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Atomic structure

Sumari
Sumari_um@yahoo.com

Electron Configurations
Aufbau process.
Build up and minimize energy.
Pauli exclusion principle.
No two electrons can have all four
quantum numbers alike.
Hunds rule.
Degenerate orbitals are occupied singly
first.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Orbital Energies

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Orbital Filling

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Aufbau Process and Hunds Rule

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Filling p Orbitals

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

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Filling the d Orbitals

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Alkali Metals Noble Gases

THE PERIODIC TABLE
Alkaline Earths Main Group
Halogens

Transition Metals

Main Group Lanthanides and Actinides

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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PERIODEC TREND OF PHYSICAL

DAN CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ELEMENTS IN PERIODIC TABLE

Sumari
Sumari_um@yahoo.com

Metals and Nonmetals

and Their Ions
Metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Malleable and ductile.
Moderate to high melting points.

Nonmetals
Nonconductors of heat and electricity.
Brittle solids.
Some are gases at room temperature.

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Metals Tend to Lose Electrons

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

Nonmetals Tend to Gain

Electrons

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Sizes of Atoms and Ions

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

Atomic Radius

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Cationic Radii

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

Anionic Radii

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Atomic and Ionic Radii

Prentice-Hall 2007 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 17 of 35

Ionization Energy
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e- I1 = 738 kJ

Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e- I2 = 1451 kJ

Z
I = RH2 eff
n2

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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First Ionization Energy

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

I2 (Mg) vs. I3 (Mg) I1 (Mg) vs. I1 (Al) I1 (P) vs. I1 (S)

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Electron Affinity

F(g) + e- F-(g) EA = -328 kJ

F(1s22s22p5) + e- F-(1s22s22p6)

Li(g) + e- Li-(g) EA = -59.6 kJ

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

First Electron Affinities

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Second Electron Affinities

O(g) + e- O-(g) EA = -141 kJ

O-(g) + e- O2-(g) EA = +744 kJ

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

Magnetic Properties
Diamagnetic atoms or ions:
All e- are paired.
Weakly repelled by a magnetic field.

Paramagnetic atoms or ions:

Unpaired e-.
Attracted to an external magnetic field.

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Paramagnetism

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

Periodic Properties of the

Elements

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Boiling Point

266
? 332
?

Prentice-Hall 2007 General Chemistry: Chapter 9 Slide 27 of 35

Melting Points of Elements

General Chemistry: Chapter 9

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Born-Land equation

The Born-Land equation is a means of calculating

the lattice energy of a crystalline ionic compound. In
1918. Max Born and Alfred Land proposed that the
lattice energy could be derived from the electrostatic
potential of the ionic lattice and a repulsive potential
energy term.

Born-Land equation (lanjutan)

where
NA = Avogadro constant
M = Madelung constant, relating to the geometry of the
crystal.
z + = charge number of cation z = charge number of
anion
e = elementary charge, 1.6022 1019 C
0 = permittivity of free space 40 = 1.112 1010
C/(Jm)
r0 = distance to closest ion n = Born exponent, a number
between 5 and 12, determined experimentally by
measuring the compressibility of the solid, or derived
theoretically

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