benefit for a school like ours.
The faculty members and students are also
enjoying improved illumination across the
school facilities and vastly reduced mainte-
Learn more:
nance downtime. http://indium.us/F314
In the existing building, the school
replaced older T8 lighting that primarily
used magnetic ballasts. The GE LED tubes
installed were a mix of 18W and 19W prod-
ucts. The tubes are rated for 40,000 hours
of life and feature efficacy of 97 lm/W. The
school said the SSL tubes deliver 40% base-
line savings.
Meanwhile, in the new building that
includes the dental lab, the school installed
a combination of 10W and 15W Ecodown-
lights. Those products feature 85-lm/W
efficacy and are rated for 25,000 hours of
www.indium.com
askus@indium.com
ASIA CHINA EUROPE USA
2014 Indium Corporation
OCTOBER 2014 15
 news+views
life. Moreover, the school said the diffused
glare-free beam was key to the selection of
the downlights for the school.
The project had to pass rigorous scru-
tiny in terms of cost and benefits. Our cli-
ent is a non-profit organization approved by
the Commission on Higher Education, said
Ditas Alipao, country product manager of
GE Lighting. All expenditures must there-
fore be considered carefully and each dol-
lar prudently spent. GE sales manager Vin-
cent de Veza held intensive presentations to
the school, with demonstrations of the pro-
posed products, to boost our clients under-
standing and confidence in the full solution.
A cost analysis quickly showed the benefits
of using GEs lights, which offered higher
lumens, enhanced product durability, and
more cost-efficient pricing in the longer
term. The GE team continues to liaise closely
with the school to provide a high level of sup-
port during and post-implementation.
Dell Childrens Medical
Center achieves LEED
Platinum with Acuity LEDs
Acuity Brands has announced a major
LED lighting project at the Dell Childrens
Medical Center of Texas, a facility within
the Seton Healthcare Family of medical
centers in Austin, TX. The SSL installation
in a new patient tower included 2878 Acuity
nLight control nodes that deliver a savings
of 180,000 kW directly related to controls.
Moreover, the project relied primarily on
Acuity Lithonia VT Series LED fixtures and
was able to achieve the desired Platinum
status in the LEED (Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design) program.
The project encompasses an 85,000-ft 2
72-bed patient tower attached to the chil-
16 OCTOBER 2014
drens hospital. The facility sought to build
a green hospital in the tower addition and
continue the sustainability program begun
in the childrens hospital with the LEED Plat-
inum goal. The facility identified LED light-
ing and controls as a key technology choice.
Because LED technology has progressed so
much, we wanted to integrate it as much as
we could into the new building, said Phil-
lip Risner, senior project manager at Seton
Healthcare Family.
LED-based lighting and controls have been
increasingly the technology of choice both
inside and outside of medical facilities that
perhaps feel more motivation toward sustain-
ability. We recently covered an outdoor Acu-
ity project at some Wisconsin medical facil-
ities (http://bit.ly/1wquDxt). Moreover, LED
lighting and controls indoors can both gen-
erate energy savings and improve the patient
experience as described in an Osram proto-
type project (http://bit.ly/1mbDtyC).
The sustainability goals are easily
explained in terms of the hospital applica-
tion. Healthcare buildings are so energy
and water intensive, and under 24/7 opera-
tion, so becoming sustainable is a huge chal-
lenge, said Setons Risner. But we were up
to it. Since health is holistically related to
environmental issues as well as personal
issues, it meant a great deal for us and
to our patients to try to achieve LEED for
Healthcare Platinum certification for sus-
tainability purposes.
The hospital worked with Polkinghorn
Group Architects/CCRD Partners engineers,
distributor Prism Electric, and architectural
lighting firm The Beck Group on the project.
The partners set a goal of installing more
than 90% LED fixtures in the new facility
with the added goal of making optimum use
of adaptive controls. The
primary product selected
was the VT Series of SSL
luminaires. That prod-
uct has been a popular
choice in other health-
care facility projects
(http://bit.ly/1pjQAZo).
The controls imple-
mentation is on a very
large scale with the
technology embedded
in the VT luminaires
and in other sensors and
LEDsmagazine.com
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 news+views
switches to reach the aforementioned 2878
nodes. The team reports that sensors are
located throughout 95% of the building and
in all 72 new patient rooms.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1BNauEO
TUNABLE LIGHTING
Elgato announces Bluetooth-
enabled LED A-lamp
with tunable colors
At the consumer-electronics-focused IFA
2014 tradeshow that took place in Berlin in
early September, Elgato launched the Avea
tunable LED A-lamp based on the Bluetooth
Low Energy (BLE) wireless interconnect.
Elgato becomes yet another company
focused on apps and smart devices to turn
its attention to SSL as part of the evolving
smart home equation. Avea sells for $49.95
and is available on the Elgato website and
from retailers listed on the site.
The 7W Avea lamp can produce 430 lm at
3000K CCT. Moreover, the lamp includes the
ability to deliver seven dynamic color scenes
(shown below) meant to evoke settings rang-
ing from sunrise to tranquil nighttime envi-
ronments. The lamp also supports a wakeup
function that slowly brings the light level up
for a gentle awakening experience.
Control of the Avea lamp is handled via
Apple smartphones and tablets. We would
guess that the company will also add sup-
port for other devices such as Android-based
phones and tablets, which account for more
than 50% of the market, but Elgato has not
yet promised such support.
Elgato is far from the first company to
announce a BLE-based lamp, although the
usability of such products remains unclear.
The technology makes sense for commis-
sioning SSL products without question. For
18 OCTOBER 2014
example, Hubbell Lighting announced such
capabilities in luminaire products at Light-
Fair 2013 (http://bit.ly/1u96OZj). Lighting
Science Group showed Bluetooth-based ret-
rofit lamps at the same trade fair along with
other companies.
Time will tell as to whether the BLE-based
lamps will find a viable place in the mar-
ket. Elgato in particular faces several chal-
lenges. The lamp is only the equivalent of a
40W incandescent model in terms of white
light output. Its priced on the high side for
a BLE-based lamp. And the compatibility
issue looms in terms of Android and other
devices. But the lamp does offer a respect-
able 25,000 hours of life. And the Elgato BLE
implementation allows a user to control ten
lamps from one smart device.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1DkMI4O
Philips expands Hue LED
family with table, pendant,
and ceiling luminaires
Philips Lighting has announced the Hue
Beyond product family that includes a table
lamp along with ceiling- and pendant-
mount luminaires all of which share
a design with two LED light sources and
unique optics that deliver light upwards for
an ambient layer and downwards for task
lighting. The color-tunable LED lamps in
the fixture are separately controllable so
that users can set a color ambience while
still dialing in the perfect white point for
task-lighting needs.
The Hue Beyond family could
easily become the most signifi-
cant addition to the color-tun-
able product line since the orig-
inal launch of the A-lamp and
ZigBee wireless bridge (http://
bit.ly/1DkNMFH). The Hue
products have a devoted fol-
lowing but usage of the prod-
ucts has trended more to enter-
tainment such as the disco
app that changes light col-
ors dynamically to the beat of
music detected by a smartphone (http://bit.
ly/1qgLBZE). The new products squarely tar-
get mainstream usage in multiple rooms of
the typical residence.
The new lamps can still be used with
apps such as Hue Disco. Moreover, you can
set the lights to inform you of events such as
LEDsmagazine.com

the arrival of e-mail by blinking or changing
color. But the Beyond product line offers the
unique ability of dynamic color scene setting
that is enabled by the upward-facing source
and the top reflector that delivers light onto
the outer surface of the lower reflector. Mean-
while, the downward-facing lamp can be set
for purely functional needs with the light dis-
tribution controlled by the lower reflector.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1qgLEoh
Illumination design software for the next generation
Zemax OpticStudio 14.2 takes illumination and lighting system designers, engineers and researchers to new

   
DRIVERS
Intersil combines LED driver
and display power functions
for mobile screens
Intersil has announced the ISL98611 display
power and LED driver IC for mobile devices
including smartphones. By combining the
power-conversion functions for two sepa-
rate subsystems in a mobile device, Intersil
says the new IC can increase battery life by
an hour or more while also delivering bet-
ter display fidelity.
The IC includes DC-DC converters that
can generate +5V and -5V power supplies
for the display. The boost-mode regulator
operates at 88% efficiency when delivering
15 mA.
Meanwhile, the IC also includes a boost-
mode current regulator with three separate
channels to drive as many as three sepa-
rate LEDs or LED strings. The company
said the LED driver operates with 93% effi-
ciency, and asserts that level represents a
news+views
7% advantage over competitive products.
Its the combination of efficiency in both
converters that leads to the system-level
battery life benefits. With each new prod-
uct generation, smartphone designers are
challenged to add more features, reduce
size, and extend battery life, said Andrew
Cowell, senior vice president of Intersils
mobile power products. The ISL98611
delivers the integration, extended battery
life, and display image quality improve-
ment our customers want in their next-
generation smartphone design.
The improvements in the image quality
on the screen come with consistent current
control over the three channels and also a
unique dimming implementation. The IC
matches current within 2.2% down to 1
mA. The IC can dim the LED linearly, use
pulsewidth modulation (PWM), or use a
hybrid of the two approaches. Intersil says
the result is better display color consis-
tency and no white LED color shift at low
light levels.




 
 
   

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Test drive it now...www.zemax.com/demo

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 19

news+views
SPORTS LIGHTING
Philips lights Chelsea soccer
venue with LED floodlights
Philips Lighting has announced that the
Stamford Bridge stadium located in London,
home of the Chelsea Football Club (FC) of the
English Premier League, has been upgraded
to Philips ArenaVision LED floodlighting.
The installation is a first in the SSL sector for
a top-level soccer venue and the club own-
ers believe the new lighting will improve the
experience for players and fans including
fans watching on TV.
The new lighting was first put to the test
on August 12 when Chelsea played a friendly
match against Real Sociedad just before the
opening of the Premier League regular sea-
son. As the photo illustrates, the lighting
provides even, uniform illumination of the
playing field and what Philips describes as
exceptional vertical illuminance on the
20 OCTOBER 2014
players. Moreover, the club expects the
lighting to be maintenance free for upwards
of ten years whereas the previous MH light-
ing required lamp replacement on a three-
year cycle.
Still, the Chelsea project is noteworthy
because of the position and notoriety of the
Premier League and the requirements the
league places on venues. For example, the
league requires lighting that optimizes the
ability of TV broadcasters to deliver high-
definition video including flicker-free view-
ing of super slow-motion replays.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1mbCuP1
LIGHT SOURCES
SemiLEDs adds flip-chip blue
LEDs, and uses die in white CSP
SemiLEDs has announced the EF-B40 blue
flip-chip LED family designed for integra-
tion into COB packages or for direct inte-
gration into lamps and luminaires that use
a surface-mount assembly process. The
SemiLEDs Enhanced FlipChip (EF) design
simplifies the manufacturing process at the
LED and component level and has the poten-
tial to lower the cost of SSL products.
The blue LED is the latest in a num-
ber of flip-chip LEDs announced this year.
Samsung kicked off the trend at Strategies
in Light and has delivered both mid- and
high-power LEDs in a flip-chip or chip-scale
package (CSP; http://bit.ly/TOTDjX). Philips
Lumileds had pioneered the technology back
in 2013 (http://bit.ly/1foX4lz).
The new SemiLEDs EF-B40 is a blue LED,
meaning that phosphor will be required to
produce white light. The phosphor could
come with the LED arrayed in a COB that is
coated with phosphor, in a remote- or cold-
phosphor light engine, or perhaps with phos-
phor applied directly to the LES of the indi-
vidual LED.
SemiLEDs also announced the white Ready-
Mount Enhanced CSP EC series (shown) series
of LEDs that are based on the blue pump. The
1.41.4-mm EC-W1414 series uses the compa-
nys ReadyWhite phosphor technology. The
CSP device will still require surface-mount
assembly and can serve in LED arrays, LED
light engines, or lamps and luminaires.
SemiLEDs will offer the 3W white CSP
LEDs over a range of 2700K to 10,000K CCT
and with the option of a 90-minimum CRI.
MORE: http://bit.ly/1qhClUY
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Philips Advance Xitanium LED Drivers with SimpleSet wireless programming

technology allow OEMs to quickly and easily program LED drivers.


 

 
 




 

 
 


 

   
  
   

www.FutureLightingSolutions.com
 + funding
programs
US DOE publishes Gateway
research on LED lighting
in a theatrical setting
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has
published a Gateway report documenting
testing of LED lighting at the University of
Florida Nadine McGuire Theater + Dance
Pavilion. The 46,000-ft 2 facility enabled
researchers to test solid-state lighting (SSL)
products in scenarios ranging from a perfor-
mance venue to dressing rooms. The LED-
based lighting was judged to improve the
Image courtesy of US DOE/ Jordan Albright Photography
overall quality of lighting while delivering
significant energy savings.
The project focused on four primary areas
including a dance studio, an acting studio, a
scene shop where props are built, and dress-
ing rooms. The lighting retrofit was vastly
different in each of the areas.
In the dressing room, the lighting sur-
rounding mirrors was switched from G25
incandescent bulbs to A19 LED lamps with
a high-CRI rating. The acting studio had
been lit by 100W PAR38 ceramic-metal-
halide (CMH) lamps and, because of the
long restrike time of the CMH lamps, supple-
LEDsmagazine.com
mented by temporary theatrical cyc (cyclo-
rama) lights that used CFL reflector bulbs.
The retrofit uses 39W LED PAR38 down-
lights and 4-ft linear LED wall-wash lumi-
naires. The scene shop was originally lit with
T8 fluorescent luminaires and was retrofit-
ted with 8-ft LED linear luminaires.
The dance studio was perhaps most crit-
ical from a quality perspective because it
is used on a recurring basis
for live performances (see the
nearby photo for a dramatically
LED-lit dance performance
after the retrofit). An array of
320W MH low-bay luminaires
provided general lighting and
operated on a near-continuous
basis. Portable 575W halogen
lamps were used to sidelight
performances. After the ret-
rofit, GE Lumination EL Series
luminaires, with light guides
that extend vertically, provide
the primary lighting with LED
theatrical lighting used for performances.
The retrofit saves 418 kWh per week, rep-
resenting a reduction of 73%. Still, the proj-
ect would not be a success if the lighting
quality wasnt judged favorably by all.
During performances, audiences judged
the before and after theatrical lighting as
near identical although the LED implemen-
tation delivers 5090% energy savings dur-
ing performances.
The full report on the theatrical project is
available on the DOE website (http://1.usa.
gov/1axM85W).
MORE: http://bit.ly/XvFie1
DOE publishes
2014 LED and OLED
manufacturing roadmap
The DOE has published its 2014 ver-
sion of the Manufacturing roadmap:
Solid-state lighting research and devel-
opment with an update to both LED
and OLED manufacturing progress.
Understanding color uniformity issues
remains problematic in both technolo-
gies along with the manufacturing steps
needed to improve the consistency. LED
prices are dropping, although broader
deployment of SSL will require further
advancements especially in terms of
packaging LEDs. OLEDs, meanwhile,
continue to face a struggle on all fronts
in terms of deployment in lighting
applications.
The 2014 roadmap starts with both
good news and a realistic look at the
challenges of fully tapping the energy
efficiency of SSL sources for lighting.
The authors stated that savings specific
to SSL light sources reached 188 trillion
BTUs in 2013, equivalent to $1.8 billion
in electrical costs. That said, the docu-
ment notes that SSL penetration in light-
ing is still tiny. For example, the authors
said only about 1% of installed A-lamps
are based on LEDs. The much-greater
potential in energy conservation is the
driving force behind the DOEs contin-
ued support of R&D efforts and the goal
of driving down cost to boost deploy-
ment. You can peruse the full road-
map on the DOE website (http://1.usa.
gov/1wg02Th).
As we reported previously, one pri-
mary goal of the roadmap is to guide
DOE R&D investments in SSL (http://bit.
ly/WTrrxT). Again this year, the docu-
ment draws heavily on discussions from
the annual SSL R&D workshop that was
held this year in May.
The DOE is calling for more work
across LED and OLED technologies to
achieve targeted color points and to
understand the factors that impact long-
term color stability. Indeed, color shift
is one issue that can lead page 24
OCTOBER 2014 23
 funding programs +
DOE report projects energy savings
that LED sources will deliver
The DOE has published a new report entitled Energy savings fore-
cast of solid-state lighting in general illumination applications that
projects the US penetration of SSL into the general lighting market by
2030 and the energy savings that the technology will deliver. LEDs are
expected to represent 48% of lumen-hour sales for general illumina-
tion products by 2020, and 84% by 2030.
The DOE said the new report offers a more detailed breakdown of
lighting applications relative to prior publications, enabled by more
data sources. The report projects LED uptake based on the current
state of the technology in terms of efficacy and price. And the report
estimates additional penetration that could be achieved if the LED
industry can hit DOE projections on efficacy and price.
Based on the current state of the technology, the report projects a 15%
reduction in energy consumption attributed to lighting in 2020 and a
40% reduction in 2030. As depicted in the nearby graph, the DOE con-
Total US lighting energy consumption forecast
siders a baseline state
2013-2030 where there was no fur-
Source energy consumption (quads) ther penetration of LED
15% savings in 2020
40% savings in 2030 technology into lighting
8 relative to the projected
No-LED
scenario
6 deployment of LEDs in
a number of applica-
Outdoor
4 tion scenarios including
Industrial
2 Commercial commercial, residential,
and outdoor. While the
0 Residential
projected savings are
2013 2020 2030
based on the current
efficacy and price levels, the reduction would equate to 3-quad savings
(261 TWh) in 2030 or $26B (billion) in that year alone.
The cumulative projections are even more impressive. Over the period
from 20132030, the DOE projects that cumulative savings would equal
25.3 quads (2216 TWh) or $220B in avoided electrical costs.
The new report isnt directly comparable to any prior DOE research. For
example, a report the DOE issued last year on LED adoption in common
applications projected a 71 trillion BTU savings (21 TWh) based on 2013
LED penetration (http://bit.ly/1r3WKlQ). That report also projected 1135
TWh annual savings with 100% LED penetration in the ten targeted appli-
cations, but the DOE didnt attach a timeline to the projection.
The more aggressive projections made in the new report are tied
to advances in efficacy and other performance areas combined with
continued price drops. Such developments would increase the pene-
tration of LED technology. Indeed, should the industry meet goals in
the DOE SSL roadmap, LED penetration could hit 68% of lumen-hour
sales in 2020, and 90% in 2030. Such progress would increase energy
conservation by an additional 20%.
The full report is available on the DOEs SSL website (http://1.usa.
gov/1t6exJF). The agency has also posted an interactive model that it
utilized in making the projections and which interested parties can
use to model the entire lighting market or segments of the market
(http://1.usa.gov/1qYRWfY). The model allows you to test the impacts
of efficacy advancements, price declines, use of controls, and the rate
of renovation.
24 OCTOBER 2014
DOE Roadmap from page 23
lighting designers/specifiers to eschew SSL technology for leg-
acy sources, especially given the long projected life of SSL prod-
ucts. If color performance cant be maintained over that life
then specifiers cant justify the cost of SSL.
Still, light-source cost remains the primary obstacle to
broader SSL deployment, even in LEDs that are being more
widely used in general lighting. The nearby chart shows that
in the case of LEDs, packaging costs dominate the overall
expenses that comprise the manufacturing process. Today
those costs are concentrated at the die level.
The DOE suggests that a number of innovations could change
the LED cost equation and has funded R&D projects that range
from the manufacturing process to SSL system design. So-called
chip-scale packaging based on a flip-chip design, with much of
the packaging work done at the wafer rather than the die level,
Typical cost breakdowns for high-power and mid-power LED packages
High-power LED package Mid-power LED package
Substrate Substrate
7% 7% Epitaxy
Epitaxy 11%
11%
Wafer proc.
Wafer proc. 10%
13%
Packaging Packaging
61% 54%
Phosphor Phosphor
8% 18%
Source: LEDCOM model with inputs from DOE SSL Roundtable and Workshop attendees
could significantly lower costs. Moreover, luminaire designs that
can use package-free or package-light components could elimi-
nate many of the packaging steps incurred by LED makers today.
The OLED sector, meanwhile, faces a choice of two paths
forward and both are full of obstacles, as we covered in a fea-
ture article earlier this year (http://bit.ly/Ou1Zvv). The light-
ing industry has hoped to ride the coattails of the TV industry
as it developed large-format OLED panels for direct-display TV
applications. But the low cost and high quality of LED-backlit
TVs and the high cost of OLEDs have stymied the TV industry,
and therefore progress in OLED technology that might be trans-
ferrable to lighting.
The DOE reports that the OLED industry is coming to terms
with the need to develop products that are truly designed and
optimized for lighting applications, and then working on driv-
ing the manufacturing cost of those products down. The DOE
notes that the industry needs to address cost in terms of the
integrated substrate of OLEDs, organic layer deposition, and
assembly. All are key to shorter manufacturing cycles and bet-
ter equipment utilization.
Indeed, the LED and OLED sectors face diverse challenges
but source manufacturing advancements remain the key to
broader SSL deployment. Secondly, lamp and luminaire designs
will increasingly be more economical as product developers
learn to leverage the unique properties, such as form factor, of
SSL sources.
LEDsmagazine.com
 +
funding programs

DOE updates LED dimming report with Burden Museum lighting details
The DOE has updated a Gateway report ini- ucts, however, must include a driver thats have discussed the issue including an arti-
tially issued last year with details about the capable of interpreting the input from the cle written by dimmer-specialist Leviton
installation of phase-controlled dimming dimmer and acting on that input in driving (http://bit.ly/ZgOLqQ).
products and LED lighting at the Burden the LEDs. Weve had numerous features that The original Gateway report page 28
Museum in Troy, NY.
The addition to the Dimming LEDs with
Phase-cut dimmers: The specifiers process
for maximizing success Gateway report is a
story of how things change with LED-based
products during lengthy lighting projects.
Moreover, it describes how the team working
on the museum avoided problems by adapt-
ing late in the game. Jim Brodrick, lighting

Project rendering George Gruel oddstick.com

program manager at the DOE, highlighted
the report addition in a recent Postings email
(http://1.usa.gov/1nLl9I0), recurring emails
that the DOE distributes to anyone interested
in the SSL sector.
Phase-cut dimming is a blessing and a
curse for designers/specifiers. The controls
are low cost and legacy halogen and incan-
descent lamps work perfectly with any
phase-controlled dimmer. LED-based prod-

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 funding programs+
EPA publishes lamps revision and issues reminder on effective dates
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has formally pub-
lished the Energy Star Lamps V1.1 specification. Perhaps more
importantly, the agency is set to enforce the transition to the Lamps
V1.0 specification beginning September 30, 2014 and products cer-
tified to prior specifications will require new testing to carry the
Energy Star label.
The Energy Star Lamps V1.0 specification was published in August
2013 (http://bit.ly/1uDwm3l). That specification formally replaces
the older Compact Fluorescent Lamps V4.3 and Integral LED Lamps
V1.4 specifications at the end of September. Certification testing to
the new Lamps specification has been widely available for the past
year or longer. And the EPA said more than 1800 LED and compact
fluorescent (CFL) lamps have been certified to the new specification.
Products only certified to the two older documents will no longer be
eligible to carry the Energy Star label.
Meanwhile, the EPA has now published the first revision to the
Lamps specification. Version 1.1 will carry the revisions that we have
covered in earlier articles (http://bit.ly/1uR1hHy). The changes are power (CBCP). The new calculator accounts for Illuminating Engi-
relatively minor and in the near term lamps can be certified to either neering Society (IES) updates to TM-21 including tolerances in data-
the V1.0 or V1.1 documents. collection windows, interpolation for LED data sets of differing dura-
The EPA has also posted an updated version of its calculator for tions, and elimination of calculated L70 values. You can download
TM-21 LED extended life projections and lamp center beam candle the new calculator at http://1.usa.gov/1DeYnlL.

26 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

Sometimes its better to stray off the straight and narrow

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funding programs+
Gateway from page 25 on dimmers made a number of recommenda-
tions for specifiers such as using three-wire circuits when possible
and testing controls and lamps/luminaires together in advance. But
as Brodrick points out, 18 months elapsed between the specification
of the Burden project and the installation and such lengthy delays
are commonplace in architectural specification projects.
Indeed, with LED technology evolving, there is a likely chance
that products will change in such a period. As the installation time
drew near, the project team found that some replacement products
required higher power on dimmer circuits or that some products
worked better with a forward-phase dimmer than with the speci-
fied reverse-phase dimmer.
The key point is that the team took the time to discover how
changes impacted the plan before installing the products (see the
computer rendering of one project area on p. 25). That step allowed
for changes in the plan ranging from dimmer selection to installa-
tion of power module interfaces between some dimmers, and light-
ing zones to handle increased load requirements.
The result of the project is a happy museum staff that now has
an energy-efficient lighting system and the ability to set lighting to
prescribed levels. None of the installed products have performed
erratically and the staff reports that they get accurate low-light set-
tings. The extra steps for the project drove cost up moderately, but
the results justify the expense. You can read the full report at the
DOE SSL website (http://1.usa.gov/1qhRR9q).
The DOE also issued another Gateway report earlier in the sum-
mer that focused on LED downlight products and controls installed
in rooms at a Hilton Hotel in Columbus, OH. The Cooper Lighting
Portfolio LED downlight used had won recognition in the 2010 DOE
Next Generation Luminaires (NGL) program (http://bit.ly/1xILCj5).
Alternatively, the project team noted that the Philips Lighting Light-
olier Calculite product could also be used.
The guest-room-focused report involved seven or more 15W
downlights in each of 484 guest rooms. Moreover, the team installed
wall-switch phase-controlled dimmers for many of the lights. The
project was installed in 2012, but subsequently the DOE visited in
2014 for a post-occupancy assessment.
The LED downlights deliver 50% baseline energy savings relative
to the CFLs that would have been the natural alternative. The team
found that the project delivered 20% lower energy usage than pre-
scribed by code. Furthermore, the project designer believes the LED
lights provide better beam distribution and superior color rendering
to the CFL alternatives (http://1.usa.gov/1tKqaHI).
The guest-room retrofit was part of a larger lighting makeover
at the hotel. The larger project won recognition in the 2013 Cooper
Source Awards program, as we covered in a feature article on the
program (http://bit.ly/1kWlUSJ).
LINKS
DOE Gateway report shows superior quality of LED lamps when
illuminating artwork http://bit.ly/1r4a88e
DOE's latest Caliper report evaluates dimming and flicker in PAR38
lamps http://bit.ly/1qhxwer
LEDsmagazine.com

DOE announces $4B in loan funds
for energy-efficiency projects
The DOE plans to offer as much as $4B (bil-
lion) in loan guarantees in support of renew-
able-energy and energy-efficient projects.
The program is not specific to LEDs or
lighting, but energy-efficient SSL projects
will qualify as one of five categories defined
in the program specifically in the area of
efficiency improvements. The initial deliver-
ables in the application process were due at
the beginning of October.
The agency has $2.5B in loan guarantee
authority at the ready with the potential to
expand the guarantee authority upwards
based on credit subsidy rates.
Much of the program is focused on renew-
able energy projects. Such projects are
increasingly symbiotic with SSL as the effi-
ciency of LED sources makes technologies
such as solar more viable. We cover the solar
trend in this issue with a feature article on
funding programs+
the commercial implementation of solar- ogy implementations that fit in the areas
based LED lighting, with educational cam- of Efficient End-Use Projects and Effi-
pus case studies as examples (see p. 47). cient Energy Projects. The qualifying proj-
The program will also fund projects tied ects must directly reduce greenhouse gas
to more-efficient generation, transmission, emissions and employ new or significantly-
and distribution of electricity. There is a tie improved technology.
to the LED-lighting technology sector in the The DOE said that it would use a combi-
transmission area as well with DC-based nation of three factors in evaluating appli-
grids offering a potential efficiency advan- cants for a loan guarantee. Creditworthi-
tage over AC grids, especially when driving ness would be predominant, accounting for
what are predominantly DC loads such as 45% in terms of a weighting factor. Technical
LED lighting (http://bit.ly/1lgXrSV). factors would weigh in at 35% and program-
Still, the primary opportunity for projects matic factors such as regulatory and envi-
in the SSL space will come down to technol- ronmental issues would come in at 20%.
LINKS
DOE announces SSL SBIR funding, new MYPP, and fact sheet http://bit.ly/1pkEe33
US DOE again suspends the L Prize competition for LED-based PAR38 lamps
http://bit.ly/1o6pIgd
programs | GLOBAL ACCESS

World prepares to celebrate

International Year of Light
The International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies (IYL) is a global initiative for 2015 that
has been adopted by the United Nations to celebrate light and optical technologies. CAROLINE HAYES
looks ahead to next years program, which is timed to coincide with several significant anniversaries
in the history of light-based technologies.

T
he year 2015 will see the anniversary
of several events and discoveries
regarding light. It marks the 1000-
year anniversary of scientist Ibn al-Hay-
thams seven-volume Kitab al-Manazir, or
Book of Optics. It also marks the centennial
of Albert Einsteins general relativity equa-
tions, a theory that was tested using light.
The first observation that brought the the-

Image courtesy of Philips Lighting.

ory to public attention was light deflection
from the sun during an eclipse.
2015 also marks 50 years since Arno Pen-
zias and Bob Wilson at Bell Labs discovered
the cosmic microwave background or the
echo of the origin of the universe which is
now known as the Big Bang theory.
Despite all of these milestones, in the 21st
century there are still communities that
do not have access to light at the flick of a
switch. IYL2015, in addition to its remit to
highlight the importance of light and optical
technologies, includes the Study After Sun-
set program. This initiative aims to increase
work already underway to install solar light-
ing in rural communities in Africa so that
children can continue their education after
sundown. There are thought to be around
250 million homes in Africa that are not con-
nected to any electricity grid.
A year for a legacy
Dr. Beth Taylor, PhD, chair of the UK
National Committee for IYL2015, is pas-
sionate about the objective to extend light-
ing in rural areas. People either have to
switch off at 6pm, when the sun goes down,
CAROLINE HAYES is a contributing editor with
LEDs Magazine.
In keeping with its sponsorship of IYL2015, Philips Lighting has created Lighting
Centers in Africa using light that does not depend on the grid. Here solar LED
streetlights are used in Ghana.
or have to depend on kerosene lamps, which dent we are on light and photonics technol-
are pretty dangerous and very expensive, ogy. We have a very strong photonics indus-
she explained. The Study After Sunset proj- try here in the UK, but no one knows about
ect intends to help the various non-govern- it, she explained. Most of the companies are
mental organizations (NGOs) that currently small- to medium-sized, not big multi-nation-
distribute solar lamps and to increase by als, and we want to make more people aware
an as-yet unspecified number the num- of this. They should be proud of the industry
ber of homes that are lit after daylight hours. and the government should be supporting it.
To be honest, these international years Another objective for the UK National
can come and go; and while they seem like a Committee is to encourage more children to
great idea at the time, afterwards you might study STEM (ScienceTechnologyEngineer-
find yourself thinking, What difference did ingMathematics) subjects. Many organi-
it really make? said Taylor. I want it to zations are working towards this, added
have a legacy and some kind of impact. Taylor. We hope to make a difference to the
As chair of the UK National Commit- number of children who see excitement in
tee, Taylor will steer three objectives, which light technology and who see it as a place
correlate with UN goals. The first is about to have an inspiring career. Finally, there
making people more aware of how depen- is the Study After Sunset project underway.

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 31

programs | GLOBAL ACCESS
International support
Mexico proposed IYL2015 in November 2013
and it is now close to coming into being. It
will begin with opening ceremonies in Paris
on January 1920, 2015. A delegation of senior
optics and photonics professionals decided
that the focus of the year should include
the science and technological applications
of light and and should emphasize the key
role of photonics as an enabling technology
to solve problems of global concern.
Explaining the initiative, Ana Mara Cetto
from the National Autonomous University of
Mexico (UNAM) said, Light matters to all
of us. It is thanks to light that we know our
place in the universe, and that there is life on
A community Lighting Center in Mozambique enables nighttime recreation.
electronica: 11 14 November 2014, Hall A2, Booth 419
32 OCTOBER 2014
Earth. The IYL will create a forum for scien-
tists, engineers, artists, poets, and all others
inspired by light to interact both with each
other and with the public so as to learn more
about the nature of light, its many applica-
tions, and to discuss its role in our culture.
The resolution was adopted with co-spon-
sorship from 35 countries: Argentina, Aus-
tralia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, the Domin-
ican Republic, Ecuador, France, Ghana,
Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco,
Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Palau,
Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation,
Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Turkey,
Image courtesy of Philips Lighting.
3D Evolution of Light
For creating three-dimensional LED layouts for a
wide variety of lighting sources. Place your LEDs
directly on the heat sink or free-form shapes.
Find out more: www.lpkf.com/led
Ukraine, and the United States of America.
The project has more than 100 partners
from 80+ countries and is endorsed by sci-
entific societies, museums, universities, and
organizations including the International
Council for Science (ICSU), the International
Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), and
SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental
Science and Applications in the Middle East).
A royal seal of approval
IYL2015 is accompanied by the UNESCO
International Basic Sciences Programme
(IBSP). In the UK, a national committee
is headed by the Institute of Physics, with
Prince Andrew, Duke of York, as patron.
As patron for the Institute, the Duke will
host a launch event in London in January,
and he will visit companies and universities
with particular photonics and IYL-related
expertise throughout the year. He is a great
source of advice, said Taylor. He has been
involved in UK science and technology for a
long time. He knows a lot of sensible things
to do and was very helpful in terms of things
we might do.
Chairman of the IYL2015 steering
committee John Dudley is a member of SPIE
the international society for optics and
photonics and is currently serving as
president of the European Physical Society.
He described the official mandate from the
UN as to talk about photonics and bring it
to communities and education not just
LEDsmagazine.com
 programs | GLOBAL ACCESS

Moreover, he explained, addressing issues

of light pollution is essential...from reducing
energy waste to allowing us to appreciate
the beauty of the night sky. Raising aware-
ness of the importance of the interdisciplin-
ary theme of Light in the Built Environment
will be a key goal of the International Year
of Light in 2015.
A founding partner of IYL2015, the Optical
Society (OSA) echoes Dudleys sentiments and
Image courtesy of Light Up The World.

in an official statement the organization said

it supports the IYL goal of highlighting to the
citizens of the world the importance of light
and optical technologies in their lives, for their
futures and for the development of society.
It says that the importance of light is evi-
dent in ground-breaking research that it
has published and presented at conferences,
Children in rural areas can now learn including self-driving cars, using light radar
past daylight hours thanks to off-grid (lidar) and wearable technology.
lighting provided by Study After Sunset. Philips Lighting is the first patron spon-
sor and will take part in high-level roundta-
scientists, but society at large: high-level ble discussions regarding the need for innova-
politicians and school kids. tive lighting to address energy efficiency and
Dudley explained that the scientific com- climate protection. It will also support Study
munity may appreciate the importance of After Sunset to promote the use of portable,
light and photonics, but outside the confines solar-powered, high-brightness LED lanterns.
of science not many people understand how Harry Verhaar, head of global public and
a smartphone sends a microwave signal to a government affairs at Philips Lighting, com-
cell tower, the microwave signal is converted mented, Lighting has now entered a digital
to a modulated laser signal and transmit- era, where sustainable LED technologies are
ted into optical fiber, and then propagated connected to networks, devices, and apps
under the ocean from one conti- and placed to address
nent to another. We have to estab- the worlds challenges...
lish clearer lines of communication the International Year
with politicians and funding agen- of Light presents the
cies that allow us to do our research opportunity to realize
by investing in resources and peo- the potential of recent
ple to develop technology for tomor- innovations in light
row, he said in an IYL2015 presen- to benefit people both
tation. We will only get this chance socially and economi-
once; there will not be another Inter- cally, while addressing
national Year of Light, so we have to Chair of the UK National global challenges like
seize this chance. Committee Dr. Beth climate change at the
Addressing the theme of Light in Taylor wants IYL2015 same time.
the Built Environment, Dudley wants to make an impact. The collection of large
light to be used effectively by light- companies, professional
ing designers, minimizing energy use and bodies, academic interests, and society
light pollution. Figures suggest that light- reflects Dudleys call to researchers, profes-
ing represents almost 20% of global elec- sional societies, academics, and members of
tricity consumption, he noted. The future the public excited by science and technology
development of society in both developed to work together. The list of those involved
and emerging countries [is] intimately tied would indicate a strong belief in the project
up with the ability to effectively light our and evidence, to misquote an old saying, that
cities, homes, schools, and recreation areas. many hands make light (year) work.

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 33

standards | AUTOMOTIVE

New global automotive

qualification standards for
emerging LED applications
CHRISTIAN JUNG, PHILIPP PLATHNER, JOE JABLONSKI, and JOACHIM REILL detail the global efforts of
standards bodies that will impact auto makers as they increasingly turn to LEDs in forward-and rear-
facing external lighting and to internal cabin applications.

L
EDs in automotive applications are
considered to have a longer life and a
very low failure rate, leading to wider
usage. Even under the harsh environmental
conditions to which cars, trucks, and motor-
cycles are subjected, LEDs are expected to
survive the coldest winters and the hottest
summers, and tolerate the associated tem-
perature, humidity, vibration, and other
environmental impacts. Still, the industry
needs ways to characterize and document
the expected performance, and that need
has led to some new global standards.
The ability of an LED to survive such
extreme conditions depends on the materi-
als and processes used to develop the LED,
the know-how and experience of the LED
manufacturer, and the skill of the develop-
ers in the auto space. Not all LEDs on the
market are suitable for automotive applica- FIG. 1. A lab technician manages HTOL stress testing using a thermal chamber.
tions. In order to differentiate automotive-
qualified LEDs from all others, it is common 1), making the procedure expensive and time appropriate for silicon-based semiconduc-
practice to require automotive LEDs to pass consuming. The market has accepted that tors, it does not deal with the specifics of light-
a very specific set of tests before they can standardized test methods are needed to emitting, group-III-V compound semiconduc-
be designated for specific applications. The enable the LED manufacturers to optimize tors. To address this issue, an initiative was
tests are designed to verify the outer bound- the test procedures and ensure customers started in the International Electrotechnical
aries of the product specification, but testing can have confidence in the test results. Commission (IEC) to develop an international
within the specification limits. standard for the qualification testing of LEDs
An LED is considered automotive qual- Semiconductor standards for automotive applications. The expanding
ified if it fulfils the requirements under In the past, LEDs were tested according to functionality in automotive lighting applica-
the defined criteria, i.e., a test-to-pass the standard established by the Automotive tions, like adaptive driving beams in head-
approach. The testing of LEDs to these envi- Electronics Council (AEC) Q 101 Stress Test lamps, increases the necessity for such stan-
ronmental conditions requires specialized Qualification for Automotive Grade Discrete dards. Even though AEC Q101 has recently been
equipment including thermal chambers (Fig. Semiconductors. While this standard is updated (from the C-version to the D-version),
there are still significant differences between
DR. PHILIPP PLATHNER is a standardization officer, DR. CHRISTIAN JUNG is a senior staff testing of LEDs and silicon semiconductor
engineer, JOE JABLONSKI is an application engineering manager, and JOACHIM REILL is a devices. The IEC standard addresses the spe-
senior director of LED applications engineering at Osram. cific issues that are relevant for LEDs.

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 35

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standards | AUTOMOTIVE
At the same time, the United States Coun-
cil for Automotive Research (USCAR) com-
mittee started work on a test procedure for
the over-stress testing of LEDs, i.e., testing the
LED beyond the specification limits to pro-
voke failures or a test-to-failure meth-
odology. This over-stress testing is suitable
to get information about the failure behavior
of the product. Fig. 2 graphically depicts the
test-to-pass and test-to-fail methodologies.
IEC 60810 qualification testing
The basis for the IEC work for defining the
qualification tests of LEDs for automotive
applications was the document published by
the AEC the previously referenced AEC Q
101. The Joint Electron Device Engineering
Council (JEDEC) test standards referenced
within AEC Q 101 were also used by the IEC
committee for defining the test procedures.
The automotive lighting experts of the
International Automotive Lighting and Light
Signalling Expert Group (GTB), where all
major global light source makers, set (or lamp)
38 OCTOBER 2014
Product specifcation (green) group, the official IEC pro-
IEC testing at the corner points
cess was started. The docu-
No failures (test-to-pass)
ment received great support by
Parameter 2 the IEC TC34A committee and
USCAR over-stress was approved in the formal IEC
testing at points outside committee voting stage. The
the specifcation (white)
LED qualification test will be
Some failures possible
published as a new part of the
Physical limits of existing standard IEC 60810
the product (red) Lamps for Road Vehicles
Failures will occur Performance Requirements.
Parameter 1 It is expected to be published
later this year.
FIG. 2. A schematic representation of a product
specification compared with the related IEC The test details and
qualification testing at the corner points and the failure criteria
USCAR over-stress testing illustrates the different A lthough many aspects
testing methodologies. could be taken over from the
AEC Q101 testing experience
makers, and car makers are represented, pre- for silicon semiconductors, many LED-
pared the first drafts for an IEC document. specific definitions and criteria had to be
After several meetings it achieved general con- defined at the IEC level. The most impor-
sensus on the proposed procedure. tant testing requirements include: High
With the agreement in the GTB expert temperature operating life (HTOL) test;
Temperature cycling (TMCL) test; Wet high
temperature operating life (WHTOL) test;
Power temperature cycling (PTMCL) test;
Electrostatic discharge, human body model
(ESD-HBM) test; Electrostatic discharge,
machine model (ESD-MM) test; Vibrations
variable frequency (VVF) test; Mechanical
shock (MS) test; Resistance to soldering
heat (RSH-TTW) test; Resistance to sol-
dering heat (RSH-reflow) test; Thermal
shock (TMSK) test; Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
test; Pulsed operating life (PLT) test; Dew
(DEW) test; and Flowing mixed gas corro-
sion (FMGC) test. Furthermore, the fail-
ure criteria have also been specified in the
document.
During the tests, the change of the tech-
nical parameters is regularly monitored. For
example, Osram recently took a sample set
of typical test results for the luminous flux
maintenance of 26 LEDs that are stressed
under HTOL conditions. The results indi-
cated that all tested LEDs show a luminous
flux maintenance higher than 90% after
1,000 hours. Indeed, the bulk of the sample
set tested above 95%.
Testing of LEDs requires highly special-
ized test equipment. Referenced previously,
Fig. 1 shows an example of the inside of a
test chamber where LEDs are stressed under
HTOL conditions.
LEDsmagazine.com
 standards | AUTOMOTIVE

Matching tests with Product specifcation Product specifcation lighting. This document is
application requirements LED type 1 (red) LED type 2 (blue) written to encompass testing a
Different automotive lighting applications complete LED module, includ-
may have different requirements. For exam- Mission profle ing any drive electronics and
ple, an LED for a headlamp application close application B a section on LED component
(green)
to the engine compartment will be exposed over-stress testing.
to very high temperatures, whereas an LED Parameter 2 The idea behind the LED
used for a rear turn indicator may not be over-stress testing was to
Mission profle
exposed to such high temperatures. application A determine the failure limits
Fig. 3 explains how an LED qualification (pink) of the LED device. Many of the
according to IEC can help developers to choose tests are written to go beyond
an LED with the correct performance charac- the manufacturers specifi-
Parameter 1
teristics. The red and blue squares show a sche- cations in both temperature
matic specification range for two LED types. FIG. 3. Two LED product specifications and (such as +15C above maxi-
This specification is validated by IEC qualifi- two application mission profiles are compared mum junction temperature or
cation tests at the corner points. The two star schematically. Tj) and forward current (130%
symbols represent the requirements (mission of maximum) while the part is
profiles) for two different automotive applica- determined that there was a need to create tested in various environments. The dura-
tions, A and B. It can be seen that LED type 1 a common set of requirements that focus on tion of each test is specified at 1,500 hours or
is suitable only for application A, whereas LED LEDs used in exterior automotive lighting. By when 50% or more of the test population has
type 2 is suitable for applications A and B. publishing the SAE/USCAR-33 Specification failed. These rigorous requirements work to
for Testing Automotive LED Modules, USCAR ensure that all the components, as well as
USCAR-33 over-stress testing has created a standard to help the US auto- the complete module, are suitable for use in
The USCAR Lighting Group, meanwhile, motive OEMs in the rapid adoption of LED the harsh automotive environment.

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standards | AUTOMOTIVE
Conclusion and next steps
The IEC 60810 qualification testing is
intended to validate the specification range
for a certain product. If the test conditions
are chosen to represent the corner points of
the specification range, and if all tests are
passed, then it can be assumed with a cer-
tain confidence level that the LED is suitable
for applications that lie within the product
specification.
The USCAR-33 over-stress testing is
intended to test the LED outside the spec-
ification, to get further information about
the types and number of failures that can
occur under these over-stress conditions.
However, even if failures are recorded under
the USCAR-33 over-stress test conditions, no
direct conclusions can be drawn for failures
in the field.
What is still missing is an international
standard that defines a procedure for a sys-
tematic robustness investigation for LEDs.
In such an approach, one would systemati-
cally test beyond the specification limits of
100% ures) during normal operation.
Test to Calculation model Fig. 4 shows a schematic
failure (Acceleration factors)
representation of the test-to-
Failure rate Application
conditions
failure-procedure during a
systematic robustness inves-
tigation and the failure-rate
projection using calculation
models. Work has started in
the relevant standardization
groups to prepare a standard
method for this type of robust-
Time ness investigation for LEDs.
Over-stress Mission profle Regulations for higher-com-
plexity LED lamps, like adaptive
FIG. 4. The graph curves represent the robustness
driving beam headlamps, are
testing and projection of failures during realistic
described in UN-ECE R123 (ini-
application conditions.
tially developed under the aus-
pices of the United Nations Eco-
a product and record the degradation as a nomic commission for Europe but meant to
function of over-stress. In combination with harmonize global developments). Such head-
well-known modeling approaches like Arrhe- lamps are being realized with electronically
nius, Eyring, Peck, Norris-Landzberg, and switched LEDs. Especially for those systems, a
Coffin-Manson, it would then be possible to standardized robustness approach will help to
project the degradation (or number of fail- enable broader and easier adoption.
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conference preview | SIL EUROPE

Strategies in Light Europe will

examine 21st Century lighting
Conference chair BOB STEELE details the presentation schedule for the Strategies in Light 2014 conference
that will focus on recent developments in LED lighting markets, applications, and technology.

T
he fifth annual Strategies in Light
Europe (SILE) Conference and
Exhibition, with the theme Lighting
for the 21st Century, will be held at the M.O.C.
Event Centre in Munich on October 2123,
2014. As in previous years, the focus of the
conference will be to explore the markets,
applications, and technology-related issues
for solid-state lighting (SSL) that are of most
importance to the European lighting commu-
nity. Conference presentations in two paral-
lel tracks, pre-conference workshops, and
the SSL Investor Forum will explore key top-
ics for the entire SSL value chain, from com-
ponents to subsystems to systems to appli-
cations. Many of the conference sessions will
feature panel discussions to allow the audi-
ence to have more in-depth interaction with
the speakers. The conference and its associ-
ated trade show are expected to attract more
than 1,000 delegates from Europe as well as
other world regions.
Pre-conference workshops
and Investor Forum
Two workshops will be held on Tuesday,
October 21, the day before the main confer-
ence. The aim of the first workshop, LED
performance marks Are they on the right
track?, will be to have an open discussion on
the impact of LED performance marks such
as the DEKRA LED Performance Mark and
ENEC+ (a performance mark announced by
the European Norms Electrical Certification
body at Light+Building; http://bit.ly/1gvzb2o)
as well as others available to the lighting
industry, and how useful they will be for
the market. Speakers will include repre-
sentatives from MCA Baschnagel, DEKRA
Certification, EEPCA (European Electrical
Products Certification Association), LIA
Laboratories, and Andorfer Consulting.
The SIL Europe Conference features in-depth sessions and workshops designed to
address key issues that affect both the European and global SSL markets.
The second workshop, Smart Lighting,
will explore how the rapid evolution of light-
ing design concepts enabled by LED technol-
ogy, coupled with ubiquitous networking
of all things and long lifetimes of properly
designed SSL systems, will gradually change
the fundamental structure of future light-
ing markets. Speakers will include repre-
sentatives from Helvar, Tridonic, Mackwell
Electronics, Harvard Engineering, Schneider
Electric, and Trilux.
Also on October 21, the SSL Investor Forum
will be held for the fourth year. Sponsored
by investment bank Canaccord Genuity, the
forum aims to address some of the princi-
pal questions being asked by investors. The
forum will cover issues such as the pace of
adoption of LEDs in lighting, the longer-term
growth potential of the market, profitability
analysis, and opportunities to invest in differ-
ent levels of the lighting value chain. Speak-
ers from publicly-traded companies as well as
private European and global firms that have
successfully brought LED lighting products
to European and international markets will
share their expertise and insight.
Plenary session and Market/
Application and Technology Tracks
The opening plenary session will kick
off the conference with high-level speak-
ers from the LED and lighting industries,
who will address the important issues that
affect the future growth of the SSL market
in Europe as well as worldwide. A key fea-
ture of the plenary session will continue to
be a review and forecast of the LED light-
ing market by Philip Smallwood, Strategies
Unlimiteds director of LED and lighting
market research. Keynote speakers this year
include world-renowned lighting designer
Rogier van der Heide and Norbert Hiller,
executive vice president of lighting at Cree.
Plenary speakers include: Christian Schraft,
president of Havells-Sylvania; Ruben Kubiak,
policy officer of the European Commission,
DG Energy; and Gary Hua, president and
founder, Inventronics. Hua will provide

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 43

conference preview | SIL EUROPE

a perspective on the evolution of the SSL

industry and market in China.
In the Market and Applications track, pre-
sentations will range from case studies of
high-end and challenging LED lighting proj-
ects to the concept of lighting as a service,
from human-centric lighting to the impact
of LEDs on luminaire design. This years pro-
gram has a particular focus on lighting design
and will feature speakers from several lead-
ing European lighting design firms, includ-
ing KSLD, Speirs + Major, DHA Design, Lich-
tvision, and AECOM Lighting Design. These
speakers will discuss how LEDs have been
used to address major design challenges
across a wide variety of lighting applications.
Lighting as a service is an emerging con-
Throughout the program
cept that is gaining traction as an element
and exhibits, attendees
of the evolution of the LED lighting market.
at SIL Europe will be able
Speakers from Cool-Curve, Philips Lighting,
to engage with technology
and STEP Consult will address the imple-
experts in components
mentation of this concept in consumer, com-
and systems for SSL as
mercial, and outdoor lighting, respectively.
well as designers.
The idea of human-centric lighting has
 of our system, EVERLINE components make it easy to configure a
conference preview | SIL EUROPE

flexibility and quality. Developed to work individually or as part

The EVERLINE LED family leads the industry in performance,
attracted increasing attention from LED lighting manufacturers as
research has revealed the importance of lighting in regulating circa-

controllable and high-efficiency LED lighting system.

dian rhythms. The impact of lighting on human health and wellbe-
ing will be addressed from several different perspectives by speakers
from the University of Haifa, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research,
and Eindhoven University of Technology.
As the impact of the LED as a new and powerful light source on
the design and performance of luminaires is still being explored,
several speakers will address this topic. They include representa-
tives from Integrated Innovation and Design, Cooledge Lighting, and
Fraunhofer IIS.
In the Technology Track, presentations will range from developments
in LED component technology to advanced manufacturing issues, from
lighting quality to wireless connectivity and smart lighting to LED sys-
tem reliability. Recent advances in LED component technology, includ-
ing gallium-nitride-on-gallium-nitride (GaN-on-GaN), GaN-on-silicon
(GaN-on-Si), and mid-power LEDs, will be presented by speakers from
Soraa, Plessey, and Philips Lumileds. Color quality metrics and lighting

Find us at unvlt.com or 615-316-5100

quality issues will be explored by speakers from the Technical University
of Darmstadt, Xicato, and the Lucerne School
of Engineering and Architecture.
As SSL luminaires continue to evolve
from simple LEDs-in-a-box designs to more
advanced concepts, issues of manufactur-
ing efficiency, materials utilization, and cost
reduction will become increasingly impor-
tant. Addressing these issues will be speak-
ers from Stryon LLC, Rapidform RCA/Royal
College of Art, and BJB GmbH & Co. KG.
Following up on the discussion of the
Bob Steele is a current status of smart lighting in the
consultant, LED Practice pre-conference workshop on that sub-
with Strategies Unlimited. ject, a Technology Track session will be
devoted to further in-depth presentations
on smart lighting and wireless connectivity. Speakers will include
representatives from Virtual Extension, Helvar Ltd., and The Con-
nected Lighting Alliance.
Although the high degree of reliability of LED components has
been well established, the reliability at the system level still remains
an issue for the lighting industry. Speakers from Munich Re, Philips
Lighting, and Inventronics will explore these issues in depth.

Exhibits and show floor activities

The trade show accompanying the conference will feature the lat-
est products from throughout the SSL vertical supply chain, from
materials to components to modules and electronic subsystems.
is a member of the Panasonic Group
Universal Lighting Technologies, Inc.

As in 2013, there will be a variety of free presentations on the

exhibit floor. These will include both new product introductions as
well as informative seminars on subjects of interest to the SSL
community.
For more information on Strategies in Light Europe 2014, including the
complete conference agenda and online registration, please visit www.
sileurope.com. Join us for an outstanding opportunity to learn about
the latest advancements in LEDs and SSL. Moreover, the conference and
exhibit area will provide a top-notch networking venue.

LEDsmagazine.com
COME SEE US!
LuxLive19th-20th November
ExCel, London | Stand D31
outdoor | RENEWABLE ENERGY

Commercial solar outdoor LED lighting

communicates a renewable story
LED efficiency and solar power make a good match in outdoor lighting, writes MATT ELLENBERGER,
and companies that deploy such technology convey a message of stewardship to the environment.

I
n the past decade, society has seen an
increased growth in implementing
renewable technologies and practices
into our day-to-day lives. It has integrated
into our society, providing a nuance to
everyday things like automobiles, thermo-
stats, and even lighting and controls. On a
larger scale, we are seeing geothermal used
for large buildings, storm water capturing
and recycling, and even solar LED lighting
that is not connected to the electrical grid.
Indeed, the efficiencies afforded by LEDs
have breathed new life into solar as we heard
at the Strategies in Light Conference back
in February (http://bit.ly/1kXzh1e). Here we
will examine the benefits and challenges of
implementation.
Solar outdoor lighting has set itself apart
from other technologies by not only providing FIG. 1. The entry drive to Brown Center at Indian River State College provides a
essential lighting for our everyday lives but prominent sustainability message for a building dedicated to the study of such
also informing facility occupants and onlook- technology.
ers that sustainability was taken into account
in the design of the facility. Solar outdoor dropped precipitously 60% since early and greenfield construction, or in which
lighting communicates as it illuminates, con- 2011, according to the U.S. Solar Energy there is a reluctance to disturb the exist-
veying a message about environmental stew- Industries Association (SEIA) 2013 Year in ing paving or landscape i.e., parking lots,
ardship that redounds to the benefit of com- Review (http://bit.ly/1uoDVtE). roadways, outdoor storage areas, parks and
panies and organizations, as well as builders, Improved battery technology: The trails, playgrounds, and campuses. In these
developers, and lighting designers. growth in the hybrid and electric car mar- circumstances, the payback for installing a
Thanks to advances in solar panel, bat- kets has improved battery technologies and solar LED lighting system can be achieved
tery, and LED technologies, commercial the result is compact, highly efficient, lon- immediately by avoiding the costs of trench-
solar outdoor lighting is now more reliable ger-lasting rechargeable batteries. ing, wiring, and other electrical and utility
than its grid-tied counterparts, and it pro- Improved LED efficiency: LED lighting expenses associated with the installation of
vides a higher quality of light for a lower is also gaining in efficiency, which translates a new grid-tied lighting system. Plus, with
cost. Indeed, the cost of solar outdoor light- to more light with less power, or greater effi- solar LED lights there is no electricity bill
ing has benefitted from synergies in techno- cacy (more lumens per watt), which equates over the more than 25-year life of the sys-
logical innovation in three key areas: to a reduced cost for the same lighting output. tem, offering savings for decades to come.
Reduced cost of solar panels: In recent As a result of these trends, commercial For many companies and organizations
years, the cost of photovoltaic panels has solar outdoor lighting is now more econom- that choose solar LED lighting, however,
ical than grid-tied options in many situa- the cost savings are often secondary to the
MATT ELLENBERGER is vice president of sales tions. These include situations in which the public relations advantages of powering
and marketing for Sol, Inc (matt.ellenberger@ existing electrical infrastructure is remote lights with a green source of energy. Because
solarlighting.com). or nonexistent, such as perimeter security commercial solar outdoor lights do not use

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 47

outdoor | RENEWABLE ENERGY

fossil fuels and produce no ber of sun hours available.

CO2 emissions, they provide a For this reason, solar LED
visible statement of a commit- lights are often designed for
ment to the protection of the each specific project. How-
environment and to national ever, because commercial
energy security. solar outdoor lighting typ-
Many companies and orga- ically has enough battery
nizations employ commercial power to supply light for at
solar outdoor lighting to meet least five nights without a
sustainability goals that can single ray of sunshine, solar
be measured by the Institute lighting systems are able to
for Sustainable Infrastructure operate efficiently in all sun
(ISI) rating system (http://bit. environments.
ly/1t8sMLF), which provides a The final element is to
framework for evaluating the define how a lighting system
community, environmen- will be controlled. Unlike tra-
tal, and economic benefits of ditional commercial outdoor
infrastructure projects. Solar lighting, LEDs provide much
LED lights can also be used to more flexibility in terms of
satisfy building-specific sus- controls. In addition to allow-
tainability goals, to meet cor- ing for the implementation of
porate social responsibility on/off schedules, LEDs also
(CSR) goals, or to earn points allow for the dimming of lights
under the US Green Build- when a facility is not in use, as
ing Councils LEED (Lead- well as the use of motion sen-
ership in Energy and Envi- sors to turn the lights off (or
ronmental Design) program. dim them from high to low)
With solar LED lighting, each when no one is present.
light becomes a mini-adver- These elements affect the
tisement for environmen- sizing of the solar panels,
tal responsibility, achiev- FIG. 2. Odessa College was able to save 20% on upfront installation batteries, light fixtures, and
ing a level of communication costs for its LED lighting, attributable to the use of solar power. the number of poles needed
that cant be achieved with and therefore the cost.
traditional marketing tools Investing the time to under-
because it expresses the commitment high-pressure sodium (HPS) or metal halide stand the specific needs of the site, as well
through actions, not words. (MH) creates a pattern of light directly under as any local ordinances that may apply,
the luminaire, while LEDs can be config- can save dramatically on design costs. To
Designing a sustainable system ured to throw light in a broader, more even ensure that you design a system that per-
While there are technical issues to sort out pattern that creates an uninterrupted flow forms according to expectations, it is wise
in considering commercial solar outdoor of light along a road or pathway, as well as to seek the advice of a lighting consultant or
lighting systems, the design of a system boils allowing for maximum pole spacing, which an experienced solar lighting manufacturer.
down to three considerations: reduces costs.
How much light is needed? With regard to the how much solar Shining a light on public spaces
How much solar energy can be collected? energy question, the potential volume of The best parks, trails, and playgrounds in
When is the lighting needed? solar energy is measured in equivalent sun our communities are those that residents
With regard to the first question, many hours. One hour of maximum (or 100%) sun- will use and enjoy because they are designed
companies, organizations, and governments shine received by a solar panel equals one to be functional, aesthetically pleasing,
are surprised at the clear, crisp, high-quality full sun hour. Despite the fact that the sun at and safe. Solar outdoor lighting provides
light provided by the high-flux LEDs that are a particular location may be above the hori- increased security in the form of an attrac-
used in solar outdoor lighting applications. zon for 14 hours a day, the amount of full sun tive, easy-to-install system, while also show-
In addition, new LED technologies allow for may be as little as six hours a day due to the casing innovative technologies that cut costs
enhanced control options, a dramatic reduc- angle of the sunlight and the amount lost and environmental impacts. Lets discuss
tion in spill and glare, and more effective in the atmosphere. In order for a system to some projects that deliver on such criteria.
lighting distributions. For instance, tradi- meet performance expectations, it is criti- Sol, Inc worked with the town of Discov-
tional commercial outdoor lighting such as cal to base the design on the lowest num- ery Bay, CA, to design and deploy solar LED

48 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 outdoor | RENEWABLE ENERGY

lighting for Cornell Park. The residents chose solar over traditional
grid-tied lighting because of the environmental benefits and the
low upfront cost. The solar LED lights produce zero greenhouse
gas emissions and cost less than half the price that grid-tied lights
would have cost, specifically the infrastructure costs. The lighting
installation saved the town more than $80,000 in upfront installa-
tion costs alone. In addition, the town will receive no electricity bills
during the 25-year-plus lifespan of the systems.
Operations and maintenance costs are also low since the LED
luminaires can last up to 1020 years, saving on the cost of the
replacement bulbs required for traditional commercial outdoor
lighting, as well as the labor to replace them. As a result of its pos-
itive experience in Cornell Park, Discovery Bay is now exploring
commercial solar outdoor lighting for its new community center.

Pioneering sustainability on campus

Some colleges and universities are becoming more environmentally
minded by adopting low-carbon products and sustainable practices.
Leading by example, these institutions are choosing strategies to
cut their carbon footprints, heightening awareness of the need to
preserve the environment among students and alumni, and provid-
ing material for courses in sustainability.
Specifically, colleges are increasingly taking advantage of com-
mercial solar outdoor lighting as a low-cost, sustainable solution
for campus lighting needs. By implementing solar lighting, col-
lege administrators can reduce energy consumption, carbon emis-
sions, and their institutions effects on global warming without the
high costs that are often associated with the sustainably respon-
sible choice.
When Indian River State College in Fort Pierce, FL, an 87-acre
campus with more than 17,000 students, was building its new Brown
Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in 2012, the college
required that the design reflect the buildings dual mission of pre-
paring students for careers in emerging technologies, particularly
in energy-related fields, and of housing startups striving to create
jobs in these industries.
The design of the Brown Center, which was built to silver LEED
standards, has many green features, including a solar farm that gen-
erates a third of its power. However, a cost-effective green lighting
solution was still needed for the prominent entry drive that serves
as an introduction to the facility. To meet this need, the college
used Sols 20/20 solar LED lighting systems, allowing the center to
maintain its green message inside and out and students to expe-
rience the real-world applications of the energy technologies they
are studying (Fig. 1).
Although Sol donated the Brown Centers solar LED lighting sys-
tems because of its unique mission, most colleges pursue the pur-
chase of solar lights as a cost-effective, pioneering, and green alter-
native to traditional outdoor lighting.

Odessa College and New Jersey City University

Odessa College in Odessa, TX, chose to install solar LED lighting
instead of traditional grid-tied lights to ensure the safety of stu-
dents and staff walking to and from classes across a sprawling cam-
pus (Fig. 2). By avoiding the wiring and trenching costs associated

50 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com


with the installation of traditional grid-tied
lights, Odessa was able to save a significant
20% on upfront costs, as well as $8,000 per
FIG. 3. New Jersey City University installed solar-powered LED lighting on the terrace
of its student union building and expects the lighting to function throughout events
such as hurricanes.

  
year in electricity costs.
New Jersey City University in Jersey City,
NJ, used commercial solar outdoor lighting
outdoor | RENEWABLE ENERGY
on the terrace of its new student union to
help meet campus sustainability goals (Fig.
3). An added appeal is that solar LED lights
will continue to function during severe
weather events such as hurricanes. Hurri-
cane Sandy, for example, caused extensive
power outages at the university in 2012. The
ability to continue to shine through black-
outs or brownouts caused by storms or grid
malfunction is a big advantage at a time
when severe weather events and grid insta-
bility are on the increase.
The technology trends that have made
commercial solar outdoor lighting an eco-
nomically viable alternative to grid-tied
lighting in many applications will con-
tinue to accelerate in years to come, mak-
ing solar increasingly economical even in
situations in which grid-tied lighting would
now be the most cost-effective choice. We
anticipate that the time will soon be upon
us when solar outdoor lighting will be the
norm, lighting up the night with high-qual-
ity, clean, renewable power.


Flexible, modular design

 


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Applications Are Now Being Accepted
for the
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thermal | SIMULATION
Accurate thermal simulation enables LED
lighting products to match design goals
To realize the form factor, performance, and reliability goals in SSL product development, design
teams should perform thermal simulation early in the development cycle, writes TOM GREGORY.
T
he explosive growth of the LED light-
ing market in recent years has been
driven by a number of factors, not the
least of which are green legislation and envi-
ronmental concerns. LEDs are far more effi-
cient than conventional light sources such
as incandescent lamps, are more environ-
ment-friendly than fluorescent lamps
because they dont contain mercury,
and can be tuned for both color and
brightness. So, LEDs are very flex-
ible light sources for professional,
industrial, and consumer applica-
tions, but the design of solid-state
lighting (SSL) products is a complex
multidisciplinary problem. Here we
will focus on the thermal challenge
and how simulation can help devel-
opment teams deliver products that
match reliability, form factor, and per-
formance goals (Fig. 1).
Indeed, the promised operating life
of LED lamps usually somewhere
between 25,000 and 50,000 hours has
not always materialized and SSL product
performance sometimes deteriorates over
time. Performance (quality and quantity
of light output, operating life, color main-
tenance, and other parameters) is closely
linked to the temperatures experienced
within a lighting fixture or replacement
lamp. For a given environment, tempera-
ture is directly related to how effectively
the design of the fixture can dissipate inter-
nally-generated heat.
Design challenges
Two other related factors have an effect on
long-term reliability in LED lighting: the
TOM GREGORY is a product specialist for
6SigmaET at Future Facilities in London, UK.
LEDsmagazine.com
aluminum electrolytic capacitors employed
for energy storage in LED driver circuits,
and the market demand for lighting manu-
facturers to create ever-more compact fix-
tures and lamps.
With the exception of electromechanical
FIG. 1. Thermal simulation of an A-lamp
side-by-side with the finished product
shows how simulation helps a team to
meet design goals including form factor.
components such as fans, aluminum elec-
trolytic capacitors are notorious for being
the life-limiting components in many elec-
tronic circuits. The capacitors are electro-
chemical devices in which a wet electrolyte
is gradually used up to reform an aluminum
oxide dielectric layer during normal opera-
tion. The capacitors ultimately dry out and
fail catastrophically. In high temperatures
the process is accelerated.
Smaller lighting fixtures are needed in
professional applications such as entertain-
ment lighting so they can be transported
and handled more easily and are less obtru-
sive in use. In retrofit applications every-
thing from street lamps to domestic
downlights there is a need to
keep sizes and shapes within
the limits defined by older
lighting technologies. This
normally includes cramming
the electronic driver circuit
inside the fixture, as well as
the LED emitter module and
lenses, in the case of direc-
tional lighting.
Fitting driver circuits
LED driver circuits are needed to
convert the AC grid voltage to the
low DC voltage needed to power
the LEDs, and to ensure that theyre
driven for maximum output in an
efficient way. Despite their high effi-
ciency, LED chips (the die) do gen-
erate heat, as do components in the
driver circuit, particularly power transis-
tors. When you put all the heat-generat-
ing parts in a small space to meet physical
design limitations, things can get very hot
very fast, even to the point of exceeding the
typical 100C maximum temperature that
an LED junction can withstand.
The challenge for LED fixture and lamp
designers is how to fit everything into the
available space while ensuring that temper-
atures at critical points both inside and out-
side the final product remain within accept-
able limits. Thats where thermal simulation,
especially when applied throughout the
design process, can help. Fig. 2 is an example
OCTOBER 2014 55
thermal | SIMULATION

of chip modules under thermal simulation

that display good thermal management.

Thermal simulation benefits

Historically, much of the design and devel-
opment work has been done based on using
rules of thumb to calculate from a thermal
perspective how a particular component,
printed circuit board (PCB), or complete
assembly might perform. As the design
and development process for any electronic
product is iterative, the calculations have to
be repeated throughout the product devel-
opment process. At each stage, design
errors need to be corrected and even then
hotspots can be missed. Every change adds
time and expense to the project, adding to
the risk of missing windows of opportunity
in the market.
Furthermore, the relatively poor accuracy
involved in this approach results in design-
ers having to over-engineer thermal man-
agement. As an example, this could mean
using a larger heat sink than necessary, add-
ing size and cost to the end product. It may
even mean including a fan where one is not
required, greatly reducing the final products
mean time between failure (MTBF), a mea-
sure of expected operating life. Perhaps even
more important, it could result in thermal
issues that dont manifest themselves until
the product is already in the field. The poten-
tial costs of warranty claims, product swap-
outs, and damage to brand reputation can be
catastrophically high.
So, thermal simulation enables engineers
to design smaller, more economical products FIG. 2. Thermal simulation shows that these chip modules display good thermal
that perform better and last longer. Thermal management characteristics.
simulation offers the added benefit of being
able to iterate the design rapidly, trying mul- Fig. 3 depicts the interaction between the mal modeling tool needs the following infor-
tiple options in thermal management and team members with different disciplinary mation to create a usable simulation:
ultimately cutting time-to-market. backgrounds. Details of components and their location
At the start of the process, a very simple on the PCB
Simulation in the development flow concept model where all the electronic Estimated dissipation of the most signif-
The earlier in the design flow that ther- components are represented as a lumped icant components
mal simulation is carried out, the lower the block of heat may be used to determine Dimensioned outlines of the lighting fix-
risk of having to make significant design if it is possible to cool the lighting fixture ture housing
changes to overcome thermal issues that within the constraints of its outline speci- After running a simulation, temperature
may arise. Throughout the project, elec- fication (Fig. 4). The total power dissipation plots highlight where components are likely
tronics, mechanical, and thermal engineers of the product, its dimensions, the size of the to exceed their maximum permissible oper-
need to work cooperatively to ensure that heat sink, and the airflow of a fan if one is ating temperature.
the results of thermal simulations are taken to be used represent all the information
into consideration in the design process, and that is available at this stage. Input data drives results
that the impact of design changes on ther- At the next stage, when the preliminary The more accurate the input data, the more
mal performance are fully appreciated. product design has been created, the ther- accurate the simulation will be. The results

56 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 Always in stock.
Imagine the shelves always
being stocked with what you need.

With Future Lighting Solutions Philips Lighting

Zero Lead-Time Initiative, parts are always in stock*.

www.FutureLightingSolutions.com

"#$%
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thermal | SIMULATION
of the initial simulation can guide PCB These may be thermocouples, on-
designers and mechanical engineers toward chip sensors, or infrared sensors,
changes that may be beneficial to the ther- depending on the application.
mal performance of the fixture or lamp. The
process is repeated as the design evolves. Accuracy of thermal simulation
The proposed final design should then be A thermal design specialist from
simulated again, before a prototype is pro- Optimal Thermal Solutions BV,
duced. More detailed information is needed Norbert Engelberts has worked
on a number of LED lighting
in order to ensure that the results of the sim-
ulation are accurate. This includes: projects using the 6SigmaET
Thermal models of components within thermal simulation tool
the fixture, where these are available from Future Facilities. The
from component manufacturers first was the design of an
3D CAD models of the housing of the LED LED lamp to replace 60W
fixture or lamp these can be imported incandescent E27-base
into the simulation tool in a variety of A-lamps for the European
industry-standard formats market. The design goal was to
PCB designs from EDA software these achieve the lowest possible heat sink tem-
can be imported using industry-stan- perature with convection cooling in order
dard formats such as IDF and IDX to maximize the operating life of the bulb.
Details of copper traces within the lay- Operating life decreases as temperature
ers of PCBs rises. Thermal modeling was used to opti-
Information about the characteristics of mize the heat sink design and when the
the materials used in the fixture final product was evaluated, the simula-
Updated data on the expected power tion was found to be accurate to within 5%
dissipation of components within of measured temperatures.
the fixture, derived from engineering The same degree of accuracy was encoun-
calculations tered when designing a downlight. Here, the
Once a prototype is completed, the devel- design goal was to determine the smallest
opment team verifies the accuracy of the possible heat sink that could be used while
simulation with physical temperature mea- ensuring the LED junction temperature
surements. In evaluating this data, its stayed well within its 100C limit. The over-
important to take account of the accuracy all discrepancy between measured and sim-
limits of the measuring devices employed. ulated temperatures was just 4.6%.
Engelber ts a lso
Specifcation
used thermal mod-
eling in the develop-
ment of a street lamp.
The challenge here
was to ensure effective
Mechanical Thermal Electronic thermal management
engineer simulation engineer
software within an IP66 sealed
enclosure, the size and
shape of which was
determined by that
of the conventional
lamp that it was to
replace. The weight
of the lamp was a key
concern, so the heat
Product sink again needed to
be kept to a minimum
FIG. 3. For thermal simulation to be of value, electronics, size, without unduly
mechanical, and thermal engineers need to work cooperatively compromising the
during product development. products operating
58 OCTOBER 2014
FIG. 4. Simulating a simple concept
model determines whether it is possible
to create a thermally viable product
within the proposed mechanical and
electrical constraints.
life. From the initial design to the final one,
the average temperature at various points
within the lamp was reduced by 19%, and at
some points cut by 35%. The final product
was just 13% heavier than the conventional
lamp it replaced and, of course, far more reli-
able and energy efficient.
Thermal simulation tools
Thermal simulation tools for electron-
ics design are based on computational
fluid dynamics (CFD). Two tools suited to
LED lighting design are Mentor Graphics
FloTHERM and Future Facilities 6SigmaET.
FloTHERM has been around for over 25
years while 6SigmaET is a newer tool
designed to appeal to both experienced
thermal engineers and those with less spe-
cialist knowledge.
Because the primary purpose of adopting
thermal simulation is to create better prod-
ucts faster, key considerations in tool selec-
tion must include ease of use, particularly
with respect to how easily the tool imports
CAD models and facilitates model creation,
and how quickly and accurately it performs
simulations. The training and technical sup-
port from the vendor should also be evalu-
ated. The duration of training courses can
be a useful guide to the relative complexity
of the tools.
LEDsmagazine.com
350+ exhibitors, Light Canada,
LC accredited Lighting Seminars,
15,000 attendees, keynotes Daniel
Libeskind & David Rockwell and
a whole lot of inspiration.
30th Anniversary
Wednesday, December 3 Thursday, December 4, 2014
Metro Toronto Convention Centre North
iidexcanada.com #iidex14
 LED
THE SAVE THE DATE
FEBRUARY 24-26, 2015
SANDS EXPO & CONVENTION CENTER
LAS VEGAS, NV, USA
WWW.T HEL EDS HO W.COM

SEE YOU NEXT YEAR!

The LED Show in 2015 is going to be our best event yet!
While remaining highly focused on attracting our core audience of lighting specifers and designers, we
are co-locating The LED Show with Strategies in Light to showcase the entire ecosystem of the LED and
lighting industry (SSL) through frst-class conference sessions, the best networking opportunities available
and an exhibition covering the entire vertical value chain of the LED industry. With over 250 anticipated
exhibitors, this is The LED Show you wont want to miss!
Mark your calendars for February 24-26, 2015!

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focus on Optics
Optics place LEDs in the right light
Secondary and sometimes tertiary optics ultimately dictate the photometric performance
of solid-state lighting (SSL) lamps and luminaires. LEDs deliver a relatively broad beam
that requires shaping to place light where its required in certain applications. For example,
directional spotlights need a very narrow beam while street lights need to cover a broad
area, perhaps with a rectangular pattern. To understand more about the ways optics can be
applied, review our recent feature article on the topic (http://bit.ly/1CW9Few). Indeed, lenses
and reflectors can be used separately or together in advanced lamp and luminaire designs.
Moreover, optical component designs must adapt to changes in the LED space for example,
in cases where the size of the light-emitting surface (LES) grows with the proliferation of chip-on-
board (COB) LEDs. Lets review some of the latest product announcements from optics vendors,
including quite a few products designed specifically for COB LEDs. MAURY WRIGHT

Multi-TIR nested lens from Fraen Jupiter LED reflector lens from Auer Lighting
The larger LES that accompanies COB LEDs presents unique In many lamp or luminaire designs, such as in directional
problems. In many cases, the industry has relied on total products, the need arises for both reflectors and lenses, espe-
internal reflection (TIR) lenses to deliver a precise beam pat- cially with larger COB LED sources. In most cases those optical
tern in applications such as outdoor area lighting and high- elements are separate products, but Auer Lighting has devel-
bay luminaires. But TIR lenses grow quickly in size with the oped what it calls hybrid optics that integrate both reflector
larger size of the LEDs and have been thought to be more
appropriate for smaller point sources, as we discussed in a
feature article on beam patterns (http://bit.ly/1k4eF5T). To
overcome the challenges of a larger LES, Fraen turned to a lens
design that has dual TIR elements with an air gap between the
two that creates multiple TIR surfaces. The result is mitiga-
tion of the etendue effect, at least in terms of the height of the
optics. Lamps or luminaires that use the lens will be lower in
profile than reflector-based optical designs and deliver bet-
ter beam control, according to the company.

and lens elements. Learn more about the approach in a recent

feature article on optics (http://bit.ly/1uoFx7F). The Jupiter
lens from Auer is designed for directional applications and for
use with an LED such as the Cree CXA 1512 with a 9-mm LES.
With such an LED, the lens can deliver a 7.5 beam pattern and
center beam candle power (CBCP) of 28,000 cd.

Kristall COB TIR lens from Khatod

Khatod has perhaps the broadest series of COB LED lenses
including the Kristall family, which includes TIR models that
will work with LEDs from Philips Lumileds, Citizen, Seoul
Semiconductor, Cree, Osram, and Bridgelux. The lenses are
made from either PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) or PC

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 61

focus on | OPTICS

(polycarbonate) depend-
ing on the beam spread
and the LED in ques-
tion. Most of the prod-
ucts, identified by the
LED family for which they
were designed, are avail-
able in narrow, medium,
and wide beam spreads.
The narrow designs are
baseline TIR lenses, while
the medium and wide
products include a dif-
fuser tertiary lens with
its own optical elements embedded to deliver the desired spread.
The lenses offer 85% efficiency and generally are compatible with
Zhaga Consortium books in terms of the LED sizes for which they are
designed and the mounting options.

Jenny silicone COB LED lens from LEDiL
Designed for COB LEDs at the smaller end of the technology sector in
terms of LES, the Jenny lens offers developers flexibility in that manu-
facturer LEDiL delivers the lenses in a 18 array that can be used as a
one-piece module or separated into smaller sizes. The individual TIR
lenses measure 3535 mm and for now deliver a symmetrical beam.
The company has said that it will deliver more beam pattern options
light than a high-power LED would generate. Carclo designed its
Mid Power array optic for just such applications. The product inte-
grates 84 TIR lenses, each of which is meant to cover an indus-
try-standard 5630 (5.63.0-mm) LED. Generally, mid-power LEDs
havent been used in outdoor applications, but the Carclo product
is designed for street- and area-lighting applications. Indoor linear
products wouldnt typically use a lens to control the beam because
the broader beam pattern native to the LED package is preferred.

F3S Streetlight optic from Fraen

Street-light and other outdoor area-lighting applications are unique
in that a broad beam is required yet the optics must deliver a beam
with specified boundaries to minimize spill light. For example, street-
lights may be specified such that there is no or minimal light deliv-
ered behind the pole, whereas the rectangular beam needs to cover a
large area longitudinally along the roadway. TIR lenses are the most
common approach to street- and area-target luminaires. Early LED

in future members of the family. The lenses are manufactured using

silicone material, and we will discuss materials more later in this arti-
cle. For the Jenny product, however, the construction delivers optical
efficiency of 94%. Installation in a luminaire using glue or a mechani-
cal holder will protect the LEDs from water or dust ingress.
Mid Power array by Carclo Optics
At the other end of the spectrum from COB LEDs we have mid-power
packaged LEDs finding increasing usage, especially in linear-type
applications where more LEDs are used, with each delivering less
designs used individual lenses mounted over each LED in a lumi-
naire. But its much simpler to manufacture a luminaire when the
optics can be applied in a larger form factor with multiple TIR lenses
embedded in an optical array. Fraen took such an approach in the FS3
Streetlight series that includes a 26 array. The multi-lens modules
are offered in versions that can deliver on multiple beam patterns.
The IES (Illuminating Engineering Society) is moving from the leg-
acy IES Type classification for beam patterns in the latest RP-8 doc-
ument for roadway lighting, albeit the industry still widely uses the

62 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com


old classifications. The F3S is available in Type I, II, and III distribu-
tions. Moreover, the optics can be used with many LED types including
Cree XT-E, XP-E, XP-E2, XP-G, and XP-G2; Philips Lumileds Luxeon R,
Rebel, and Rebel ES; Seoul Semiconductor Z5P and Z5M; and Osram
Opto Semiconductors Oslon SSL 150 and Oslon Square.
Strada-22 asymmetric optic from LEDiL
Moving beyond the beam patterns defined by the IES, LEDiL has a
new TIR product family in a 22 array that works with discrete LEDs
focus on | OPTICS
and generates an asymmetric beam pattern. The Strada-22 product
is designed for applications such as pedestrian crosswalks where the
photometric requirements include safe lighting for pedestrians but
also minimal glare that might distract drivers. The asymmetric dis-
tribution implies that drivers approaching a luminaire based on the
optic would see little light projected toward the oncoming traffic.
Instead, a pole mounted before the crosswalk would allow the lumi-
naire to project a beam to the mid-point of the roadway and longi-
tudinally in the direction of the traffic flow. The lens module is con-
structed from PMMA and, in a design example provided by LEDiL,
delivers 3841 lx on the road surface using LEDs such as the Osram
Oslon Square LED.
Bern glass TIR lens from Auer Lighting
Materials are inevitably an issue when the subject of optics is dis-
cussed. There is a broad choice of materials with varying reliabil-
ity against the elements and photometric properties. Auer Lighting
believes that its Suprax Glass-based products are a better match
than alternatives such as PMMA or PC in high-reliability LED appli-
cations, especially in difficult environments. The Bern TIR lens is
one such optic that is made from the Suprax glass. The lens can
withstand temperatures as high as 400C with no discoloring or
focus on | OPTICS

degradation of photometric performance. The lens offer 85% trans-
mittance or optical efficiency and delivers a 12 beam pattern. The
lens is designed for use with 55-mm LEDs in discrete packages.
SIO3 silicone lenses for COB LEDs from Khatod
Silicone optics technology is increasingly popular in some applica-
tions where the lens can also serve to seal the LED against water or
dust ingress. The material can also withstand high temperatures and
resist degradation in optical performance. Khatod has claimed to be
the first to deliver silicone TIR products in the PL50SIL product for
discrete LEDs two years back (http://bit.ly/1ADkRIZ), and now offers
a product for larger LEDs. The products target street- and area-light-
ing applications and are available in IES Type I, II, III, IV, and V beam
patterns, as illustrated by the nearby images. The silicone technology
is also a good match for luminaires designed for hazardous locations,
being shatter and explosion proof.

Winnie TIR MR16 lens from LEDiL

Despite the material options, however, PMMA and PC remain the
most popular material choices for LED lighting optics because of
lower cost and lighter weight. LEDiL turned to PMMA for its COB
LED lens thats designed specifically for directional spotlight appli-

A.A.G. STUCCHI
CELEBRATING
70 YEARS
OF IDEAS.
This year we celebrate 70 years of ideas
and we have decided to celebrate it
with a new big idea:
the birth of Gruppo Stucchi.

A.A.G. Stucchi and PFA together

in a professional team rich in passion cations. Indeed, the Winnie product can be used in MR16 retro-
and international expertise.
fit lamps as well as in directional luminaires. The company calls
the TIR element a flat-folded design, and it delivers the form factor
required for a small lamp such as an MR16. The lens features a 49.8-
mm diameter and 19.2-mm height. The beam angle is 20 and LEDiL
www.aagstucchi.com
said that efficiency is 87%. A 4.8W prototype luminaire using the
optic delivers 419 lm. Moreover, for luminaire designs, the product
is compatible with the Zhaga Book 3 specification for spotlights.

64 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 focus on | OPTICS

Luna optics from Khatod light out the surface of

Lenses and reflectors certainly arent the only types of optics that the optic. One example
come into play in the diverse world of SSL products. Diffusers are of such a product is the
often used to both hide LED point sources and deliver a more uni- light guide from Global
for m a mbience. Lighting Technologies
Diffusers can also (GLT) that offers the
be coated or treated add itiona l benef it
to deliver specific of flexibility (http://
special effects, and bit.ly/YASiAr). Such
thats where the optics are generally
Khatod Luna prod- custom-specified for a
ucts come into play. development project,
The Luna diffusers although GLT said its
are based on photo- offering can be deliv-
luminescence tech- ered in lengths to 24
nology and the optic in. or more and in
will continue to thicknesses ranging
glow in the dark for from 0.254 mm. The company will target automotive, consumer
an extended period electronics, and white-goods lighting applications with the flexi-
after an LED source ble optic. The more typical rigid guides are being utilized in appli-
is turned off. When powered on, a lamp with a Luna optic looks like cations where the optic appears transparent when off but delivers
a typical LED lamp, but when powered off the optics deliver soft uniform diffuse light when powered on.
diffused green or blue light. Applications include marker or signal-
ing lighting such as step lights, and the technology can be applied
indoors or out.
ELECTRIC
LISTED SIGN
No. XX 000000 ELECTRIC

LISTED SIGN
ChromaLit linear optic from Intematix ELECTRIC No. XX 000000

LISTED SIGN
Secondary optics also offer the potential of using remote phosphor No.
No
N XX 000000
EL CTRIC
ELE
ELECTRIC
technology to perhaps increase efficacy and enable better color ELECTRIC
ELEC RIC
ELECTR C SIGN
SI

LISTED

SIGN No. XX 000000

000000
ELECTRIC
ELEC T
TED SIGN
SI G LIS
STED
No. XX 000000
000 0
No.
No XX 000
000000
ELECTRIC

LISTED SIGN
N
ELECTRIC
ELE
No. XX 0000
000000
00
RIC
ELECTR CNo. XX 000000
0 00000
STED

LISTED SIGN
No. XX 000000
00000

DELIVERING
ELECTRIC
SIGN
TRUST ELECTRIC
ELECT
SIGN

maintenance over time (http://bit.ly/1cv3LEO). Because the LEDs

LISTED
TO SIGN MANUFACTURERS
No. XX 000000 No. XX 000000
LISTED

are not adjacent to the phosphor, the phosphor is subject to less heat
and minimal, if any, color or efficiency degradation. One example
UL employs exacting processes and the
of such technology is the Intematix ChromaLit linear optic that
was developed in collaboration with SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries highest ethical principals to address the
Corporation) using the latters Lexan Lux thermoplastic material. next generation of safety challenges and
Intematix says the design delivers 215 lm per radiant watt, or a sys- deliver trusted results.
tem efficacy of up to 163 lm/W.
Learn more about UL sign solutions at:
industries.ul.com/blog/ul-signs-solutions/
Flexible light guide from GLT
One other category of optic that can come into play in advance lumi-
naire or lamp designs is a light guide that can be lit from the edge UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2014

with LEDs while optical-extraction features in the guide direct the

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 65

 R
the egiste
UK r fo
ligh s grea r
tin te
luxl g even st
ive. t
co.
uk

Packed full of
new features,
the UKs
biggest and
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event ...

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LuxLive 2014 :
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Register now for your FREE entry pass: www.luxlive.co.uk/register

LuxLive | ExCeL | London | 19 - 20 November 2014 Contact: T +44 (0)1905 724734 @Lux_Live for #LuxLive updates
developer forum | THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION

Determine LED temperature

effects for reliable SSL products
Developers can achieve benefits spanning more robust designs to improved quality assurance of
final SSL products by accurately characterizing LED temperature effects, explains ANDRS POPPE .

M
any factors contribute to light out-
put degradation of an LED, down
to almost nano-scale issues at
the active region of the LED die to thermo-
mechanical stresses in the semiconduc-
tor crystal and at the different interfaces
between the material regions. All of these
physical processes that contribute to
aging of LEDs are thermally assisted the
speed of the aging processes exponentially
depends on the temperature. Understanding
the temperature effects is paramount to
developing robust and reliable solid-state
lighting (SSL) products.
Even in a good device, the light output
drops with temperature. At higher temper-
atures, an LED device becomes less efficient.
If the die-attach region of an LED starts
delaminating, the process may speed up in
time: Delamination causes higher thermal
resistance, which causes even higher junc-
tion temperature, possibly further contrib-
uting even further to delamination like
an avalanche.
A good LED is well-designed in every
detail: On the die level, the fine structure
of the active layer is well-optimized; the
light is generated with high efficiency in the
p-n-junction; it is extracted with high effi-
ciency from the semiconductor crystal; ther-
mal expansion coefficient mismatches are
properly handled; the thermal resistance
is minimized; the phosphor has high con-
version efficiency; the temperature depen-
dence of this efficiency is minimized; mate-
rials used in the encapsulation are stable;
the optics remain transparent; and it is not
sensitive to short-wavelength radiation,
ANDRS POPPE is a co-founder of MicReD, now Mentor Graphics Mechanical Analysis Division,
and supports marketing of the T3Ster and TERALED products. He is an active member of the
JEDEC JC15 and CIE TC2-63 and TC2-64 standardization committees.
heat, and aggressive chemicals that might
be present in the close atmosphere within
the luminaire.
From the reliability point of view, even a
simple LED device is quite complex. Many
inter-related processes contribute to its
aging. The change of the junction-to-ambi-
ent thermal resistance is a good lumped
indicator of how the aging of the LED has
progressed or will progress.
Advanced testing techniques,
accurate results
In reliability and lifetime testing, the typical
protocol is that the device under test is first
subject to some stress conditions. In HAST
(highly accelerated stress testing), for exam-
ple, power cycling or temperature cycling is
used to speed up the aging processes; and
after stressing has elapsed for a certain time,
analysis techniques are used to look for pos-
sible failures.
Thermal transient testing combined with
the use of structure functions is an in-situ
and non-destructive post-stress analysis
technique. (Structure functions are the
thermal capacitancethermal resistance
maps of the junction-to-ambient heat-flow
path; the shape of the structure function
depends on the thermal properties and
the geometry of the subsequent sections
of the heat-flow path. For details on struc-
ture functions, see the original paper of V.
Szkely, consult Annex A of the Joint Elec-
tron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC)
JESD 51-14 standard1, or see Sections 4.4.4
and 4.4.52.) With this type of testing, stress-
ing can be interrupted and a thermal tran-
sient measurement can be taken at a cer-
tain time during the aging process, and
then the stressing process can be contin-
ued. This process is also advisable during
LED lifetime and reliability tests, either
following the standard LM-80 aging proto-
col or any other HAST-type aging protocol
applied to LEDs. When used as a pre- and
post-stress testing method, such measure-
ments provide good means of failure anal-
ysis, contributing to the design and manu-
facture of more reliable and better quality
LED-based products.
Transient testing
Fig. 1 presents the basic concept of thermal
transient testing of LEDs. The test equip-
ment forces a stepwise change in the heat-
ing power of the LED under test and mea-
sures the transient response of its junction
temperature. Normalized by the change in
the heating power this curve is called the
Zth(t) thermal impedance curve. After post-
processing, the thermal impedance is turned
into alternate formats that can be used to
represent the thermal behavior or thermal
properties of the LEDs junction-to-ambient
heat-flow path for a particular purpose.
For example, the complex locus is a for-
mat best suited to describe the thermal
impedance of AC-driven LEDs; the pulsed
thermal resistance diagrams are well-
suited to describe how LEDs would ther-
mally react when dimmed via pulsewidth
modulation; structure functions provide
non-destructive means of failure analy-
sis; and even a dynamic compact thermal
model can be created to represent the LED
package during a luminaire-level compu-
tational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based ther-
mal simulation.
The step-wise approximation of the

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 67

developer forum | THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION

structure function (Fig. 2) is a natural exten- T3Ster Master: Cumulative structure function(s) T he d ia g ra ms
sion of the data-processing part of the JEDEC Cth (Ws/K) 3.35 RthJC = 3.35 K/W in Fig. 4 show the
JESD 51-14 compliant transient RthJC measure- resu lts of ther-
ment method, as implemented by Mentor 10,000 mal transient test-
TIM
Graphics in the T3Ster Master data-process- ing of 15 randomly
ing software used to evaluate measurement 100 Cold plate selected samples of
results obtained by the thermal transient a recent high-end
Inside the package
test equipment T3Ster. This software is also 1 R2 power LED pur-
equipped with an interface that propagates C2 chased from a dis-
R1
such test-based dynamic compact models to No TIM tributor of a well-
C1
0.01
be used in 3D CFD-based thermal simulation R0 recog n ized L ED
tools such as FloTHERM or FloEFD. vendor. In Fig. 4a,
1e-4 Cold plate
C0 for two samples out
LM-80 reveals failure mode 0 1 2 3 4 Rth (K/W) of the lot of 15, the
Researchers from the University of Pannonia Junction Case measured thermal
and the Budapest University of Technology Rest of the heat impedance is sig-
R0 R1 R2 conduction path
and Economics in Hungary pioneered the nificantly higher
use of thermal transient measurements of C0 C1 C2 already 10 msec
power LED packages during LM-80 com- after turning the
patible aging tests. In a recent thermal-only power on. This time
FIG. 2. An example of a structure function, the graph illustrates
study of the latest LED die-attach issues, range is charac-
how you can identify the package RthJC thermal resistance of a
they found problems in about 13% of the teristic to the die-
power LED device with the transient dual interface method of
LEDs purchased through usual commercial attach region. The
JESD 51-14 and the dynamic compact thermal modeling of the
channels, which pointed them to the need conclusion that the
main heat-flow path of the package.
for testing LEDs in production. The same increased overall
type of LEDs used in an automotive head- included delamination of the attachment of steady-state thermal resistance of these
light module showed the same rate of die- the LED package to the substrate (a metal- two samples was caused by the increased
attach problems. core printed circuit board, or MCPCB, in this die-attach thermal resistance is confirmed
They noted that the light output degrada- case), as well as degradation of the thermal by the structure function shown in Fig. 4b.
tion of LEDs measured during LM-80 com- conductivity of the thermal interface mate- These results highlighted the importance
pliant aging was strongly correlated with rial (TIM) used in the test setup. The corre- of testing the die-attach quality during
degradation of the quality of the junction- sponding increases in the interfacial thermal production.
to-ambient heat-flow path of the LED prod- resistances were indicated by the elongation However, such in-line testing of die-attach
uct tested3 (Fig. 3). The observed changes of flat regions of structure functions. quality in LEDs raises a number of ques-

Junction temperature
Power step transient response Dynamic thermal compact model
PH (t) TJ (t) R1 R2

Rn
C1 C2 Cn
Time Time

Imag (K/W) Complex locus Structure function T3Ster Master: Pulse Rth diagram
DC: 0 rad/s
0.0 CREE_MCE_AL_2_25_MY_F1_T25_10350 - Ch. 0 CREE_MCE_AL_2_25_MY_F1_T25_10350 - 0.50
10,000 rad/s 0.01 rad/s
CREE_MCE_AL_2_25_MY_F1_T25_10350 - 0.25
100 CREE_MCE_AL_2_25_MY_F1_T25_10350 - 0.10
-0.2 1000 rad/s CREE_MCE_AL_2_25_MY_F1_T25_10350 - 0.05
100 rad/s 10
0.1 rad/s 3
-0.4 1
0.1 2
-0.6 0.01
10 rad/s 1 rad/s 1 Pulse thermal
-0.8 0.001 resistance diagram
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 1e-5 1e-4 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Real (K/W) Rth (K/W) Time (s)

FIG. 1. The composite image provides an overview of thermal transient testing of LEDs. The junction temperature response to a
step-wise change in the LEDs heating power is measured and post-processed.

68 OCTOBER 2014 LEDsmagazine.com

 developer forum | THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION

a) FIG. 4. The graphs depict

tions. First, complete steady-state to steady- T3Ster Master: Thermal impedance
Zth the thermal transient
state thermal transient measurements are (K/W) grease_T25_I350_corr
not feasible to meet the speed requirements S01 S06 S11
measurement results of
25
S02 S07 S12 15 randomly selected
of the production lines. In earlier studies4-5, 20 S03 S08 S13
transient response to short (typically 10 S04 S09 S14 commercial samples of
S05 S10 S15
msec) heating pulses already carries the 15 recent surface-mount device
necessary information about the die-attach 10 (SMD) packaged high-power
quality; thus, test waveforms with an over-
white LEDs: a) measured
5
all length of 80200 ms are appropriate,
thermal impedances and
0 b) corresponding structure
depending on the actual thermal time-con- 1e-6 1e-5 1e-4 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Time (s) functions. The results for
stant of the LED product to be tested. Such
a timeframe corresponds to the throughput b) T3Ster Master: the two samples exhibiting
of production lines. Cth Cumulative structure function(s) increased die-attach
(Ws/K) grease_T25_I350_corr thermal resistance are
Another important issue is that, during in- S01 S06 S11
line testing of LEDs there is no possibility to 100 S02 S07 S12 shown with thick lines.
S03 S08 S13
find the temperature sensitivity of the for- 1 S04 S09 S14
S05 S10 S15
ward voltage of LEDs, as would be required 0.01 measurement and identifi-
by the standard laboratory testing of ther- 1e-4
cation method, Solid-State
mal properties. This problem can be solved Electronics 31(9):13631368
1e-6
by matching the initial part of the measured (1988).
1e-8
VF (t) transients to the real Zth(t) curves in the 0 5 10 15 20 2. G. Farkas and A. Poppe,
Rth (K/W)
initial section (in the 110 ms range) where Thermal testing of LEDs, In:
the heat-wave generated by the short heating C.J.M. Lasance, A. Poppe (eds.),
pulse propagated only in the LED chip itself Conclusion Thermal Management for LED Applications,
and is not yet influenced by the quality of theThermal transient testing completed with Springer, (2013). pp. 73165. (Solid State
die attach. A recent paper by T. Dannerbauer structure function analysis helped distin- Lighting Technology and Application
and T. Zahner6 provides more details on this guish between the increased thermal resis- Series) ISBN: 978-1-4614-5090-0, DOI
technique. The key in such a testing solution tance caused by the die-attach issues of the 10.1007/978-1-4614-5091-7.
is the accurate measurement of the early part incoming LED components and that caused 3. A. Poppe, G. Molnr, P. Csuti, F. Szab, and J.
of the forward voltage transient. by the imperfect soldering to the modules Schanda, Ageing of LEDs: A Comprehensive
base plate. Study Based on the LM80 Standard and
T3Ster Master: Cumulative structure function(s) Thermal transient mea- Thermal Transient Measurements, In: CIE
Cth (Ws/K)
surements are useful not only 27th Session Proceedings, CIE 197:2011: (Vol.
5.6 4.7 0.6
in laboratory and production 1), 1015 July 2011, Sun City, South Africa,
1000
testing of LEDs and LED mod- pp. 467477.
100 ules but they also provide valu- 4. P. Szab, A. Poppe, and M. Rencz, Studies
10 able input to modeling of LEDs. on the possibilities of in-line die attach char-
1 When combined with radio- acterization of semiconductor devices, In:
metric/photometric measure- Proceedings of the 9th Electronics Packaging
0.1
B sample #1 ments at the same time, so- Technology Conference (EPTC 07), 1012
0.01 0h called compact multi-domain December 2007, Singapore, pp. 779784.
0.001 500h LED models can be created. 5. P. Szab, M. Rencz, G. Farkas, and A.
2000h
1e-4 3000h Using such models in the Poppe, Short time die attach characteri-
1e-5 design phase of LED modules zation of LEDs for in-line testing applica-
0 2 4 6 8 10 and luminaires allows proper tion, In: Proceedings of the 8th Electronics
Rth (K/W)
thermal design and, through Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC
FIG. 3. During LM-80 testing of LEDs, delamination the hot lumens calculations, 06), Vol. 1, Singapore, 68 December 2008,
of the attachment layer occurred within 500 hours of provides data about the fore- pp. 360366.
aging time (see the differences between the 0-hour seen optical performance of 6. T. Dannerbauer and T. Zahner, Inline Rth
and 500-hour plots). TIM aging occurred between the final SSL product. Control: Fast Thermal Transient Evaluation
500 hours and 2,000 hours of aging time. After 2,000 for High Power LEDs, In: Proceedings
hours of aging, no further degradation of the quality of REFERENCES of the 19th International Workshop on
the junction-to-ambient heat-flow path was observed 1. V. Szkely and T.V. Bien, Fine Thermal Investigation of ICs and Systems
(Image courtesy of Budapest University of Technology structure of heat flow path (THERMINIC 13), 2527 September 2013,
and Economics). in semiconductor devices: a Berlin, Germany, pp. 172175.

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2014 69

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Last Word begins on p. 72 citizens may
charge their smartphones and tablets. At the
same time, these park benches also measure
environmental factors such as air quality and
noise levels. Thus, cross-linked benches pro-
vide more than seating accommodations.
They mutate into charging stations and mea-
suring instruments for sustainable urban
spaces. Analogously, networked streetlights
are more than mere appliances for artificial
lighting. They become nodes in a multi-func-
tional network.
Basic architecture of intelligent lighting
What requirements must an intelligent
lighting solution meet in order to act as a
multifunctional network? Its basic struc-
ture must correspond to the multiplicity of
current market solutions. First, technicians
equip the lamps with electronic devices by
either placing the hardware in a small box
attached to the outside of the street lamp
or retrofitting the devices into the fixture.
Alternatively, the lamp manufacturer will
integrate the hardware directly. Of course,
some of the older model lamps may need
updating to more efficient LEDs. Once
upgraded, the lamps can be integrated into
a short-distance network.
In addition to the hardware in the lamps,
mobile communication gateways are used
for exchanging data over long distances.
These can be attached to lampposts or
housed in power distribution grids. Usu-
ally, they are positioned so that each gate-
way reaches a maximum number of nodes.
In the Street Lighting Management solution
of Deutsche Telekom (based on the PE.AMI
system from Paradox Engineering), a single
gateway supports up to 200 nodes. It receives
information from the nodes and forwards it
to a server infrastructure in the cloud or to
a citys local server. Likewise, the gateway
sends control commands back to the nodes
and instructs them to switch the lights on
and off or dim them.
Neural pathway of the smart city
The combination of nodes and gateways pro-
duces a double-layered network. The nar-
rowband network of nodes is pre-destined
for sensor-based applications such as smart
metering. The broadband network of gate-
ways is meant for data-intensive applica-
tions such as traffic monitoring with video
LEDsmagazine.com
3G/4G/Mobile
Management Narrowband
platform WiFi
Parking lots
Existing
Street lights
Traffc
lights
Electrical
loads
EV charging
stations
PDA IP Waste
smartphones cameras trucks
Node Narrowband full Gateway
mesh networks
Street lighting solutions can establish multi-purpose
networks.
cameras. Mesh networks form the network
topology. Each node is thereby connected
with one or more other nodes. As a rule, mesh
networks are self-healing and thus highly reli-
able. Whenever a node fails, the network auto-
matically forwards the data via other nodes.
In regard to data transmission, IP stan-
dards will form the basis. Objects and loca-
tions have IP addresses assigned and are
therefore clearly identifiable. The IPv6 Inter-
net Protocol is regarded as the key prerequi-
site for the IoT and the smart city. Compared
to the previous protocol, IPv4, it expands the
address space from 232 to 2128 unique addresses
and thus ensures that address space in the
networked city will not run out. Particu-
larly promising as well is the IPv6 over Low
Power Wireless Personal Area Network proto-
col (6LoWPAN). As an energy-efficient, short-
range radio technology, 6LoWPAN is espe-
cially ideal for sensor networks.
Operating system for the city
In addition to standards for data transmis-
sion, interoperable management systems
software is essential. The majority of intelli-
gent lighting solutions offer Web-based por-
tals through which the associated lamps are
programmed and managed. Here, cycles may
be specified in which the lamps are switched
on and off. Once combined with bright-
ness and motion sensors, complex patterns
are possible. As the sky darkens, the lights
shine brighter. In seldom visited areas, the
networks lamps will switch on only
Satellite when their motion sensors
detect people passing by.
IP networks
In order to support more
smart-city applications,
Water
management software
meters
for city lighting must not
Gas remain sealed off. It should
meters
be extensible by means of
Electricity third-party applications.
meters Ideally, the city will imple-
ment an application-inde-
pendent management
Dustbins
portal a type of operat-
ing system for urban areas
that will provide dock-
Broadband full ing points for government
mesh networks agencies, citizens, and the
private sector.
Cooperation requested
In addition to funding, inherent high com-
plexity has so far been an obstacle in the way
of a smart city solutions breakthrough. It
requires the cooperation of different indus-
tries with different competencies, and this
is especially true for intelligent lighting
systems. In addition to traditional man-
ufacturers of lamps and bulbs, hardware
manufacturers, software providers, and
connectivity service providers all come into
play. Negotiating individual contracts with
each of these players, however, can be very
difficult for customers particularly as the
compatibility of the components being uti-
lized must be ensured.
To facilitate this procedure, international
mobile operators such as Deutsche Tele-
kom will be able to step into this market by
bundling all the necessary components into
complete offers. The foundation for this is an
extensive partner network covering all niches
of the networked ecosystem. For instance, his-
toric street lamps represent a typical chal-
lenge. In order to upgrade them, particular
components as well as an in-depth knowl-
edge of restoration are essential. The partner
network includes smaller companies that have
specialized in the restoration of historic street
lamps as well as in all associated crafts. Chal-
lenges such as lamp restoration or even the
integration of different IT systems can thus be
collaboratively solved. Cooperation is the key
to the networked city, and intelligent street
lighting is a promising starting point.
OCTOBER 2014 71
last word
Intelligent lighting paves the way for
the smart city
JRGEN HASE , vice president of the machine-to-machine competence center at Deutsche
Telekom, projects that smart street lights will form the basis of municipal networks and
enable services in parking control, waste management, and traffic flow.
T
he next generation of street light-
ing will be connected. Cities all over
the world are already experimenting
with intelligent lighting systems that can
be controlled remotely. They lower munici-
pal electricity costs, enable demand-driven
lighting, and reduce CO2 emissions. Current
designs are even taking that a step further:
Experts see networked lamps as nodes in
multifunctional communications networks
for the smart city.
Up until now, turning night into day and
illuminating the dark has been the main
task of street lighting. In the future, how-
ever, street lamps will fulfil many more func-
tions. They will notify the garbage collection
service whenever neighborhood waste bins
must be emptied, or register a change in traf-
fic volume and feed that data into an intelli-
gent transport system (ITS). Street lighting
will no longer be an isolated sphere but part
of a networked urban infrastructure.
The basis of this vision is the emerging Inter-
net of Things (IoT)and the associated concept
of the smart city. Every conceivable object and
location will be connected: cars, cargo contain-
ers, street lights, and car parks even wrist-
watches, eyeglasses, and pens. They will each
measure various parameters in their environ-
ment and digitize everyday challenges such as
finding a parking space. At the center of this
change is machine-to-machine (M2M) com-
munication, the automatic exchange of data
between networked devices either with each
other or with a control center.
The public sector already recognizes the
72 OCTOBER 2014
opportunities inherent in a higher degree
of cross-linking. Smart city solutions are
regarded as key in reducing energy and
maintenance costs, complying with the legal
requirements of climate pro-
tection and providing better
services to citizens. Intelligent
street lighting plays a central
role in this. In fact, in many cit-
ies, defective lamps account for
roughly 20% of all citizen com-
plaints, and intelligent sys-
tems can automate the repair
process. In combination with
LEDs, a programmable light
management system reduces
urban electricity costs up to 70%.
Driving the networked city
Intelligent lighting systems have already
been on the market for a couple of years.
However, they have hardly gained wide-
spread roll-out in any city or town. It is
through the repositioning of street light-
ing as the backbone of the networked city
that the breakthrough could be imminent.
Authorities, private sector companies,
and supranational institutions such as the
European Union (EU) are actively promot-
ing the digitization of urban infrastructure.
The European Commission has launched
the European Innovation Partnerships on
Smart Cities and Communities (EIP SCC).
Between 2014 and 2020, Horizon 2020, the
research and innovation program, will make
available roughly 80 million ($103.5 million)
in funding. The humble lamppost is particu-
larly significant in the EIP-SCCs Operational
Implementation Plan as the bright starting
point of the networked urban infrastructure.
In addition to street lighting,
an application-agnostic net-
work can facilitate any desired
application whether it is air
quality monitoring, smart
metering, or traffic control.
More than artificial light
To understand how smart
street lighting will evolve, it
helps to look at other oper-
ational scenarios involving
machine communication. In the industrial
sector, for example, M2M is used for remote
maintenance of machinery and equipment.
Technicians can see the status of wearing
parts and consumables from afar. As soon as
an error occurs or the system detects a pre-
defined pattern, it automatically alerts the
staff. This creates a new level of transpar-
ency concerning production processes, over-
due maintenance, and the use of resources.
Intelligent lighting systems provide similar
benefits. In order to identify defective lamps,
the city will no longer be dependent upon
nightly inspection trips and complaints from
citizens. The system will reveal the status of
the connected city lighting right at its hub.
When things around us become smart,
their range of functions expands. In Bos-
ton, MA, for example, there are smart park
benches where Last Word continues on p. 71
LEDsmagazine.com
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