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Resumen ABSTRACT
El sndrome de la fragilidad define a los ancianos Frailty is a state of vulnerability that involves an
vulnerables que tienen un riesgo elevado de sufrir increased risk of adverse events in older adults. It is
eventos adversos. Su fisiopatologa y etiopatogenia es a condition with a complex etiology and pathophysio-
compleja, pero actualmente disponemos de medidas logy. At present, there are functional tools for its as-
sencillas de capacidad funcional para su evaluacin. La sessment that are simple and reliable. Physical inacti-
inactividad fsica, que frecuentemente asocia el enve- vity is a major risk factor for sarcopenia, a core aspect
jecimiento, es uno de los factores fundamentales que of frailty. Currently, mulicomponent exercise programs,
contribuye a la aparicin de sarcopenia, aspecto cen- and especially resistance exercise, are the most rele-
tral de la fragilidad. Los programas de ejercicio fsico vant interventions to slow down disability and other
multicomponente y, particularmente el entrenamiento adverse outcomes. Moreover, these programs are va-
de la fuerza, constituyen las intervenciones ms efica- luable interventions in other frailty domains such as
ces para retrasar la discapacidad y otros eventos ad- falls, cognitive decline and depression. However, in frail
versos. As mismo, han demostrado su utilidad en otros aged patients it is necessary to explore optimal resis-
dominios frecuentemente asociados a este sndrome tance training components and develop specific clinical
como las cadas, el deterioro cognitivo y la depresin. guides of physical activity for this target population.
Sin embargo, es necesario investigar cules son los
componentes ptimos de un programa de fuerza en el Key words. Strength training. Frailty. Aerobic capacity.
frgil, as como la ptima relacin dosis-respuesta que Aging.
permita desarrollar guas clnicas especficas de activi-
dad fsica para este grupo poblacional.
Desuso
Aterosclerosis
FRAGILIDAD Deteriorio cognitivo
Depresin
Hospitalizacin Comorbilidad
Sarcopenia
Resistencia
Fuerza Potencia muscular muscular
Dificultad
Riesgo de Fatigabilidad
para realizar
cadas y y dificultad de la
actividades de
fracturas prctica de ejercicio
la vida diaria
Actividad fsica
Discapacidad
Figura 2. Modelo que explica las consecuencias funcionales de los cambios relacionados con la edad en
la sarcopenia (prdida de masa y funcin muscular) y el ciclo por el que se explica cmo la reduccin
de la actividad fsica acenta el proceso de alteracin. (Modificado de Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman
MM)79.
Estudios ms recientes revelan que la mxima hay que realizar repeticiones por
capacidad de adaptacin con el entrena- serie hasta el fallo (p.e. 8/10/12 repeticio-
miento de fuerza parece ser menor en las nes mximas RM) Sin embargo, diferentes
personas mayores que en los jvenes55. estudios muestran que realizar repeticio-
As mismo, cuando la intensidad y o la fre- nes hasta el fallo no es necesario y puede
cuencia de entrenamiento aumenta, dis- incluso producir sobreentrenamiento y
minuye la capacidad de adaptacin en la lesiones por sobrecarga (47,48,50). Como
mejora de la fuerza, especialmente en los aplicacin prctica de estos trabajos se
grupos de edad avanzada22. En consecuen- sugiere que el entrenamiento de fuerza,
cia, es posible que con personas mayores cuando se realiza en personas sedentarias
y especialmente los ms frgiles se deba o de edad avanzada, especialmente si son
ser ms conservador en la progresin de frgiles debera comenzar realizando 8-10
las diferentes variables relacionadas con repeticiones por serie con un peso que
el entrenamiento (volumen, intensidad y pudisemos realizar 20 repeticiones mxi-
frecuencia) y que los diseos de entrena- mas (20 RM) o ms y no sobrepasar la rea-
miento deban ser diferentes a los utiliza- lizacin de 4-6 repeticiones por serie con
dos con personas ms jvenes. El Colegio un peso que pudisemos realizar 15 RM.
Americano de Medicina del Deporte46 su-
giere que en personas de mediana edad y
edad avanzada, el entrenamiento de fuer- ENTRENAMIENTO COMBINADO DE
za para mejorar la condicin fsica general FUERZA Y RESISTENCIA
debe realizarse con una frecuencia de 2-3 Durante las ltimas dcadas se ha
sesiones por semana aunque no hace una prestado una especial atencin a la com-
referencia especfica para el anciano fr- binacin del entrenamiento de fuerza
gil. En esta lnea, considera que una serie muscular y resistencia aerbica. Los re-
de entrenamiento es ms eficaz que mlti- sultados de estos trabajos muestran que
ples series ya que permite mejorar la fuer- entrenamientos de 10 a 12 semanas de du-
za casi en igual magnitud que un entrena- racin, con una frecuencia semanal com-
miento con mltiples series56. Este tipo de prendida entre 4 y 11 sesiones, a intensi-
programas necesitan menos tiempo para dades comprendidas entre el 60 y el 100%
su realizacin y producen beneficios simi- de VO2 mx en bicicleta, y a intensidades
lares sobre la salud y el estado de forma comprendidas entre el 40 y el 100% de 1
en personas mayores previamente inacti- RM en el trabajo de fuerza, se acompaa-
vas. Las recomendaciones de la Sociedad ron de un aumento del 6 al 23% del VO2
Americana de Geriatra57 y de la Sociedad mx y del 22 al 38% de la fuerza mxima59.
Americana del Corazn58 tampoco son es- En la mayora de estos trabajos, la magni-
pecficas para el anciano frgil. tud del incremento observado en la fuerza
En resumen, las recomendaciones mxima del miembro inferior fue superior
realizadas en la actualidad por algunas en el grupo que realizaba exclusivamente
instituciones y autores en el mbito del el entrenamiento de fuerza mxima, que
entrenamiento de fuerza y potencia mus- la observada en el grupo que realizaba un
cular, se alejan de la realidad. Este tipo de programa combinado de fuerza y resisten-
recomendaciones suelen ser demasiado cia aerbica. Los mecanismos que pueden
intensas y fatigantes y pueden inducir un explicar la inhibicin del desarrollo de la
aumento del riesgo de lesin y sobreen- fuerza muscular despus de participar en
trenamiento, adems de no favorecer en un programa combinado de fuerza y re-
mayor medida el desarrollo de la fuerza sistencia, en comparacin cuando slo se
y masa muscular que los efectos que pu- realiza un programa de entrenamiento de
dieran surtir de utilizar intensidades in- fuerza, no estn del todo definidos aunque
feriores. La creencia ms generalizada, se postulan determinadas hiptesis como
especialmente en la literatura cientfica el sobreentrenamiento y la falta de adap-
americana, es que para mejorar la fuerza tacin metablica y morfolgica del ms-
especficas para pautar ejercicio fsico en prevention: a new challenge in elderly for de-
pendence prevention. Med Clin (Barc) 2010;
el anciano frgil
135: 713-719.
9. Bergman H, Ferrucci L, Guralnik J, Hogan DB,
Hummel S, Karunananthan S et al. Frailty: an
Agradecimientos emerging research and clinical paradigm-
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