Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Spring 2017

Uffe V. Poulsen

Solutions for selected Kreyszig problems:

First order ODEs I
Version of February 10, 2017

Problem set 1.1

1: We have:
dy dy
+ 2 sin 2x = 0 = 2 sin 2x (1)
dx dx
d cos x
and since dx = sin x we guess the general solution:

1
y(x) = cos 2x + c, (2)

where c is an arbitrary constant. To check that our guess is correct, we
simply use the basic rules of differentiation:
 
d 1 1
cos 2x + c = (2) ( sin 2x) + 0 = 2 sin 2x. (3)
dx

4: This time, lets separate variables instead. For y 6= 0, we have:

dy 1 dy
= 1.5y = 1.5. (4)
dx y dx

We now integrate both sides w.r.t. x. First the left-hand side (LHS), where
we can change variable:
Z Z
1 dy 1
dx = dy = ln |y| + c1 , (5)
y dx y
and then the RHS:
Z
(1.5) dx = 1.5x + c2 . (6)

The two arbitrary constants c1,2 can be collected in a single c and we get:

ln |y| = 1.5x + c |y| = ec e1.5x y = Ae1.5x , (7)

where A = ec is an arbitrary constant (c allows any magnitude, any

sign).

1
13: We verify the solution. LHS is

cex
 
dy d 1 x

1
= = c e 2 = 2, (8)
dx dx 1 + cex (1 + cex ) (1 + cex )

whereas the RHS can be brought to the same form as follows

 
1 1
y y 2 = y (1 y) = 1
1 + cex 1 + cex
1 1 + cex 1
= x
(9)
1 + ce 1 + cex
x
ce
= 2.
(1 + cex )

Hence we have a general solution. To find the unknown constant c, we use

the initial condition to get an equation for it:
1 1
y(0) = = = 0.25. (10)
1 + ce0 1+c
When we solve this we find c = 3. A plot looks like this:

y
1

-4 1 4 x

2
Problem set 1.2
6: Some useful values are: sin2 0 = 0, sin2 4 = 21 , sin2 2 = 1, sin2 3 1
4 = 2,
2
and sin = 1. It is then easy to draw the directional field by hand or to
use e.g. Matlab (see uploaded script Kreyszig problem 1 2 6.m):

Starting from any point one can then get a good idea about the unique
solution going through it.
dy
12: If y is position then dt is velocity. Then condition given translates to
dy dy 2
y=2 = (for y 6= 0). (11)
dt dt y
The directional field becomes

3
Problem set 1.3
5: We separate the variables and integrate
Z
1 36
yy 0 + 36x = 0 yy 0 = 36x yy 0 dx = y 2 = x2 + c. (12)
2 2
Note that there is no point in introducing arbitrary constants on both
sides. Rearranging yields
36x2 + y 2 = 2c, (13)
which is an ellipse. Note that only c > 0 makes sense.
33: The physical information translates to
S
S = 0.15S = 0.15S (14)

In the limit of small , we get the well-known ODE:
S 0 = 0.15S (15)
which can be solved by separating variables (see e.g. section 1.3 example
4). The solution is S = S0 e0.15 and hence the giving a 1000 times
reduction in tension fulfills
S ln 103
103 = = e0.15 = = 46.05. (16)
S0 (0.15)
This corresponds to 7.33 full turns. Note: The result for comes out in
radians!

Problem set 1.4

1: In the notation of Eq. (1.4.1) [Kreyszig section 1.4, equation (1)], we have
M = 2xy and N = x2 . We see that
M N
= 2x = (17)
y x
and hence the equation is exact. We solve it by first integrating M w.r.t.
x [see Eq. (1.4.6)]:
Z
u = 2xy dx + k(y) = x2 y + k(y) (18)

u
and then we find k(y) by requiring that y = N:
dk
x2 + = x2 k(y) = c = constant. (19)
dy
Hence u(x, y) = x2 y + c. For this to be constant, we must have y = xA2 for
some arbitrary A. This is then a general solution to the original problem.

4
5: We have
M N
= 2y 6= 2y = (20)
y x
and thus the differential is not exact. In this case Kreyszig renames M
to P and N to Q and hope that either R of Eq. (1.4.16) or R of Eq.
(1.4.18) contain only one of the variables. We get for R:
1 2
R= (2y (2y)) = (21)
(2xy) x

and can then use Theorem (1.4.1) to find the integrating factor F :
Z   Z 
2 1
F = exp R(x) dx = exp dx = exp (2 ln |x|) = 2 . (22)
x x

The exact version of the differential becomes:

y2
 
2y
1 + 2 dx dy = 0. (23)
x x

Itcan b solved by the method of the previous problem 1 to yield y =

x2 + cx for arbitrary c.