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Cairo University 3ed Year Mechanics (Power)

Faculty of Engineering 1st Term 2014/2015


Mech. Power Eng. Dept.Sheet # 1 (Differential Relations)* Fluid Mechanics MEP 303A
*(Review of Secs. 1.1 to 1.4, and 1.8 in the Course Notes, Part (1), pages 2-29).
(1) Recalling eqns.1.2-1.6, page 5, What is the total or material derivative of any fluid property (for both scalar
or vector fields). What is the difference between local acceleration and convective acceleration of a fluid
particle. In a steady flow, can the acceleration of the flow be a non-zero value? Also can total pressure
derivative of the flow be a non-zero? Explain your answer.
The pressure in the pipe near the discharge of a reciprocating pump fluctuates according to the fun.:
P = [200+40 sin (8t)] kPa, where t is in seconds. If the fluid speed in the pipe is 5m/s, determine the
maximum rate of change of pressure experienced by a fluid particle at that location. [Ans.:320 kPa/s].
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(2) A shock wave is a very thin layer (thickness = l ) in a


high-speed (supersonic) gas flow across which the flow
properties (velocity, density, pressure, etc.) change from
state (1) to state (2) as shown in fig. P.2. If V1=540 m/s,
V2=210 m/s, and l = 0.0025 mm, estimate the average
deceleration of the gas as it flows across the shock wave.
How many gs deceleration does this represent ?.
[Ans: - 4.95x1010 m/s2; - 5.051x109 ]
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(3) In the conical nozzle shown in Fig.P.3 the streamlines are


essentially radial lines emanating from point A and the fluid
velocity is given approximately by V = C / r2, where C is a
constant (this a point sink at A, see part 3, eqn. 3.146). The
fluid velocity is 2m/s along the centerline at the beginning of
the nozzle (x=0). Determine the velocity and acceleration
along the nozzle centerline as a function of x. What is the
value of the acceleration at x = 0 and at x = 0.3 m ?
[Ans: 1.037/(0.6 x)5 m/s2; 13.3 m/s2; 427 m/s2]
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(4) The flow rate is 0.25 m3/s into a convergent nozzle of 0.6 m height at entrance and 0.3m height at exit. Find
the velocity, acceleration and pressure fields through the nozzle. (assume the nozzle length = 1.5 m). Repeat
the problem if the same flow rate goes through a divergent nozzle of 0.3 m height at entrance and 0.6m height
at exit with its length = 1.5 m.
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(5) Velocity in certain flow fields are given by the eqns: a) V = 3yz2 + xz + y . or b) V = 3t + xz + ty2 .
Determine expressions for the 3 rectangular components of acceleration. [Ans: 3xz3+6y2z; 3yz3+xy; xz]
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(6) Recalling eqns.1.12-1.17,page 8, Part(1), What is definition of Irrotational Flow?. Determine expression
for the vorticity of the flow fields described by: a) V = x2y xy2 or b) V = 4xy +2(x2-y2) Are the two
flow fields irrotational? [Ans: -(x2 + y2) ; No]
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(7) Recalling sec.1.2, page 10, How can a flow field V(t,x,y,z) be a kinematically possible? For a certain
incompressible 2-d flow field, the y-direction velocity component is: v = x2 + 2xy. Determine the x-direction
velocity component so that continuity equation is satisfied. [Ans: -x2 + f(y)]
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(8) For incompressible flow fields, the velocity components may be given by: a) u = x2y ; v = 4 y3z ; w =2z or b)
V=(a1x+b1y+c1z)+(a2x+b2y+c2z)+(a3x+b3y+c3z) Are these physically possible flow fields? Explain [Ans.:no]
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(9) Recalling Sec.1.2.3, page15, Define the difference between Streamlines and Streaklines. A velocity field is
given by u = y-1 and v = y-2, where u and v are in m/s and x and y are in meters. Find the streamline equation
and plot the streamline that passes through the point (x,y)=(4,3). Compare this streamline with the streakline
through the point (x,y)=(4,3). [Ans. x = y + ln (y-2) +1 ]
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(10) Recalling Sec.1.2.3, page 15, Define the potential function as related to the stream function .
The velocity potential for a certain flow field is = 4xy. Determine the corresponding stream function .
[Ans: = 2 (y2 x2) + C]
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(11) Recalling Sec.1.4, page 22, write down the momentum equation for 2-d frictionless flow. In a certain steady,
incompressible, inviscid, 2-D flow field, the x-component of velocity is given by: u = x2 y , Will the

1/2 Fluid Mechanics


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Dr. Mohsen Soliman


corresponding pressure gradient in the horizontal x-direction be a function only of x, only of y or of both x and
y? Justify your answer. [Ans.: only of x]
(12) An incompressible velocity field is given by: u = a (x2-y2), v is unknown, w = b, where a & b are constants.
What must the form of the velocity component v be ?
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(13) A centrifugal impeller of 40-cm is used to pump hydrogen at 15oC and 1-atm pressure, What is the
maximum allowable impeller rotational speed to avoid compressibility effects at the impeller blade tips?
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(14) The velocity components for a certain incompressible, steady flow field are: u= x2+y2+z2, v= xy+yz+z, w=?
Determine the form of the z component, w, required to satisfy the continuity equation.
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(15) The velocity components in a steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow field are: u = 2y & v = 4x
Determine the corresponding stream function and show on a sketch several streamlines. Indicate the
direction of flow along the streamlines.
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(16) Investigate stream function in polar coordinates = ( ), where U & R are constants, a velocity

and a length, respectively. Plot the streamlines. What does it represent? Is it a realistic solution to basic eqns?
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(17) Recalling Sec.1.4.2, page 23, What are the conditions for
applying Bernoullis equation in any 2-D or 3-D flow field?
The stream function for the flow of a nonviscous,
incompressible fluid in the vicinity of a corner (Fig.P.12) is
= 2 r 4/3 sin (4/3 ), Determine an expression for pressure
gradient along solid boundary =3 /4. [Ans: - 64 / 27 r1/3 ]
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(18) Recalling Sec.1.8.2, page 26, Write down N.S.E. for 2-D incompressible flow. In a certain viscous,
incompressible flow field with zero body forces the velocity components are: u = ay b (cy y2) and v = w = 0
where a, b, and c are constants. (a) Use the N.S.E. to determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the x-
direction. (b) For what combination of the constants a, b, and c (if any) will the shearing stress, xy , be zero at y
=0 where the velocity is zero? [Ans: 2b ; a =b c ]
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(19) Using the cartesian coordinates, write down and discuss the meaning of each term and show all the
differences you know between the Navier-Stokes equations and the Eulers equations. Can we use Eulers
equations to solve the flow in long pipes? Why? What is the relation between Eulers equations and
Bernollis equation?
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(20) Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations, drive the well known Bernoullis equation. State all the
assumptions made.
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(21) If a stream function exists for the velocity field given by: u = a(x2-y2) , v = -2axy, w = o.
Find this stream function and plot it and interpret it.
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(22) Velocity field is given by: u = a(x2-y2), v = -2axy, w = 0, Determine under what conditions it is a solution to
the Navier-Stokes momentum eqn. If these conditions are met, determine the resulting pressure distribution
when z-axis is up (gx=gy=0 , gz=-g).
Find this stream function and plot it and interpret it.
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(23) For steady incompressible laminar flow through a long tube, the velocity distribution is given by:
vz = U(1-r2/R2), vr=v =0 where U is the maximum or centerline, velocity and R is the tube radius. If the wall
temperature is constant at Tw and the temperature T=T(r) only, find T(r) for this flow.
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(24) In a certain viscous, incompressible flow field with zero body forces the velocity components are:
u = ay b(cy-y2) & v = w = 0 where a, b & c are constants.
(a) Use the Navier-Stokes equations to determine an expression for the pressure gradient in the x-direction.
(b) For what combination of the constants a, b, and c (if any) will the shearing stress, yx be zero at y= 0
where the velocity is zero. [ANS: 2b : a= bc]

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2/2 Fluid Mechanics


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Dr. Mohsen Soliman

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