Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Jacek Misiurewicz
e-mail: jmisiure@elka.pw.edu.pl
lecturer: Damian Gromek
e-mail: dgromek@ise.pw.edu.pl
Institute of Electronic Systems
Warsaw University of Technology
Warsaw, Poland
October 4, 2017
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 1
General information
Lectures 2h/week, Thu, 08:15-10
Labs 4h/2weeks: Monday 8:15-12, room CS203. See the schedule. (Fri grp?)
First meeting for all students 9:15, see webpage or the blackboard
Labs start with an entry test!!!
Contact J. Misiurewicz, (jmisiure@elka.pw.edu.pl) room 454.
D. Gromek, (dgromek@elka.pw.edu.pl), room 449, consultation time: thursdays:
10 - 12
Web page http://staff.elka.pw.edu.pl/jmisiure/
Slides evening before lecture (usually ;-) )
Homeworks Announced as a preparation for the tests.
Exams Two short tests within lecture hours (see the lab schedule) and a final exam during
the exam session (TBA).
2x10% = 20% tests
6x5% = 30% lab + entry test (lab 0 not scored)
Scoring:
50% final exam
2x2% = 4% extra for homeworks (maybe even more)
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 2
Books
Application examples:
Upsampling
Filtering (and what happens to the signal spectrum)
Frequency response (frequency characteristics) of a filter
Trade-off: we simplify analog part by doing a tough job on the digital side
Some notes:
1
First order LP filter: A( f ) = 6 dB per octave (20 dB per decade)
1+(2 f RC)2
To obtain 80 dB of attenuation we need 4 decades (104 times cutoff frequecy)
N-th order filter: A( f ) = 1 2N
1+(2 f RC)
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 8
Signal classes
x(t)
t
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 9
DT signal representations
x(n)
x[n] = {x(n)} 1
0.6
x(n) is a nth sample
0.4
x(n) is undefined for n
/Z 0.2
-0.4
but it may also be inherently
-0.6
discrete
-0.8
n may correspond to: time, space, -1
...
However, the most popular interpretation is: periodic sampling in time.
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 12
0
0 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 n
Unit step sequence
Unit sample sequence (DT impulse)
[n] = u[n] u[n 1] u[n] = [n k]
k=0
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 13
Periodic sampling
x(n) = xa(nTs)
n = t/Ts, Ts = 0.025 [ms]
x(n)
1
Misinterpretations 0.5
-1
If a signal is bandlimited with fb , the reconstruction is possible from samples taken with fs > 2 fb
Sampling = convolution
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 17
Reconstruction sin(x)
Reconstruction: interpolation, (sinus cardinalis sinc = Sa = x = j0(x))
t nT
x(t) = x[n] sinc
n= T
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling rate
In digital audio, common sampling rates are:
Frequency in a DT signal
T = 1f = 2
period ? N0 = f1n = 2
x(t) = x(t + kT ) x(n) = x(n + kN)
x(n + N) defined only if N Z
Always periodic only if N0 = N/M (!!)
f
Normalized (angular) frequency (2) fsdetermines the properties of the sampled signal,
and now it is not important what was the frequency of xa (only how it was related to fs ).
EDISP 2017/18 (l) 23
Periodicity example
With a number series the period must be an integer, because x(n) exists only for n Z.