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Thick lines: Ideal (blue) and actual (black) secondary current in amps vs time in seconds.
Thin lines: Ideal (blue) and actual (black) secondary current extracted fundamental rms value, using a simple DFT with a on
150
100
50
-50
-100
4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
16 12 08 04 00 03 07 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67 71 75 79 83 87 91 95 99 03 07 11 15 19 23 27 31 35 39
0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
- - - - -
To determine the effect of saturation on a particular digital relay, one must have "models" for the blocks shown below:
ACTUAL
SECONDA RY DISCRETE FOURIER ULTIMA TE
CURRENT TRA NSFORM? RELAY EFFECT
A NTI-A LIASING
PEA K DETECTION? FUNCTION
FILTER
(FROM A BOV E) DC-OFFSET REMOV A L? A LGORITHM CORRECT
RMS DETERMINA TION? TRIP?
6 76 16 56 96 36 76
12 13 13 13 14 14
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0 0.0 0.0
0 0.0 0.0
0 0.0 0.0
0 0.0 0.0
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0 90 90
0 -92 -92
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0 -95 -95
0 -94 -94
0 -81 -81
0 62 62
0 70 70
0 71 71
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0 70 70
0 69 69
0 68 68
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0 66 66
0 64 64
0 63 63
0 62 62
0 60 60
0 59 59
1 58 58
1 57 57
1 55 55
1 54 54
1 53 53
1 51 51
1 50 50
1 49 49
2 47 47
2 46 46
2 45 45
2 43 43
2 42 42
3 41 41
3 40 40
3 38 38
3 37 37
4 36 36
4 34 34
4 33 33
5 32 32
5 30 30
5 29 29
6 28 28
6 26 26
6 25 25
7 24 24
7 23 23
7 21 21
8 20 20
8 19 19
9 17 17
9 16 16
10 15 15
10 13 13
11 12 12
11 11 11
12 10 10
12 8 8
13 7 7
13 6 6
14 5 5
14 3 3
15 2 2
15 1 1
16 -1 0
17 -2 -2
17 -3 -3
18 -4 -4
18 -5 -5
19 -7 -6
19 -8 -7
20 -9 -8
20 -10 -9
21 -12 -10
21 -13 -11
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0.10995574 0.125664 0.141372 0.15708 0.172788 0.188496 0.204204 0.219911 0.235619 0.251327 0.267035 0.282743 0.298451
5.95755E-43 2.065E-40 3.567E-38 3.553E-36 2.267E-34 1E-32 3.234E-31 8.029E-30 1.585E-28 2.564E-27 3.478E-26 4.036E-25 4.073E-24
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
0.314159 0.329867 0.345575 0.361283 0.376991 0.392699 0.408407 0.424115 0.439823 0.455531 0.471239 0.486947 0.502655
3.624E-23 2.878E-22 2.061E-21 1.342E-20 8.013E-20 4.415E-19 2.259E-18 1.079E-17 4.832E-17 2.038E-16 8.129E-16 3.076E-15 1.107E-14
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
0.518363 0.534071 0.549779 0.565487 0.581195 0.596903 0.612611 0.628319 0.644026 0.659734 0.675442 0.69115 0.706858
3.805E-14 1.251E-13 3.942E-13 1.194E-12 3.483E-12 9.8E-12 2.664E-11 7.008E-11 1.787E-10 4.419E-10 1.062E-09 2.482E-09 5.649E-09
46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
0.722566 0.738274 0.753982 0.76969 0.785398 0.801106 0.816814 0.832522 0.84823 0.863938 0.879646 0.895354 0.911062
1.253E-08 2.71E-08 5.725E-08 1.181E-07 2.384E-07 4.708E-07 9.103E-07 1.725E-06 3.203E-06 5.834E-06 1.043E-05 1.831E-05 3.157E-05
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
0.92677 0.942478 0.958186 0.973894 0.989602 1.00531 1.021018 1.036726 1.052434 1.068142 1.083849 1.099557 1.115265
5.351E-05 8.915E-05 0.000146 0.000236 0.000374 0.000584 0.000899 0.001363 0.002036 0.002998 0.004353 0.006234 0.008805
72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
1.130973 1.146681 1.162389 1.178097 1.193805 1.209513 1.225221 1.240929 1.256637 1.272345 1.288053 1.303761 1.319469
0.012271 0.016876 0.022907 0.030696 0.040612 0.053062 0.068473 0.087284 0.10992 0.136776 0.168182 0.204379 0.245485
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
1.335177 1.350885 1.366593 1.382301 1.398009 1.413717 1.429425 1.445133 1.460841 1.476549 1.492257 1.507964 1.523672
0.291465 0.342107 0.396997 0.455506 0.516791 0.579798 0.643288 0.705867 0.766038 0.822252 0.872976 0.91676 0.952302
98 99 100
1.53938 1.555088 1.570796
0.978517 0.994586 1
Sheet2
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Determine the saturation voltage (Vs) for the CT in question. This is defined as the rms excitation voltage correspond
to ten-per-cent error current. For example, for a nominal five-amp CT which is expected to handle 100 amps with a ten pe
cent error, the error current at the saturation voltage Vs, is ten amps.* For maximum accuracy, this should be a measure
value supplied by the manufacturer. For example, a C400 CT has a nominal Vs of 400 volts rms, but the actual measured
Vs will be a higher value; it could be 420 volts rms for example.
Incidentally, the actual measurements by the manufacturer may not have been made with a "true rms" meter. It has bee
determined that the error due to use of a "rectified average" type meter, for example, is not significant.
2. Determine the slope (1/S) of the upper part of the saturation curve, being careful that the curve is plotted on log-log sca
with the decade spacing equal on both axes. "S" is defined as the reciprocal of this slope. You should get a slope such t
S is in the neighborhood of 15<S<25. Note that the result is not very sensitive to the value of S.
3. Enter other parameters such as the CT winding resistance, the burden, the degree of dc-offset in the primary current
waveform (up to 1 per unit), the primary system X/R ratio, the remanence**, and the primary symmetrical rms current.
Once any change to an INPUT parameter is made, a new plot appears automatically. The scale adjustment is automatic
and the plot is believed to be self-explanatory.
_______
*This is a definition used in the Guide that is not strictly correct but is used here to be consistent with the Guide. If the ide
(maximum rated) secondary current is 100 amps rms and the exciting (error) current is 10 amps rms, then the actual
secondary current is typically 99+ amps rms, not 90 amps rms. This is because the exciting current is both out of phase
non-sinusoidal, so simple subtraction does not apply. So when we specify 10 amps error current at 100 amps secondary
current, the error is actually less than 1% typically, but includes a phase error of, say 5 degrees, leading.
P H A S O R S F O R T H E " 1 0 a m p s e r r o r " C O N D IT IO N
A c t u a l s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t = a lm o s t 1 0 0 a m p s
E r r o r voltage
**Note that the per unit remanence is defined relative to Vs. If the knee-point c u r r e n t (45 degree * R M slope
S v a l u epoint)
of is 80% of Vs
then the maximum remanence value is 0.8. Note that the polarities for this = e x csimulation
i t i n g c u r r e n are
t * such
e x t r that
a c t e daf positive
u n d a m e n tremanenc
al
is the "worst-case" condition for premature saturation. = 10 amps component
Id e a l s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t = 1 0 0 a m p s
MODIFICATION HISTORY
3 Oct '00: Added strict calculation of RP and hence A; added CT model on sheet 4.
22 Dec '00: Corrected Vs notation, expanded time frame, exposed calculations.
5 Jan '01: Added diagram below plot.
18 Jan '01: Deleted figures on Sheet 4.
26 Feb '01: Clarified INSTRUCTIONS wording.
4 Jun '01: Changed notation: 'form factor FF' to 'RP'
5 Mar '02: Remanent flux is now 'locked,' for all t<0. Otherwise, incorrect results for low X/R.
17 Sep '02: Cell for X/R ratio was inadvertantly locked. Now unlocked.
26 Sep '02: "HOW TO MEASURE SLOPE" diagram added.
Page 77
Sheet2
Page 78
Sheet2
10
ymmetrical rms current.
Do NOT read currents or voltages for this purpose.
(We assume equal decade spacing of the axes)
9
le adjustment is automatic
8
7
nt with the Guide. If the ideal
6
ps rms, then the actual
urrent is both out of phase and
Ruler, inches or centimeters
5
nt at 100 amps secondary
s, leading.
4
slope = 0.7/9.3 = 1/S
S = 9.3/0.7 = 13 3
2
1
0
ee
R M slope
S v a l u epoint)
of is 80% of Vs,
ch
x t r that
a c t e daf positive
u n d a m e n tremanence
al
omponent
Page 79
Sheet4
BACKGROUND
This program is intended to show LARGE CURRENT or HIGH BURDEN behavior only; it does not accurately represent the conditions
at the low end portion of the iron saturation curve. Consequently, hysteresis loss and eddy current loss are not modeled because
they have negligible effect on the saturation region behavior.
Another assumption is that the usual log-log plot of rms voltage versus rms current for the saturation curve is correct when plotted
as a straight line for the saturated portion of the curve. This implies a pure power law relating instantaneous voltage to
instantaneous current, and the slope of the upper portion of the commonly-used log-log plot is in the neighborhood of 1/20 for a
modern toroidal CT. The value for Vs, the "saturation voltage," is assumed to be at a properly measured rms value of 10 amps
excitation current, the voltage being sinusoidal and the current being related to flux by an Sth(only) order function. If the 10-amp
value is measureed using a 'not-true-rms' meter, the error is not great enough to cause significant error.
The program has been checked against a variety of examples, including those of the recent IEEE paper "Mathematical Models for
Current, Voltage, and Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers," Working Group C5 of PSRC, IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, Jan
2000, pp. 62-72. (Note that there is an error in figures 4a and 5a of that paper: there was actually non-zero remanence for this
case, as confirmed with the authors.)
Page 80