Chapter 01

Instructor’s Solution Manual
Introduction to Electrodynamics
Third Edition
David J. Griffiths
Revised November, 2009

2
Contents
1 Vector Analysis 4
2 Electrostatics 25
3 Special Techniques 46
4 Electrostatic Fields in Matter 78
5 Magnetostatics 94
6 Magnetostatic Fields in Matter 117
7 Electrodynamics 128
8 Conservation Laws 149
9 Electromagnetic Waves 160
10 Potentials and Fields 182
11 Radiation 197
12 Electrodynamics and Relativity 221
�2009
c Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is
protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be
reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
3
Preface
Although I wrote these solutions, most of the typesetting was done by Jonah Gollub, Christopher Lee, and
James Terwilliger (any errors are, of course, entirely their fault). Chris also did most of the figures, and I
would like to thank him particularly for all his help. All errors discovered before September 2009 have been
corrected in this version, but if you find further mistakes, please let me know (griffith@reed.edu).
David Griffiths
�2009
4 CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Chapter 1
Vector Analysis
Problem 1.1
(a) From the diagram, |B + C| cos θ3 = |B| cos θ1 + |C| cos θ2 . Multiply by |A|.
|A||B + C| cos θ3 = |A||B| cos θ1 + |A||C| cos θ2 .
�
�
}}
C
|C| sin θ2
So: A·(B + C) = A·B + A·C. (Dot product is distributive)
C
+
B
Similarly: |B + C| sin θ3 = |B| sin θ1 + |C| sin θ2 . Mulitply by |A| n̂. . θ3 �
θ2
|A||B + C| sin θ3 n̂ = |A||B| sin θ1 n̂ + |A||C| sin θ2 n̂.

If n̂ is the unit vector pointing out of the page, it follows that �
B
θ1
��
}�
|B| sin θ1
A
A×(B + C) = (A×B) + (A×C). (Cross product is distributive) |B| cos θ1 |C| cos θ2
(b) For the general case, see G. E. Hay’s Vector and Tensor Analysis, Chapter 1, Section 7 (dot product) and
Section 8 (cross product)
Problem 1.2 C
le, �
The triple cross-product is not in general associative. For example,
m.
suppose A = B and C is perpendicular to A, as in the diagram. �A=B
n,
Then (B×C) points out-of-the-page, and A×(B×C) points down,
and has magnitude ABC. But (A×B) = 0, so (A×B)×C = 0 �=�= �
A×(B×C).
B×C �
A×(B×C)
Problem 1.3 z�
√ √
A = +1 x̂ + 1 ŷ − 1 ẑ; A =
3; B = 1 x̂ + 1 ŷ + 1 ẑ; B = 3.
√ √ �B
A·B = +1 + 1 − 1 = 1 = AB cos θ = 3 3 cos θ ⇒ cos θ = 13 . s θ. θ
�y
� �
θ = cos −1 1
3 ≈ 70.5288
◦
�
� A
x
Problem 1.4
The cross-product of any two vectors in the plane will give a vector perpendicular to the plane. For example,
we might pick the base (A) and the left side (B):
A = −1 x̂ + 2 ŷ + 0 ẑ; B = −1 x̂ + 0 ŷ + 3 ẑ.
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CHAPTER 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS 5
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� �
A×B = �� −1 2 0 �� = 6 x̂ + 3 ŷ + 2 ẑ.
� −1 0 3 �
This has the right direction, but the wrong magnitude. To make a unit vector out of it, simply divide by its
length:
√ A×B
|A×B| = 36 + 9 + 4 = 7. n̂ = |A ×B| = 7 x̂ + 7 ŷ + 7 ẑ .
6 3 2
Problem 1.5
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� �
A×(B×C) = � � Ax Ay Az �
�
� (By Cz − Bz Cy ) (Bz Cx − Bx Cz ) (Bx Cy − By Cx ) �
= x̂[Ay (Bx Cy − By Cx ) − Az (Bz Cx − Bx Cz )] + ŷ() + ẑ()
(I’ll just check the x-component; the others go the same way)
= x̂(Ay Bx Cy − Ay By Cx − Az Bz Cx + Az Bx Cz ) + ŷ() + ẑ().
B(A·C) − C(A·B) = [Bx (Ax Cx + Ay Cy + Az Cz ) − Cx (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz )] x̂ + () ŷ + () ẑ
= x̂(Ay Bx Cy + Az Bx Cz − Ay By Cx − Az Bz Cx ) + ŷ() + ẑ(). They agree.
Problem 1.6
A×(B×C)+B×(C×A)+C×(A×B) = B(A·C)−C(A·B)+C(A·B)−A(C·B)+A(B·C)−B(C·A) = 0.
So: A×(B×C) − (A×B)×C = −B×(C×A) = A(B·C) − C(A·B).
If this is zero, then either A is parallel to C (including the case in which they point in opposite directions, or
one is zero), or else B·C = B·A = 0, in which case B is perpendicular to A and C (including the case B = 0.)
Conclusion: A×(B×C) = (A×B)×C ⇐⇒ either A is parallel to C, or B is perpendicular to A and C.
Problem 1.7
r = (4 x̂ + 6 ŷ + 8 ẑ) − (2 x̂ + 8 ŷ + 7 ẑ) = 2 x̂ − 2 ŷ + ẑ
√
r = 4+4+1= 3
= r = − 23 ŷ + 13 ẑ
3 x̂
2
r̂ r
Problem 1.8
(a) Āy B̄y + Āz B̄z = (cos φAy + sin φAz )(cos φBy + sin φBz ) + (− sin φAy + cos φAz )(− sin φBy + cos φBz )
= cos2 φAy By + sin φ cos φ(Ay Bz + Az By ) + sin2 φAz Bz + sin2 φAy By − sin φ cos φ(Ay Bz + Az By ) +
cos φAz Bz
2
= (cos2 φ + sin2 φ)Ay By + (sin2 φ + cos2 φ)Az Bz = Ay By + Az Bz . �

� ��
(b) (Ax )2 + (Ay )2 + (Az )2 = Σ3i=1 Ai Ai = Σ3i=1 Σ3j=1 Rij Aj Σ3k=1 Rik Ak = Σj,k (Σi Rij Rik ) Aj Ak .
� �
1 if j = k
This equals Ax + Ay + Az provided Σi=1 Rij Rik =
2 2 2 3
0 if j �= k
Moreover, if R is to preserve lengths for all vectors A, then this condition is not only sufficient but also
necessary. For suppose A = (1, 0, 0). Then Σj,k (Σi Rij Rik ) Aj Ak = Σi Ri1 Ri1 , and this must equal 1 (since we
2 2 2
want Ax +Ay +Az = 1). Likewise, Σ3i=1 Ri2 Ri2 = Σ3i=1 Ri3 Ri3 = 1. To check the case j �= k, choose A = (1, 1, 0).
Then we want 2 = Σj,k (Σi Rij Rik ) Aj Ak = Σi Ri1 Ri1 + Σi Ri2 Ri2 + Σi Ri1 Ri2 + Σi Ri2 Ri1 . But we already
know that the first two sums are both 1; the√ third and fourth are equal, so Σi Ri1 Ri2 = Σi Ri2 Ri1 = 0, and so
on for other unequal combinations of j, k. In matrix notation: R̃R = 1, where R̃ is the transpose of R.
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5
R 1. VECTOR ANALYSIS
Problem 1.9
y� �
z� �y
� �
Looking down the axis: �
�x �
� �y
�
z�
��
� x x
z
A 120◦ rotation carries the z axis into the y (= z) axis, y into x (= y), and x into z (= x). So Ax = Az ,
Ay = Ax , Az = Ay .
 
001
R = 1 0 0
010
Problem 1.10
(a) No change. (Ax = Ax , Ay = Ay , Az = Az )
(b) A −→ −A, in the sense (Ax = −Ax , Ay = −Ay , Az = −Az )
(c) (A×B) −→ (−A)×(−B) = (A×B). That is, if C = A×B, C −→ C . No minus sign, in contrast to
behavior of an “ordinary” vector, as given by (b). If A and B are pseudovectors, then (A×B) −→ (A)×(B) =
(A×B). So the cross-product of two pseudovectors is again a pseudovector. In the cross-product of a vector
and a pseudovector, one changes sign, the other doesn’t, and therefore the cross-product is itself a vector.
Angular momentum (L = r×p) and torque (N = r×F) are pseudovectors.
(d) A·(B×C) −→ (−A)·((−B)×(−C)) = −A·(B×C). So, if a = A·(B×C), then a −→ −a; a pseudoscalar
changes sign under inversion of coordinates.
Problem 1.11
(a)∇f = 2x x̂ + 3y 2 ŷ + 4z 3 ẑ
(b)∇f = 2xy 3 z 4 x̂ + 3x2 y 2 z 4 ŷ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 ẑ
(c)∇f = ex sin y ln z x̂ + ex cos y ln z ŷ + ex sin y(1/z) ẑ
Problem 1.12
(a) ∇h = 10[(2y − 6x − 18) x̂ + (2x − 8y + 28)
� ŷ]. ∇h = 0 at summit, so
2y − 6x − 18 = 0
2y − 18 − 24y + 84 = 0.
2x − 8y + 28 = 0 =⇒ 6x − 24y + 84 = 0
22y = 66 =⇒ y = 3 =⇒ 2x − 24 + 28 = 0 =⇒ x = −2.
Top is 3 miles north, 2 miles west, of South Hadley.
(b) Putting in x = −2, y = 3:
h = 10(−12 − 12 − 36 + 36 + 84 + 12) = 720 ft.
(c) Putting in x = 1, y = 1: ∇h = 10[(2 − 6 − 18) x̂ + (2 − 8 + 28) ŷ] = 10(−22 x̂ + 22 ŷ) = 220(− x̂ + ŷ).
√
|∇h| = 220 2 ≈ 311 ft/mile ; direction: northwest.
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Problem 1.13
�
r = (x − x� ) x̂ + (y − y � ) ŷ + (z − z � ) ẑ; r = (x − x� )2 + (y − y � )2 + (z − z � )2 .
(a) ∇( r 2 ) = ∂x [(x−x ) +(y −y ) +(z −z ) ] x̂+ ∂y () ŷ + ∂z () ẑ
∂ � 2 � 2 � 2 ∂ ∂
= 2(x−x� ) x̂+2(y −y � ) ŷ +2(z −z � ) ẑ = 2 r .
1
− 12 − 12
(b) ∇( r1 ) = ∂x [(x
∂
− x� )2 + (y − y � )2 + (z − z � )2 ]− 2 x̂ + ∂y ()
∂
ŷ + ∂z ()
∂
ẑ
− 32 − 32 − 32
= − 12 () 2(x − x ) x̂ −
�
2 ()
1
2(y − y ) ŷ − �
2 ()
2(z − z ) ẑ
1 �
− 32
= −() [(x − x� ) x̂ + (y − y � ) ŷ + (z − z � ) ẑ] = −(1/ r 3 ) r = −(1/ r 2 ) r̂ .
(c) r
∂x ( )=n =n (2 r 2r x) =n x, so ∇( r n ) = n
∂ n n−1 ∂ n−1 1 1 n−1 n−1
r r ∂x
r r r̂ r r̂
Problem 1.14
y = +y cos φ + z sin φ; multiply by sin φ: y sin φ = +y sin φ cos φ + z sin2 φ.
z = −y sin φ + z cos φ; multiply by cos φ: z cos φ = −y sin φ cos φ + z cos2 φ.
Add: y sin φ + z cos φ = z(sin2 φ + cos2 φ) = z. Likewise, y cos φ − z sin φ = y.
∂y
So ∂y = cos φ; ∂y
∂z = − sin φ; ∂y = sin φ; ∂z = cos φ. Therefore
∂z ∂z
�
(∇f )y = ∂f = ∂f ∂y
+ ∂f ∂z
= + cos φ(∇f )y + sin φ(∇f )z
∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂y
So ∇f transforms as a vector. qed
(∇f )z = ∂f ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
∂z = ∂y ∂z + ∂z ∂z = − sin φ(∇f )y + cos φ(∇f )z
Problem 1.15
(a)∇·va = ∂x (x )
∂ 2
+ ∂y (3xz )
∂ 2
+ ∂z (−2xz)
∂
= 2x + 0 − 2x = 0.
(b)∇·vb = ∂x (xy)
∂
+ ∂y (2yz)
∂
+ ∂z (3xz)
∂
= y + 2z + 3x.
(c)∇·vc = ∂x (y )
∂ 2
+ ∂y (2xy
∂
+ z2) + ∂z (2yz)
∂
= 0 + (2x) + (2y) = 2(x + y)
Problem 1.16
� 3
�
∇·v = ∂x∂
( rx3 ) + ∂y
∂
( ry3 ) + ∂z
∂
( rz3 ) = ∂x
∂
x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
� 3
� � 3
�
+ ∂y
∂
y(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2 + ∂z ∂
z(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )− 2
3 5 3 5 3
= ()− 2 + x(−3/2)()− 2 2x + ()− 2 + y(−3/2)()− 2 2y + ()− 2
5
+ z(−3/2)()− 2 2z = 3r−3 − 3r−5 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 3r−3 − 3r−3 = 0.
This conclusion is surprising, because, from the diagram, this vector field is obviously diverging away from the
origin. How, then, can ∇·v = 0? The answer is that ∇·v = 0 everywhere except at the origin, but at the
origin our calculation is no good, since r = 0, and the expression for v blows up. In fact, ∇·v is infinite at
that one point, and zero elsewhere, as we shall see in Sect. 1.5.
Problem 1.17
v y = cos φ vy + sin φ vz ; v z = −�sin φ vy + cos φ v�z . � �
∂v y ∂vy ∂vy ∂y ∂vy ∂z z ∂y
∂y = ∂y cos φ + ∂y sin φ = ∂y ∂y + ∂z ∂y cos φ + ∂v ∂y ∂y + ∂z ∂y sin φ. Use result in Prob. 1.14:
∂vz ∂vz ∂z
� � � �
∂v ∂v
= ∂yy cos φ + ∂zy sin φ cos φ + ∂v ∂y cos φ + ∂z sin φ sin φ.
z ∂vz
� � � �
∂vy ∂vy ∂y ∂vy ∂z ∂vz ∂y
∂v z
∂z = − sin φ + ∂vz
cos φ = − + sin φ + + ∂vz ∂z
cos φ
�∂z ∂z
� ∂y ∂z � ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂z
� ∂z ∂z
∂vy ∂vy
= − − ∂y sin φ + ∂z cos φ sin φ + − ∂v ∂y sin φ + ∂z cos φ cos φ. So
z ∂vz
�2009
∂v y ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy

∂y + ∂v z
∂z = ∂y cos2 φ + ∂z sin φ cos φ + ∂vz
∂y sin φ cos φ + ∂vz
∂z sin2 φ + ∂y sin2 φ − ∂z sin φ cos φ
sin φ cos φ +
− ∂v
∂y
z
cos φ ∂vz
∂z
2
∂vy � � ∂v � 2 � ∂vy
= ∂y cos φ + sin φ + ∂z sin φ + cos2 φ =
2 2 z
∂y + ∂z .
∂vz
�
Problem 1.18
� �
� x̂ ŷ � ẑ
� ∂ �
(a) ∇×va = �� ∂x ∂
∂y
∂ �
∂z � = x̂(0 − 6xz) + ŷ(0 + 2z) + ẑ(3z − 0) = −6xz x̂ + 2z ŷ + 3z ẑ.
2 2
� x2 3xz −2xz
2 �
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ ��
� ∂
(b) ∇×vb = �� ∂x ∂
∂y
∂ �
∂z � = x̂(0 − 2y) + ŷ(0 − 3z) + ẑ(0 − x) = −2y x̂ − 3z ŷ − x ẑ.
� xy 2yz 3xz �
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ ��
� ∂
(c) ∇×vc = �� ∂x ∂
∂y
∂ �
∂z � = x̂(2z − 2z) + ŷ(0 − 0) + ẑ(2y − 2y) = 0.
� y2 (2xy + z 2 ) 2yz �
Problem 1.19
v = y x̂ + x ŷ; or v = yz x̂ + xz ŷ + xy ẑ; or v = (3x2 z − z 3 ) x̂ + 3 ŷ + (x3 − 3xz 2 ) ẑ;
or v = (sin x)(cosh y) x̂ − (cos x)(sinh y) ŷ; etc.
Problem 1.20
� � � � � �
∂(f g) ∂(f g) ∂(f g) ∂g
(i) ∇(f g) = ∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ + ∂z ẑ = f ∂x + g ∂f
∂x x̂ + f ∂g
+ g ∂f
ŷ + f ∂g
+ g ∂f
ẑ
� � � � ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
∂g ∂g ∂g
=f ∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ + ∂z ẑ + g ∂f ∂f ∂f
∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ + ∂z ẑ = f (∇g) + g(∇f ). qed
(iv) ∇·(A×B) = ∂
∂x (Ay Bz − Az By ) +
∂y (Az Bx − Ax Bz ) + ∂z (Ax By − Ay Bx )
∂ ∂
∂A ∂B
= ∂x + Bz ∂x − Az ∂x − By ∂x + Az ∂y + Bx ∂y − Ax ∂y − Bz ∂y
Ay ∂B z y y ∂Az ∂Bx ∂Az ∂Bz ∂Ax
∂By ∂A
+Ax ∂z + By ∂A ∂Bx
∂z − Ay ∂z − Bx ∂z�
x y
� � � � � � �
∂A ∂A ∂By
= Bx ∂A ∂y − ∂z
z y
+ By ∂A ∂Az
∂z − ∂x
x
+ Bz ∂xy − ∂A ∂y
x
− Ax ∂B∂y − ∂z
z
� �
� ∂B �
∂B
− ∂B−Ay
∂x
z
− Az ∂xy − ∂B
∂z
x
∂y
x
= B· (∇×A) − A· (∇×B). qed
� � � � � �
∂(f A ) ∂(f Ay )
(v) ∇× (f A) = ∂(f∂yAz ) − ∂z y x̂ + ∂(f∂zAx ) − ∂(f∂x Az )
ŷ + ∂x − ∂(f Ax )
∂y ẑ
� � � �
∂f ∂A ∂f ∂f ∂f
= f ∂A∂y + Az ∂y − f ∂z − Ay ∂z x̂ + f ∂z + Ax ∂z − f ∂x − Az ∂x ŷ
z y ∂Ax ∂Az
� �
∂A
+ f ∂xy + Ay ∂f ∂x − f ∂y − Ax ∂y ẑ
∂Ax ∂f
�� ∂Ax � � � �
∂Ay ∂Ay
= f ∂A ∂y
z
− x̂ + − ∂Az
ŷ + − ∂Ax
ẑ
�� ∂z ∂z
� ∂x� ∂x
�∂y � � �
− Ay ∂f ∂z − A z
∂f
∂y x̂ + A z
∂f
∂x − A x
∂f
∂z ŷ + Ax
∂f
∂y − A y
∂f
∂x ẑ
= f (∇×A) − A× (∇f ). qed
Problem 1.21
� � � �
∂B ∂B ∂B
∂x + Ay ∂y + Az ∂z
(a) (A·∇) B = Ax ∂B x ∂Bx ∂Bx
x̂ + Ax ∂xy + Ay ∂yy + Az ∂zy ŷ
� �
+ Ax ∂B
∂x
z
+ A ∂Bz
y ∂y + A ∂Bz
z ∂z ẑ.
x x̂+y ŷ+z ẑ
(b) r̂ = r
r =√ 2 2 2
. Let’s just do the x component.
x +y +z
�2009
� �
[(r̂·∇)r̂]x = √
1 ∂
x ∂x + y ∂y
∂
+ z ∂z
∂ √ 2 x2 2
x +y +z
� � � � � � ��
= r x √ + x(− 2 ) (√ )3 2x + yx − 12 (√1 )3 2y + zx − 12 (√1 )3 2z
1 1 1 1
� � ��
= 1r xr − r13 x3 + xy 2 + xz 2 = 1r xr − rx3 x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1r xr − xr = 0.
Same goes for the other components. Hence: (r̂·∇) r̂ = 0 .
� �
(c) (va ·∇) vb = x2 ∂x
∂
+ 3xz 2 ∂y
∂
− 2xz ∂z
∂
(xy x̂ + 2yz ŷ + 3xz ẑ)
= x2 (y x̂ + 0 ŷ + 3z ẑ) + 3xz 2 (x x̂ + 2z ŷ + 0 ẑ) − 2xz (0 x̂ + 2y ŷ + 3x ẑ)
� � � � � �
= x2 y + 3x2 z 2 x̂ + 6xz 3 − 4xyz ŷ + 3x2 z − 6x2 z ẑ
� � � �
= x2 y + 3z 2 x̂ + 2xz 3z 2 − 2y ŷ − 3x2 z ẑ
Problem 1.22
∂A ∂B
(ii) [∇(A·B)]x = ∂x (Ax Bx
∂
+ Ay By + Az Bz ) = + Ax ∂B
∂Ax
∂x + ∂x By + Ay ∂x +
∂x Bx
x y y ∂Az
∂x Bz + Az ∂B
∂x
z
� ∂B � � x �
[A×(∇×B)]x = Ay (∇×B)z − Az (∇×B)y = Ay ∂xy − ∂B ∂y
x
− Az ∂B ∂Bz
∂z − ∂x
� ∂A � � x �
[B×(∇×A)]x = By ∂xy − ∂A ∂y
x
− Bz ∂A ∂Az
∂z − ∂x
� �
[(A·∇)B]x = Ax ∂x∂
+ Ay ∂y
∂
+ Az ∂z∂
Bx = Ax ∂B
∂x + Ay ∂y + Az ∂z
x ∂Bx ∂Bx
[(B·∇)A]x = Bx ∂A
∂x + By ∂y + Bz ∂z
x ∂Ax ∂Ax
So [A×(∇×B) + B×(∇×A) + (A·∇)B + (B·∇)A]x

∂B ∂Ay
= Ay ∂xy − Ay ∂B∂y − Az ∂z + Az ∂x + By ∂x − By ∂y − Bz ∂z + Bz ∂x
x ∂Bx ∂Bz ∂Ax ∂Ax ∂Az
+Ax ∂x + Ay ∂y + Az ∂z + Bx ∂x + By ∂y + Bz ∂z
∂Bx ∂Bx ∂Bx ∂Ax ∂Ax ∂Ax
� ∂Ay � � ∂B �
= Bx ∂A
∂x + Ax ∂x + By ∂x − ∂y + ∂y
�
x ∂Bx
�
∂Ax
�
∂Ax
/ /
+ Ay ∂xy − ∂B
�
∂y + ∂y
x ∂Bx
/ /
+Bz − ∂A x
/
∂z + ∂x + ∂z
∂Az ∂Ax
/
+ Az − ∂B /
∂z + ∂x + ∂z
x ∂Bz ∂Bx
/
= [∇(A·B)]x (same for y and z)
(vi) [∇×(A×B)]x = ∂y (A×B)z − ∂z (A×B)y = ∂y (Ax By − Ay Bx ) − ∂z (Az Bx − Ax Bz )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂B ∂A
= ∂y By + Ax ∂y − ∂y Bx − Ay ∂y − ∂z Bx − Az ∂z + ∂z Bz + Ax ∂z
∂Ax y y ∂Bx ∂Az ∂Bx ∂Ax ∂Bz
[(B·∇)A − (A·∇)B + A(∇·B) − B(∇·A)]x

� ∂Bx ∂By ∂Bz � � x ∂Ay ∂Az �
= Bx ∂A
∂x + By ∂y + Bz ∂z − Ax ∂x − Ay ∂y − Az ∂z + Ax ∂x + ∂y + ∂z
x ∂Ax ∂Ax ∂Bx ∂Bx ∂Bx
∂x + ∂y + ∂z
− Bx ∂A
� ∂B � � ∂A �
� �
x
�
/ �
∂By
/
= By ∂y + Ax − ∂x + ∂x + ∂y + ∂z + Bx ∂x − ∂x − ∂y − ∂z
∂Ax ∂Bx
�
∂Bz
�
x ∂Ax
/
∂Ay ∂Az
/
+ Ay − ∂B
∂y
x
+ Az − ∂B
∂z
x
+ Bz ∂A∂z
x
= [∇×(A×B)]x (same for y and z)

Problem 1.23
∇(f /g) = ∂x (f /g) x̂ + ∂y (f /g) ŷ + ∂z (f /g) ẑ
∂ ∂ ∂
∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
g ∂x −f ∂x g −f g ∂f −f ∂g
= 2 x̂ + ∂y g2 ∂y ŷ + ∂z g2 ∂z ẑ
� �
g � � ��
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂g ∂g ∂g g∇f −f ∇g
= g 2 g ∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ + ∂z ẑ − f ∂x x̂ + ∂y ŷ
1
+ ∂z ẑ = g2 . qed
∇·(A/g) = ∂x (Ax /g) + ∂y (Ay /g) + ∂z (Az /g)

∂ ∂ ∂
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂g
g ∂x −Ax ∂x ∂g g −Ay g ∂Az −A ∂g
= 2 + ∂y g2 ∂y + ∂z g2 z ∂x
� �g � � ��
∂Ay ∂g ∂g g∇·A−A·∇g
= 1
g2 g ∂x + ∂y + ∂z
∂Ax ∂Az
− Ax ∂x + Ay ∂y + Az ∂g
∂z = g2 . qed
�2009
[∇×(A/g)]x = ∂y (Az /g) − ∂z (Ay /g)

∂ ∂
∂Az ∂g ∂Ay
g ∂y −Az ∂y g −A ∂g
= − ∂z g2 y ∂z
� g�2 � � ��
∂Ay ∂g
= 1
g2 g
∂Az
∂y − ∂z − Az ∂y − Ay ∂g
∂z
g(∇×A)x +(A×∇g)x
= g2 (same for y and z). qed
Problem 1.24
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� �
(a) A×B = �� x 2y 3z �� = x̂(6xz) + ŷ(9zy) + ẑ(−2x2 − 6y 2 )
� 3y −2x 0 �
∇·(A×B) = ∂x∂
(6xz) + ∂y∂
(9zy) + ∂z
∂
(−2x2 − 6y 2 ) = 6z + 9z + 0 = 15z
� � � � � �
∇×A = x̂ ∂y
∂
(3z) − ∂z
∂
(2y) + ŷ ∂z∂
(x) − ∂x
∂
(3z) + ẑ ∂x ∂
(2y) − ∂y
∂
(x) = 0; B·(∇×A) = 0
� � �∂ � � �
∇×B = x̂ ∂y
∂
(0) − ∂z
∂
(−2x) + ŷ ∂z (3y) − ∂x
∂
(0) + ẑ ∂x∂
(−2x) − ∂y∂
(3y) = −5 ẑ; A·(∇×B) = −15z
?
∇·(A×B) = B·(∇×A) − A·(∇×B) = 0 − (−15z) = 15z. �
(b) A·B = 3xy − 4xy = −xy ; ∇(A·B) = ∇(−xy) = x̂ ∂x ∂
(−xy) + ŷ ∂y
∂
(−xy) = −y x̂ − x ŷ
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� �
A×(∇×B) = �� x 2y 3z �� = x̂(−10y) + ŷ(5x); B×(∇×A) = 0
� 0 0 −5 �
� �
(A·∇)B = x ∂x ∂
+ 2y ∂y
∂
+ 3z ∂z∂
(3y x̂ − 2x ŷ) = x̂(6y) + ŷ(−2x)
� �
(B·∇)A = 3y ∂x ∂
− 2x ∂y
∂
(x x̂ + 2y ŷ + 3z ẑ) = x̂(3y) + ŷ(−4x)
A×(∇×B) + B×(∇×A) + (A·∇)B + (B·∇)A

= −10y x̂ + 5x ŷ + 6y x̂ − 2x ŷ + 3y x̂ − 4x ŷ = −y x̂ − x ŷ = ∇·(A·B). �
� � �∂ � � �
(c) ∇×(A×B) = x̂ ∂y ∂
(−2x2 − 6y 2 ) − ∂z
∂
(9zy) + ŷ ∂z (6xz) − ∂x ∂
(−2x2 − 6y 2 ) + ẑ ∂x
∂
(9zy) − ∂y (6xz)
∂
= x̂(−12y − 9y) + ŷ(6x + 4x) + ẑ(0) = −21y x̂ + 10x ŷ

∇·A = ∂x (x)
∂
+ ∂y (2y)
∂
+ ∂z (3z)
∂
= 1 + 2 + 3 = 6; ∇·B = ∂x (3y)
∂
+ ∂y (−2x)
∂
=0
(B·∇)A − (A·∇)B + A(∇·B) − B(∇·A) = 3y x̂ − 4x ŷ − 6y x̂ + 2x ŷ − 18y x̂ + 12x ŷ = −21y x̂ + 10x ŷ
= ∇×(A×B). �
Problem 1.25
∂ 2 Ta ∂ 2 Ta ∂ 2 Ta
(a) ∂x2 = 2; ∂y 2 = ∂z 2 = 0 ⇒ ∇2 Ta = 2.
∂ 2 Tb ∂ 2 Tb ∂ 2 Tb
(b) ∂x2 = ∂y 2 = ∂z 2 = −Tb ⇒ ∇2 Tb = −3Tb = −3 sin x sin y sin z.
∂ 2 Tc 2 2
(c) ∂x2 = 25Tc ; ∂∂yT2c = −16Tc ; ∂∂zT2c = −9Tc ⇒ ∇2 Tc = 0.
2 2 2 
(d) ∂∂xv2x = 2 ; ∂∂yv2x = ∂∂zv2x = 0 ⇒ ∇2 vx = 2  
∂ 2 vy ∂ 2 vy ∂ 2 vy
2 = 2 = 0 ; 2 = 6x ⇒ ∇ 2
vy = 6x ∇2 v = 2 x̂ + 6x ŷ.
∂x ∂y ∂z 

∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vz
∂x2 = ∂y 2 = ∂z 2 = 0 ⇒ ∇ vz = 0
2
�2009
Problem 1.26
� � � ∂vx � � �
∂vy ∂vy
∇·(∇×v) = ∂x
∂ ∂vz
∂y − + ∂
− ∂vz
+ ∂
− ∂vx
� 2 � ∂z
� 2 ∂y ∂z
� ∂x� 2 ∂z 2∂x � ∂y
∂ 2 vz ∂ 2 vx ∂ vy ∂ vy
= ∂x
∂ vz
∂y − ∂y ∂x + ∂ vx
∂y ∂z − ∂z ∂y + ∂z ∂x − ∂x ∂z = 0, by equality of cross-derivatives.
From Prob. 1.18: ∇×va = −6xz x̂ + 2z ŷ + 3z 2 ẑ ⇒ ∇·(∇×va ) = ∂x ∂

(−6xz) + ∂y (2z)
∂
+ ∂z (3z )
∂ 2
=
−6z + 6z = 0. �
Problem 1.27
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� ∂ ∂ ∂ � � 2t 2 � � 2t ∂2t
� � ∂2t ∂2t
�
∇×(∇t) = �� ∂x ∂y ∂z �� = x̂ ∂y∂ ∂z − ∂z∂ ∂y
t
+ ŷ ∂z∂ ∂x − ∂x ∂z + ẑ ∂x ∂y − ∂y ∂x
� ∂t ∂t ∂t �
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 0, by equality of cross-derivatives.
In Prob. 1.11(b),
� ∇f = 2xy 3 z 4 x̂ + 3x2�y 2 z 4 ŷ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 ẑ, so
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� ∂ �
∇×(∇f ) = � ∂x � ∂ ∂ �
∂y ∂z �
� 2xy 3 z 4 3x2 y 2 z 4 4x2 y 3 z 3 �
= x̂(3 · 4x2 y 2 z 3 − 4 · 3x2 y 2 z 3 ) + ŷ(4 · 2xy 3 z 3 − 2 · 4xy 3 z 3 ) + ẑ(2 · 3xy 2 z 4 − 3 · 2xy 2 z 4 ) = 0. �
Problem 1.28
� �1
(a) (0, 0, 0) −→ (1, 0, 0). x : 0 → 1, y = z = 0; dl = dx x̂; v · dl = x2 dx; v · dl �= 0 x2 dx = (x3 /3)|10 = 1/3.
(1, 0, 0) −→ (1, 1, 0). x = 1, y : 0 → 1, z = 0; dl = dy ŷ; v · dl = 2yz dy = 0; v · dl = 0.
� �1
(1, 1, 0) −→ (1, 1, 1). x = y = 1, z : 0 → 1; dl = dz ẑ; v · dl = y 2 dz = dz; v · dl = 0 dz = z|10 = 1.
�
Total: v · dl = (1/3) + 0 + 1 = 4/3.
�
(b) (0, 0, 0) −→ (0, 0, 1). x = y = 0, z : 0 → 1; dl = dz ẑ; v · dl = y 2 dz = 0; v · dl = 0.
� �1
(0, 0, 1) −→ (0, 1, 1). x = 0, y : 0 → 1, z = 1; dl = dy ŷ; v · dl = 2yz dy = 2y dy; v · dl = 0 2y dy = y 2 |10 = 1.
� � 1
(0, 1, 1) −→ (1, 1, 1). x : 0 → 1, y = z = 1; dl = dx x̂; v · dl = x2 dx; v · dl = 0 x2 dx = (x3 /3)|10 = 1/3.
�
Total: v · dl = 0 + 1 + (1/3) = 4/3.
(c) x = y = z : 0 → 1; dx = dy = dz; v · dl = x2 dx + 2yz dy + y 2 dz = x2 dx + 2x2 dx + x2 dx = 4x2 dx;

� �1
v · dl = 0 4x2 dx = (4x3 /3)|10 = 4/3.
�
(d) v · dl = (4/3) − (4/3) = 0.
Problem 1.29
� �2 �2
x, y : 0 → 1, z = 0; da = dx dy ẑ; v · da = y(z 2 − 3) dx dy = −3y dx dy; v · da = −3 0 dx 0 y dy =
2
−3(x|20 )( y2 |20 ) = −3(2)(2) = -12. In Ex. 1.7 we got 20, for the same boundary line (the square in the
xy-plane), so the answer is no: the surface integral does not depend only on the boundary line. The total flux
for the cube is 20 + 12 = 32.
Problem 1.30
� �
T dτ = z 2 dx dy dz. You can do the integrals in any order—here it is simplest to save z for last:
� ��
2
z dx dy dz.
�2009
� (1−y−z)
The sloping surface is x+y +z = 1, so the x integral is 0 dx = 1−y −z. For a given z, y ranges from 0 to
� (1−z) (1−z)
1 − z, so the y integral is 0 (1 − y − z) dy = [(1 − z)y − (y /2)]|0
2
= (1 − z)2 − [(1 − z)2 /2] = (1 − z)2 /2 =
� 1 2 � 1 2 4 3 4 5
(1/2) − z + (z 2 /2). Finally, the z integral is 0 z 2 ( 12 − z + z2 ) dz = 0 ( z2 − z 3 + z2 ) dz = ( z6 − z4 + z10 )|10 =
1
6 − 1
4 + 1
10 = 1/60.
Problem 1.31
T (b) = 1 + 4 + 2 = 7; T (a) = 0. ⇒ T (b) − T (a) = 7.
∇T = (2x + 4y)x̂ + (4x + 2z 3 )ŷ + (6yz 2 )ẑ; ∇T ·dl = (2x + 4y)dx + (4x + 2z 3 )dy + (6yz 2 )dz
� �1 �1 
(a) Segment 1: x : 0 → 1, y = z = dy = dz = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (2x) dx = x2 �0 = 1. 
�
� �1 b
Segment 2: y : 0 → 1, x = 1, z = 0, dx = dz = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (4) dy = 4y|0 = 4.
1
a
∇T ·dl = 7. �
� �1 2 � 1 

Segment 3: z : 0 → 1, x = y = 1, dx = dy = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (6z ) dz = 2z 3 �0 = 2.
� �1 
(b) Segment 1: z : 0 → 1, x = y = dx = dy = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (0) dz = 0. 

� �1 
Segment 2: y : 0 → 1, x = 0, z = 1, dx = dz = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (2) dy = 2y|0 = 2.  � b
1
� �1 ∇T ·dl = 7. �
Segment 3: x : 0 → 1, y = z = 1, dy = dz = 0. ∇T ·dl = 0 (2x + 4) dx 

a
� 1 

= (x2 + 4x)�0 = 1 + 4 = 5.
(c) x : 0 → 1, y = x, z = x2 , dy = dx, dz = 2x dx.
∇T ·dl = (2x + 4x)dx + (4x + 2x6 )dx + (6xx4 )2x dx = (10x + 14x6 )dx.
�b �1 �1
a
∇T ·dl = 0 (10x + 14x6 )dx = (5x2 + 2x7 )�0 = 5 + 2 = 7. �
Problem 1.32
∇·v = y + 2z + 3x
� � �� 2 �
(∇·v)dτ = (y + 2z + 3x) dx dy dz = 0
(y + 2z + 3x) dx dy dz
� �2
�
� �2 � �→
(y + 2z)x + 32 x2 0 = 2(y + 2z) + 6
= 0
(2y + 4z + 6)dy dz
� 2 �2
�→
y + (4z + 6)y 0 = 4 + 2(4z + 6) = 8z + 16
�2 �2
= 0
(8z + 16)dz = (4z 2 + 16z)�0 = 16 + 32 = 48.
Numbering the surfaces as in Fig. 1.29:
� �� 2
(i) da = dy dz x̂, x = 2. v·da = 2y dy dz. v·da = 2y dy dz = 2y 2 �0 = 8.
�
(ii) da = −dy dz x̂, x = 0. v·da = 0. v·da�= 0. ��
(iii) da = dx dz ŷ, y = 2. v·da = 4z dx
� dz. v·da = 4z dx dz = 16.
(iv) da = −dx dz ŷ, y = 0. v·da = 0. v·da � = 0.
(v) da = dx dy ẑ, z = 2. v·da = 6x dx�dy. v·da = 24.
(vi)� da = −dx dy ẑ, z = 0. v·da = 0. v·da = 0.
⇒ v·da = 8 + 16 + 24 = 48 �
Problem 1.33
∇×v = x̂(0 − 2y) + ŷ(0 − 3z) + ẑ(0 − x) = −2y x̂ − 3z ŷ − x ẑ.
da = dy dz x̂, if we agree that the path integral shall run counterclockwise. So
�2009
(∇×v)·da = −2y dy dz.

� � �� 2−z �
(∇×v)·da = 0
(−2y)dy
�
dz z�
�→
2 �2−z
y 0 = −(2 − z)2 �
� ��2 �
y
�2 z3 �
�
=
= − 0 (4 − 4z + z 2 )dz = − 4z − 2z 2 + �
2
3
0 �
−
� �
z
= − 8 − 8 + 83 = − 83 �
� �
y
Meanwhile, v·dl = (xy)dx + (2yz)dy + (3zx)dz. There are three segments.
z�
�
� � (2)
(3) ��
� �
�
� �
� y
(1)
�
(1) x = z = 0; dx = dz = 0. y : 0 → 2. v·dl = 0.
(2) x = 0; z = 2 − y; dx = 0, dz = −dy, y : 2 → 0. v·dl = 2yz dy.
� �0 �2 � ��2 � �
v·dl = 2 2y(2 − y)dy = − 0 (4y − 2y 2 )dy = − 2y 2 − 32 y 3 �0 = − 8 − 23 · 8 = − 83 .
� �
(3) x = y = 0; dx = dy = 0; z : 2 → 0. v·dl = 0. v·dl = 0. So v·dl = − 83 . �
Problem 1.34
�
By Corollary 1, (∇×v)·da should equal 43 . ∇×v = (4z 2 − 2x)x̂ + 2z ẑ.
� �1
(i) da = dy dz x̂, x = 1; y, z : 0 → 1. (∇×v)·da = (4z 2 − 2)dy dz; (∇×v)·da = 0 (4z 2 − 2)dz
�1
= ( 43 z 3 − 2z)�0 = 43 − 2 = − 23 .
�
(ii) da = −dx dy ẑ, z = 0; x, y : 0 → 1. (∇×v)·da = 0; � (∇×v)·da = 0.
(iii) da = dx dz ŷ, y = 1; x, z : 0 → 1. (∇×v)·da = 0; (∇×v)·da
� = 0.
(iv) da = −dx dz ŷ, y = 0; x, z : 0 → 1. (∇×v)·da = 0; (∇×v)·da
� = 0.
(v) da = dx dy ẑ, z = 1; x, y : 0 → 1. (∇×v)·da = 2 dx dy; (∇×v)·da = 2.
�
⇒ (∇×v)·da = − 23 + 2 = 43 . �
Problem 1.35
(a) Use the product rule ∇×(f A) = f (∇×A) − A × (∇f ) :

� � � � �
f (∇×A) · da = ∇×(f A) · da + [A × (∇f )] · da = f A · dl + [A × (∇f )] · da. qed
S S S P S
(I used Stokes’ theorem in the last step.)
(b) Use the product rule ∇·(A × B) = B · (∇×A) − A · (∇×B) :

� � � � �
B · (∇×A)dτ = ∇·(A × B) dτ + A · (∇×B) dτ = (A × B) · da + A · (∇×B) dτ. qed
V V V S V
(I used the divergence theorem in the last step.)
�2009
� �
� �y�
Problem 1.36 r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; θ = cos−1 √ z
; φ = tan−1 x .
x2 +y 2 +z 2
Problem 1.37
There are many ways to do this one—probably the most illuminating way is to work it out by trigonometry
from Fig. 1.36. The most systematic approach is to study the expression:
r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ = r sin θ cos φ x̂ + r sin θ sin φ ŷ + r cos θ ẑ.
If I only vary r slightly, then dr = ∂r

∂
(r)dr is a short vector pointing in the direction of increase in r. To make
it a unit vector, I must divide by its length. Thus:
∂r ∂r ∂r
r̂ = � ∂r � ; θ̂ = � ∂θ � ; φ̂ = � ∂φ �.
� ∂r � � ∂r � � ∂r �
∂r ∂θ ∂φ
� ∂r �2
∂r
∂r = sin θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ sin φ ŷ + cos θ ẑ; � ∂r � = sin2 θ cos2 φ + sin2 θ sin2 φ + cos2 θ = 1.
� ∂r �2
∂r
∂θ = r cos θ cos φ x̂ + r cos θ sin φ ŷ − r sin θ ẑ; � ∂θ � = r2 cos2 θ cos2 φ + r2 cos2 θ sin2 φ + r2 sin2 θ = r2 .
� ∂r �2
∂r
∂φ = −r sin θ sin φ x̂ + r sin θ cos φ ŷ; � ∂φ � = r2 sin2 θ sin2 φ + r2 sin2 θ cos2 φ = r2 sin2 θ.
r̂ = sin θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ sin φ ŷ + cos θ ẑ.

⇒ θ̂ = cos θ cos φ x̂ + cos θ sin φ ŷ − sin θ ẑ.
φ̂ = − sin φ x̂ + cos φ ŷ.
Check: r̂·r̂ = sin2 θ(cos2 φ + sin2 φ) + cos2 θ = sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, �
θ̂·φ̂ = − cos θ sin φ cos φ + cos θ sin φ cos φ = 0, � etc.
sin θ r̂ = sin2 θ cos φ x̂ + sin2 θ sin φ ŷ + sin θ cos θ ẑ.
cos θ θ̂ = cos2 θ cos φ x̂ + cos2 θ sin φ ŷ − sin θ cos θ ẑ.
Add these:
(1) sin θ r̂ + cos θ θ̂ = + cos φ x̂ + sin φ ŷ;
(2) φ̂ = − sin φ x̂ + cos φ ŷ.
Multiply (1) by cos φ, (2) by sin φ, and subtract:
x̂ = sin θ cos φ r̂ + cos θ cos φ θ̂ − sin φ φ̂.
Multiply (1) by sin φ, (2) by cos φ, and add:
ŷ = sin θ sin φ r̂ + cos θ sin φ θ̂ + cos φ φ̂.
cos θ r̂ = sin θ cos θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ cos θ sin φ ŷ + cos2 θ ẑ.

sin θ θ̂ = sin θ cos θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ cos θ sin φ ŷ − sin2 θ ẑ.
Subtract these:
ẑ = cos θ r̂ − sin θ θ̂.
�2009
Problem 1.38
(a) ∇·v1 = r12 ∂r
∂
(r2 r2 ) = r12 4r3 = 4r � 4�
� � �R �π �
(∇·v1 )dτ = (4r)(r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ) = (4) 0 r3 dr 0 sin θ dθ 2π 0 dφ = (4)
R
4 (2)(2π) = 4πR4
� � 2 � π � 2π
v1 ·da = (r r̂)·(r2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂) = r4 0 sin θ dθ 0 dφ = 4πR4 � (Note: at surface of sphere r = R.)
� 21� �
(b) ∇·v2 = r12 ∂r∂
r r2 = 0 ⇒ (∇·v2 )dτ = 0
� �� 1 � 2 �
v2 ·da = r 2 r̂ (r sin θ dθ dφ r̂) = sin θ dθ dφ = 4π.
They don’t agree!
� The point is that this divergence is zero except at the origin, where it blows up, so our
calculation of (∇·v2 ) is incorrect. The right answer is 4π.
Problem 1.39
∇·v = r12 ∂r
∂
(r2 r cos θ) + r sin
1
θ ∂θ (sin θ r sin θ) + r sin θ ∂φ (r sin θ cos φ)
∂ 1 ∂
= r2 3r cos θ + r sin θ r 2 sin θ cos θ + r sin θ r sin θ(− sin φ)

1 2 1 1
= 3 cos θ + 2 cos θ − sin φ = 5 cos θ − sin φ

� � �R � θ �� 2π �
(∇·v)dτ = (5 cos θ − sin φ) r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = 0 r2 dr 02 0 (5 cos θ − sin φ) dφ dθ sin θ
� � � π
�→2π(5 cos θ)
R3
= 3 (10π) 2
0
sin θ cos θ dθ
�π
sin2 θ � 2
�→ 2 � =
0
1
2
= 5π 3
3 R .
Two surfaces—one the hemisphere: da = R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂; r = R; φ : 0 → 2π, θ : 0 → π2 .

� � �π � 2π � �
v·da = (r cos θ)R2 sin θ dθ dφ = R3 02 sin θ cos θ dθ 0 dφ = R3 12 (2π) = πR3 .
other the flat bottom: da = (dr)(r sin θ dφ)(+θ̂) = r dr dφ θ̂ (here θ = π2 ). r : 0 → R, φ : 0 → 2π.
� � �R � 2π 3
� = (r sin 3θ)(r 2dr dφ)

v·da = 0 r2 dr 0 dφ = 2π R3 .
Total: v·da = πR + 3 πR3 = 53 πR3 . �
Problem 1.40 ∇t = (cos θ + sin θ cos φ)r̂ + (− sin θ + cos θ cos φ)θ̂ + 1
(− sin
/ θ sin φ)φ̂
/θ
sin
∇2 t = ∇·(∇t) � 2 �
= r12 ∂r
∂
r (cos θ + sin θ cos φ) + r sin1
θ ∂θ (sin θ(− sin θ + cos θ cos φ)) + r sin θ ∂φ (− sin φ)
∂ 1 ∂
= r12 2r(cos θ + sin θ cos φ) + r sin

1
θ (−2 sin θ cos θ + cos θ cos φ − sin θ cos φ) − r sin θ cos φ
2 2 1
= r sin θ [2
1
� / /
sin θ cos θ + 2 sin2 θ cos φ − 2 sin θ cos θ
�
+ cos2 θ cos φ − sin2 θ cos φ − cos φ]
= r sin θ (sin θ + cos θ) cos φ − cos φ = 0.
1 2 2
⇒ ∇ t=0 2
Check: r cos θ = z, r sin θ cos φ = x ⇒ in Cartesian coordinates t = x + z. Obviously Laplacian is zero.

�b
Gradient Theorem: a ∇t·dl = t(b) − t(a)
Segment 1: θ = π2 , φ = 0, r : 0 → 2. dl = dr r̂; ∇t·dl = (cos θ + sin θ cos φ)dr = (0 + 1)dr = dr.
� �2
∇t·dl = 0 dr = 2.
Segment 2: θ = π
2, r = 2, φ : 0 →
dl = r sin θ dφ φ̂ = 2 dφ φ̂.
π
2.
� �π π
∇t·dl = (− sin φ)(2 dφ) = −2 sin φ dφ. ∇t·dl = − 02 2 sin φ dφ = 2 cos φ|02 = −2.
�2009
Segment 3: r = 2, φ = π2 ; θ : π2 → 0.
dl = r dθ θ̂ = 2 dθ θ̂; ∇t·dl = (− sin θ + cos θ cos φ)(2 dθ) = −2 sin θ dθ.
� �0 0
∇t·dl = − π 2 sin θ dθ = 2 cos θ| π = 2.
2 2
�b
Total: a ∇t·dl = 2 − 2 + 2 = 2 . Meanwhile, t(b) − t(a) = [2(1 + 0)] − [0( )] = 2. �
Problem 1.41 From Fig. 1.42, ŝ = cos φ x̂ + sin φ ŷ; φ̂ = − sin φ x̂ + cos φ ŷ; ẑ = ẑ
Multiply first by cos φ, second by sin φ, and subtract:
ŝ cos φ − φ̂ sin φ = cos2 φ x̂ + cos φ sin φ ŷ + sin2 φ x̂ − sin φ cos φ ŷ = x̂(sin2 φ + cos2 φ) = x̂.
So x̂ = cos φ ŝ − sin φ φ̂.
Multiply first by sin φ, second by cos φ, and add:
ŝ sin φ + φ̂ cos φ = sin φ cos φ x̂ + sin2 φ ŷ − sin φ cos φ x̂ + cos2 φ ŷ = ŷ(sin2 φ + cos2 φ) = ŷ.
So ŷ = sin φ ŝ + cos φ φ̂. ẑ = ẑ.
Problem 1.42
� �
(a) ∇·v = 1s ∂s
∂
s s(2 + sin2 φ) + 1s ∂φ
∂
(s sin φ cos φ) + ∂z
∂
(3z)
= s 2s(2 + sin φ) + s s(cos φ − sin φ) + 3
1 2 1 2 2
= 4 + 2 sin2 φ + cos2 φ − sin2 φ + 3

= 4 + sin2 φ + cos2 φ + 3 = 8.
� � �2 �π �5 � �
(b) (∇·v)dτ = (8)s ds dφ dz = 8 0 s ds 02 dφ 0 dz = 8(2) π2 (5) = 40π.
Meanwhile, the surface integral has five parts:
� �2 �π
top: z = 5, da = s ds dφ ẑ; v·da = 3z s ds dφ = 15s ds dφ. � v·da = 15 0 s ds 02 dφ = 15π.
bottom: z = 0, da = −s ds dφ ẑ; v·da = −3z s ds dφ = 0. v·da = 0.
�
back: φ = π2 , da = ds dz φ̂; v·da = s sin φ cos φ ds dz = 0. v·da = 0.
�
left: φ = 0, da = −ds dz φ̂; v·da = −s sin φ cos φ ds dz = 0. v·da = 0.
front: s = 2, da = s dφ dz ŝ; v·da = s(2 + sin2 φ)s dφ dz = 4(2 + sin2 φ)dφ dz.
� �π �5
v·da = 4 02 (2 + sin2 φ)dφ 0 dz = (4)(π + π4 )(5) = 25π.
�
So v·da = 15π + 25π = 40π. �
� � �∂ � � �
(c) ∇×v = 1s ∂φ ∂
(3z) − ∂z∂
(s sin φ cos φ) ŝ + ∂z s(2 + sin2 φ) − ∂s
∂
(3z) φ̂
� � ��
+ 1s ∂s
∂
(s2 sin φ cos φ) − ∂φ∂
s(2 + sin2 φ) ẑ
= s (2s sin φ cos φ
1
− s 2 sin φ cos φ) ẑ = 0.
Problem 1.43
(a) 3(32 ) − 2(3) − 1 = 27 − 6 − 1 = 20.
(b) cos π = -1.
(c) zero.
(d) ln(−2 + 3) = ln 1 = zero.
Problem 1.44
�2
(a) −2 (2x + 3) 13 δ(x) dx = 13 (0 + 3) = 1.
(b) By Eq. 1.94, δ(1 − x) = δ(x − 1), so 1 + 3 + 2 = 6.
�2009
�1 � �2
(c) −1
9x2 31 δ(x + 13 ) dx = 9 − 13 1
3 = 1
3.
(d) 1 (if a > b), 0 (if a < b).

Problem 1.45
�∞ � d � ∞ �∞ d
(a) −∞ f (x) x dx δ(x) dx = x f (x)δ(x)|−∞ − −∞ dx (x f (x)) δ(x) dx.
df df
The first term is zero, since
� δ(x) =�0 at ±∞; dx (x f (x)) = x dx
d
+ dx
dx f = x dx + f.
�∞ df
�∞
So the integral is − −∞ x dx + f δ(x) dx = 0 − f (0) = −f (0) = − −∞ f (x)δ(x) dx.
So, x dx
d
δ(x) = −δ(x). qed
�∞ ∞ � ∞ df �∞ df
(b) −∞ f (x) dx
dθ
dx = f (x)θ(x)|−∞ − −∞ dx θ(x)dx = f (∞) − 0 dx dx = f (∞) − (f (∞) − f (0))
�∞
= f (0) = −∞ f (x)δ(x) dx. So dx
dθ
= δ(x). qed
Problem 1.46
� �
(a) ρ(r) = qδ 3 (r − r� ). Check: ρ(r)dτ = q δ 3 (r − r� ) dτ = q. �
(b) ρ(r) = qδ 3 (r − a) − qδ 3 (r).

(c) Evidently ρ(r) = Aδ(r − R). To determine the constant A, we require
� � Q Q
Q = ρ dτ = Aδ(r − R)4πr2 dr = A 4πR2 . So A = 4πR 2. ρ(r) = 4πR2 δ(r − R).
Problem 1.47
(a) a2 + a·a + a2 = 3a2 .
�
(b) (r − b)2 513 δ 3 (r) dτ = 1 2
125 b = 125 (4
1 2
+ 32 ) = 1
5.
(c) c2 = 25 + 9 + 4 = 38 > 36 = 62 , so c is outside V, so the integral is zero.

2 2
(d) (e − (2 x̂ + 2 ŷ + 2 ẑ)) = (1 x̂ + 0 ŷ + (−1) ẑ) = 1 + 1 = 2 < (1.5)2 = 2.25, so e is inside V,
and hence the integral is e·(d − e) = (3, 2, 1)·(−2, 0, 2) = −6 + 0 + 2 = -4.
Problem 1.48 � � �
First method: use Eq. 1.99 to write J = e−r 4πδ 3(r) dτ = 4πe−0 = 4π.
Second method: integrating by parts (use Eq. 1.59).
� � � �
r̂ r̂ � � ∂ −r
J =− · ∇(e−r ) dτ + e −r
· da. But ∇ e −r
= e r̂ = −e−r r̂.
r2 r2 ∂r
V S
� � �R �
1 −r r̂
= e 4πr2 dr + e −r
· r2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂ = 4π e−r dr + e−R sin θ dθ dφ
r2 r2
0
� ��R � � � �
= 4π −e −r � + 4πe−R = 4π −e−R + e−0 + 4πe−R = 4π.� Here R = ∞, so e−R = 0.
0
� � ∂y
Problem 1.49 (a) ∇·F1 = ∂x∂
(0) + ∂y (0)
∂
+ ∂
∂z x2 = 0 ; ∇·F2 = ∂x
∂x + ∂y +
=1+1+1= 3 ∂z
∂z
� � � �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ � � x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� ∂ ∂ ∂ � � � � ∂ ∂ ∂ �
∇×F1 = �� ∂x � = −ŷ ∂ x2 = −2xŷ ; ∇×F2 = �� ∂x ∂y ∂z �� = 0
∂y ∂z � ∂x
� 0 0 x2 � � x y z �
�2009
� �
F2 is a gradient; F1 is a curl U2 = 12 x3 + y 2 + z 2 would do (F2 = ∇U2 ).
� � � �
∂A ∂Ay x3
For A1 , we want ∂zy − ∂A ∂y
z
= ∂A ∂Az
∂z − ∂x
x
= 0; ∂x − ∂y = x . Ay = 3 , Ax = Az = 0 would do it.
∂Ax 2
A1 = 13 x2 ŷ (F1 = ∇×A1 ) . (But these are not unique.)

� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� �
(b) ∇·F3 = ∂x∂
(yz) + ∂y
∂
(xz) + ∂z
∂
(xy) = 0; ∇×F3 = �� ∂x ∂ ∂ ∂ �
∂y ∂z � = x̂ (x − x) + ŷ (y − y) + ẑ (z − z) = 0.
� yz xz xy �
So F3 can be written as the gradient of a scalar (F3 = ∇U3 ) and as the curl of a vector (F3 = ∇×A3 ). In
fact, U3 = xyz does the job. For the vector potential, we have
 ∂Ay



∂Az
∂y − ∂z = yz, which suggests Az = 14 y 2 z + f (x, z); Ay = − 14 yz 2 + g(x, y) 

∂Ax
∂z − ∂Az
∂x = xz, suggesting Ax = 14 z 2 x + h(x, y); Az = − 14 zx2 + j(y, z)

 
Ay = 14 x2 y + k(y, z); Ax = − 14 xy 2 + l(x, z) 
∂Ay
∂x − ∂Ax
∂y = xy, so
� � 2 � � � � � �
Putting this all together: A3 = 1
4 x z − y 2 x̂ + y x2 − z 2 ŷ + z y 2 − x2 ẑ (again, not unique).
Problem 1.50
(d) ⇒ (a): �∇×F = ∇×(−∇U
� ) = 0 (Eq. 1.44 – curl of gradient is always zero).
(a) ⇒ (c): F · dl = (∇×F) · da = 0 (Eq. 1.57–Stokes’ theorem).
�b �b �b �a �
(c) ⇒ (b): a I F · dl − a II F · dl = a I F · dl + b II F · dl = F · dl = 0, so
� b � b
F · dl = F · dl.
a I a II
(b) ⇒ (c): same as (c) ⇒ (b), only in reverse; (c) ⇒ (a): same as (a)⇒ (c).
Problem 1.51
(d) ⇒ (a): �∇·F = ∇·(∇×W)
� = 0 (Eq 1.46—divergence of curl is always zero).
(a) ⇒ (c): � F · da = �(∇·F) dτ =�0 (Eq. 1.56—divergence theorem).
(c) ⇒ (b): I F · da − II F · da = F · da = 0, so
� �
F · da = F · da.
I II
�
(Note: sign change because for F · da, da is outward, whereas for surface II it is inward.)
(b) ⇒ (c): same as (c) ⇒ (b), in reverse; (c)⇒ (a): same as (a)⇒ (c) .
Problem 1.52
In Prob. 1.15 we found that ∇·va = 0; in Prob. 1.18 we found that ∇×vc = 0. So
vc can be written as the gradient of a scalar; va can be written as the curl of a vector.
(a) To find t:
(1) ∂t
∂x = y 2 ⇒ t = y 2 x + f (y, z)
� �
(2) ∂t
∂y = 2xy + z 2
(3) ∂t
∂z = 2yz
�2009
∂f ∂g
From (1) & (3) we get ∂z = 2yz ⇒ f = yz + g(y) ⇒ t = y x
2 2
+ yz 2 + g(y), so ∂t
∂y = 2xy + z 2 + ∂y =
∂g
2xy + z (from (2)) ⇒
2
∂y = 0. We may as well pick g = 0; then t = xy + yz .
2 2
∂Wy ∂Wy
(b) To find W: ∂Wz
∂y − ∂z = x2 ; ∂Wx
∂z − ∂Wz
∂x = 3z 2 x; ∂x − ∂Wx
∂y = −2xz.
Pick Wx = 0; then
∂Wz 3
= −3xz 2 ⇒ Wz = − x2 z 2 + f (y, z)
∂x 2
∂Wy
= −2xz ⇒ Wy = −x2 z + g(y, z).
∂x
∂Wy ∂f ∂g ∂f ∂g
∂Wz
∂y − ∂z = ∂y + x2 − ∂z = x2 ⇒ ∂y − ∂z = 0. May as well pick f = g = 0.
W = −x2 z ŷ − 32 x2 z 2 ẑ.
� �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� ∂ � � � � �
Check: ∇×W = � ∂x ∂y� ∂ ∂ � = x̂ x2 + ŷ 3xz 2 + ẑ (−2xz).�
∂z �
� 0 −x2 z − 3 x2 z 2 �
2
You can add any gradient (∇t) to W without changing its curl, so this answer is far from unique. Some
other solutions:
W = xz 3 x̂ − x2 z ŷ;
� �
W = 2xyz + xz 3 x̂ + x2 y ẑ;
� �
W = xyz x̂ − 12 x2 z ŷ + 12 x2 y − 3z 2 ẑ.
Probelm 1.53
1 ∂ � 2 2 � 1 ∂ � � 1 ∂ � 2 �
∇·v = r r cos θ + sin θ r2 cos φ + −r cos θ sin φ
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
1 1 1 � 2 �
= 2 4r3 cos θ + cos θ r2 cos φ + −r cos θ cos φ
r r sin θ r sin θ
r cos θ
= [4 sin θ + cos φ − cos φ] = 4r cos θ.
sin θ
� � �R �π/2 �π/2
(∇·v) dτ = (4r cos θ)r sin θ dr dθ dφ = 4
2 3
r dr cos θ sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 0
� ��
� � 1 π 4
= R 4
= πR
.
2 2 4
Surface consists of four parts: � ��

(1) Curved: da = R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂; r = R. v · da = R2 cos θ R2 sin θ dθ dφ .
� �π/2 �π/2 � ��
1 π πR4
v · da = R cos θ sin θ dθ
4
dφ = R4 = .
2 2 4
0 0
�2009
� � �
(2) Left: da = −r dr dθ φ̂; φ = 0. v · da = r2 cos θ sin φ (r dr dθ) = 0. v · da = 0.
� 2 �
(3) Back: da = r dr dθ φ̂; φ = π/2. v · da = −r cos θ sin φ (r dr dθ) = −r3 cos θ dr dθ.
� �R �π/2 � �
1 4 1
v · da = 3
r dr cos θ dθ = − R (+1) = − R4 .
4 4
0 0
� �
(4) Bottom: da = r sin θ dr dφ θ̂; θ = π/2. v · da = r2 cos φ (r dr dφ) .
� �R �π/2
1
v · da = 3
r dr cos φ dφ = R4 .
4
0 0
� 4
Total: v · da = πR4 /4 + 0 − 14 R4 + 14 R4 = πR
4 . �
Problem� 1.54 �
� x̂ ŷ ẑ �
� ∂ ∂ ∂ � �
∇×v = �� ∂x ∂y ∂z �� = ẑ (b − a). So (∇×v) · da = (b − a)πR2 .
� ay bx 0 �
v · dl = (ay x̂ + bx ŷ) · (dx x̂ + dy ŷ + dz ẑ) = ay dx + bx dy;� x2 + y 2 =� R ⇒ 2x dx + 2y dy = 0,
2
so dy = −(x/y) dx. So v · dl = ay dx + bx(−x/y) dx = y ay − bx dx.

1 2 2
√ a(R2 −x2 )−bx2

For the “upper” semicircle, y = R2 − x2 , so v · dl = √
R2 −x2
dx.
� �−R � �x� � � x ��−R

aR2 − (a + b)x2 x� 2 R2 �
v · dl = √ dx = aR2 sin−1 − (a + b) − R − x2 + sin−1 �
R2 − x2 R 2 2 R +R
R
�−R � π π�
1 � 1 � � 1
= R2 (a − b) sin−1 (x/R)�� = R2 (a − b) sin−1 (−1) − sin−1 (+1) = R2 (a − b) − −
2 +R 2 2 2 2
1
= πR2 (b − a).
2
�And the same2 for the lower semicircle (y changes sign, but the limits on the integral are reversed) so
v · dl = πR (b − a). �
Problem 1.55 �
(1) x = z = 0; dx = dz = 0; y : 0 → 1. v · dl = (yz 2 ) dy = 0; v · dl = 0.
(2) x = 0; z = 2 − 2y; dz = −2 dy; y : 1 → 0. v · dl = (yz 2 ) dy + (3y + z) dz = y(2 − 2y)2 dy − (3y + 2 − 2y)2 dy;
� �0 � ��0
y4 4y 3 y2 � 14
v · dl = 2 (2y − 4y + y − 2) dy = 2
3 2
− + − 2y �� = .
2 3 2 1 3
1
(3) x = y = 0; dx = dy = 0; z : 2 → 0. v · dl = (3y + z) dz = z dz;

� �0
z 2 ��0
v · dl = z dz = � = −2.
2 2
2
�
Total: v · dl = 0 + 14
3 −2= 8
3.
�2009
� �
Meanwhile, Stokes’ thereom says v · dl = (∇×v) · da. Here da = dy dz x̂, so all we need is
(∇×v)x = ∂y∂
(3y + z) − ∂z
∂
(yz 2 ) = 3 − 2yz. Therefore
� � � � 1 �� 2−2y �
(∇×v) · da = (3 − 2yz) dy dz = (3 − 2yz) dz dy
0 0
� 1 � 1
� �
= 3(2 − 2y) − 2y 12 (2 − 2y)2 dy = (−4y 3 + 8y 2 − 10y + 6) dy
0 0
� ��1
= −y 4 + 83 y 3 − 5y 2 + 6y � = −1 + 8
3 − 5 + 6 = 83 . �
0
Problem 1.56
Start at the origin.
� � �
(1) θ = π
2, φ = 0; r : 0 → 1. v · dl = r cos2 θ (dr) = 0. v · dl = 0.
� π/2
�
(2) r = 1, θ = 2;
π
φ : 0 → π/2. v · dl = (3r)(r sin θ dφ) = 3 dφ. v · dl = 3 dφ = 3π
2 .
0
(3) φ = 2;
π
r sin θ = y = 1, so r = 1
sin θ , dr = sin2 θ
cos θ dθ, θ :
→ θ0 ≡ tan (1/2).
−1 π
2
−1
� �
� � cos2 θ cos θ cos θ sin θ
v · dl = r cos2 θ (dr) − (r cos θ sin θ)(r dθ) = − 2 dθ − dθ
sin θ sin θ sin2 θ
� 3 � � �
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos θ
=− + dθ = − dθ = − 3 dθ.
sin3 θ sin θ sin θ sin2 θ sin θ
Therefore
� �θ0 �θ
cos θ 1 �� 0 1 1 5 1
v · dl = − dθ = = − = − = 2.
sin3 θ 2 sin2 θ �π/2 2 · (1/5) 2 · (1) 2 2
π/2
√ � �
(4) θ = θ0 , φ = 2;
π
r: 5 → 0. v · dl = r cos2 θ (dr) = 45 r dr.
� �0 �0
4 4 r2 �� 4 5
v · dl = r dr = = − · = −2.
5√ 5 2 �√5 5 2
5
Total:
�
3π
v · dl = 0 + + 2 − 2 = 3π
2 .
2
�
Stokes’ theorem says this should equal (∇×v) · da
� � � �
1 ∂ ∂ 1 1 ∂ � � ∂
∇×v = (sin θ 3r) − (−r sin θ cos θ) r̂ + r cos2 θ − (r3r) θ̂
r sin θ ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r
� �
1 ∂ ∂ � �
+ (−rr cos θ sin θ) − r cos2 θ φ̂
r ∂r ∂θ
1 1 1
= [3r cos θ] r̂ + [−6r] θ̂ + [−2r cos θ sin θ + 2r cos θ sin θ] φ̂
r sin θ r r
= 3 cot θ r̂ − 6 θ̂.
�2009
�
(1) Back face: da = −r dr dθ φ̂; (∇×v) · da = 0. (∇×v) · da = 0.
(2) Bottom: da = −r sin θ dr dφ θ̂; (∇×v) · da = 6r sin θ dr dφ. θ = 2,

π
so (∇×v) · da = 6r dr dφ
� �1 �π/2
1 π 3π
(∇×v) · da = 6r dr dφ = 6 · · = . �
2 2 2
0 0
Problem 1.57
v · dl = y dz.
�
(1) Left side: z = a − x; dz = −dx; y = 0. Therefore v · dl = 0.
�
(2) Bottom: dz = 0. Therefore v · dl = 0.
� �0 � 1 � �
2 �0
4a2
(3) Back: z = a − 12 y; dz = −1/2 dy; y : 2a → 0. v · dl = y − 2 dy = − 12 y2 � = 4 = a2 .
2a 2a
�
Meanwhile, ∇×v = x̂, so (∇×v) · da is the projection of this surface on the x y plane = 1
2 · a · 2a = a2 . �
Problem 1.58
1 ∂ � 2 2 � 1 ∂ � � 1 ∂ � 2 �
∇·v = r r sin θ + sin θ 4r2 cos θ + r tan θ
2
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
1 3 1 � 2 � 4r � 2 �
= 2 4r sin θ + 4r cos θ − sin θ =
2 2
sin θ + cos2 θ − sin2 θ
r r sin θ sin θ
cos2 θ
= 4r .
sin θ
� � � � �π/6 �2π �R � ��π/6

cos2 θ � � � � θ sin 2θ ��
(∇·v) dτ = 4r r sin θ dr dθ dφ =
4r dr
2
cos θ dθ dφ = R4 (2π)
2
+ 3
�
sin θ 2 4 0
0 0 0
� � � √ �
π sin 60◦ πR4 3 4 � √ �
= 2πR4 + = π+3 = πR 2π + 3 3 .
12 4 6 2 12
Surface coinsists of two parts:

� ��
(1) The ice cream: r = R; φ : 0 → 2π; θ : 0 → π/6; da = R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂; v·da = R2 sin θ R2 sin θ dθ dφ =
R4 sin2 θ dθ dφ.
� �π/6 �2π � �π/6 � � � √ �
� � 1 1 π 1 πR 4
3
v·da = R4 sin2 θ dθ dφ = R4 (2π) θ − sin 2θ = 2πR4 − sin 60◦ = π−3
2 4 0 12 4 6 2
0 0
√ √
(2) The cone: θ = 6;
π
φ : 0 → 2π; r : 0 → R; da = r sin θ dφ dr θ̂ = 3
2 r dr dφ θ̂; v · da = 3 r3 dr dφ
� √
√ � 3 �
R 2π
√ R4 3 4
v · da = 3 r dr dφ = 3 · · 2π = πR .
4 2
0 0
� 4
� √ √ � 4 � √ �
Therefore v · da = πR
2
π
3 − 2
3
+ 3 = πR
12 2π + 3 3 . �.
�2009
Problem 1.59 � � � �
(a) Corollary 2 says (∇T )·dl = 0. Stokes’ theorem says (∇T )·dl = [∇×(∇T )]·da. So [∇×(∇T )]·da = 0,
and since this is true for any surface, the integrand must vanish: ∇×(∇T ) = 0, confirming Eq. 1.44.
� � � �
(b) Corollary 2 says (∇×v)·da = 0. Divergence theorem says (∇×v)·da = ∇·(∇×v) dτ. So ∇·(∇×v) dτ
= 0, and since this is true for any volume, the integrand must vanish: ∇(∇×v) = 0, confirming Eq. 1.46.
Problem 1.60 � �
(a) Divergence theorem: v · da = (∇·v) dτ. Let v = cT , where c is a constant vector. Using product
rule
� #5 in front cover:
� ∇·v = ∇·(cT ) = T (∇·c) + c · (∇T ). But c is constant so �∇·c = 0. Therefore
� we have:
c · (∇T ) dτ = T c · da. Since c is constant, take it outside the integrals: c · ∇T dτ = c · T da. But c
is any constant vector—in particular, it could be be x̂, or ŷ, or ẑ—so each component of the integral on left
equals corresponding component on the right, and hence
� �
∇T dτ = T da. qed
� �
(b) Let v → (v × c) in divergence theorem. Then ∇·(v × c)dτ = (v × c) · da. Product rule #6 ⇒
∇·(v × c) = c · (∇×v) − v · (∇×c) = c · (∇×v). (Note: ∇×c = �0, since c is constant.)� Meanwhile vector
indentity (1) says da · (v × c) = c · (da × v) = −c · (v × da). Thus c · (∇×v) dτ = − c · (v × da). Take c
outside, and again let c be x̂, ŷ, ẑ then:
� �
(∇×v) dτ = − v × da. qed
� �
(c) Let v = T ∇U in divergence theorem: ∇·(T ∇U ) dτ = T ∇U · da. Product rule #(5) ⇒ ∇·(T ∇U ) =
T ∇·(∇U ) + (∇U ) · (∇T ) = T ∇2 U + (∇U ) · (∇T ). Therefore
� �
� �
T ∇ U + (∇U ) · (∇T ) dτ = (T ∇U ) · da. qed
2
��
(d) Rewrite (c) with T ↔ U : U ∇2 T + (∇T ) · (∇U ) dτ = (U ∇T ) · da. Subtract this from (c), noting
that the (∇U ) · (∇T ) terms cancel:
� �
� �
T ∇2 U − U ∇2 T dτ = (T ∇U − U ∇T ) · da. qed
� �
(e) Stoke’s theorem: (∇×v) · da = v · dl. Let v = cT�. By Product Rule �#(7): ∇×(cT ) = T (∇×c) −
c × (∇T ) = −c × (∇T ) (since c is constant). Therefore, − (c × (∇T
� )) · da = T c ·�dl. Use vector indentity
#1 to rewrite the first term (c × (∇T )) · da = c · (∇T × da). So − c · (∇T × da) = c · T dl. Pull c outside,
and let c → x̂, ŷ, and ẑ to prove: � �
∇T × da = − T dl. qed
Problem 1.61
(a) da = R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂. Let the surface be the northern hemisphere. The x̂ and ŷ components clearly integrate
to zero, and the ẑ component of r̂ is cos θ, so
� � π/2
sin2 θ ��π/2
a = R2 sin θ cos θ dθ dφ ẑ = 2πR2 ẑ sin θ cos θ dθ = 2πR2 ẑ � = πR2 ẑ.
0 2 0
�
(b) Let T = 1 in Prob. 1.60(a). Then ∇T = 0, so da = 0. qed
�2009
�(c) This follows from (b). For suppose a1 �= a2 ; then if you put them together to make a closed surface,
da = a1 − a2 �= 0.
(d) For one such triangle, da = 12 (r × dl) (since r × dl is the area of� the parallelogram, and the direction is
perpendicular to the surface), so for the entire conical surface, a = 12 r × dl.
(e) Let T = c · r, and use product rule #4: ∇T = ∇(c · r) = c × (∇×r) + (c · ∇)r. But ∇×r = 0, and
(c · ∇)r = (cx ∂x
∂
+ cy ∂y
∂
+ cz ∂z
∂
)(x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ) = cx x̂ + cy ŷ + cz ẑ = c. So Prob. 1.60(e) says
� � � � �
T dl = (c · r) dl = − (∇T ) × da = − c × da = −c × da = −c × a = a × c. qed
Problem 1.62
(1) � �
1 ∂ 1 1 ∂
∇·v = 2 r ·2
= (r) = 1
r2 .
r ∂r r r2 ∂r
For a sphere of radius R:
� � �1 � � 2 � � 
v · da = R r̂ · R sin θ dθ dφ r̂ = �R sin � θ dθ dφ = 4πR. 

� � � 1 �� 2 � �R �� So divergence
(∇·v) dτ = r 2 r sin θ dr dθ dφ = dr sin θ dθ dφ = 4πR.  theorem checks.

0
Evidently there is no delta function at the origin.

1 ∂ � 2 n� 1 ∂ � n+2 � 1
∇× (rn r̂) = 2
r r = 2 r = 2 (n + 2)rn+1 = (n + 2)rn−1
r ∂r r ∂r r
(except for n = −2, for which we already know (Eq. 1.99) that the divergence is 4πδ 3(r)).
(2) Geometrically, it should be zero. Likewise, the curl in the spherical coordinates obviously gives zero.
To be certain there is no lurking delta function here, we integrate over a sphere of radius R, using
� ? �
Prob. 1.60(b): If ∇×(rn r̂) = 0, then (∇×v) dτ = 0 = − v × da. But v = rn r̂ and da =
R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂ are both in the r̂ directions, so v × da = 0. �
�2009

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Chapter 01

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Instructor’s Solution Manual

Revised November, 2009

4 Electrostatic Fields in Matter 78

6 Magnetostatic Fields in Matter 117

8 Conservation Laws 149

9 Electromagnetic Waves 160

10 Potentials and Fields 182

12 Electrodynamics and Relativity 221

|A||B + C| sin θ3 n̂ = |A||B| sin θ1 n̂ + |A||C| sin θ2 n̂.

= (cos2 φ + sin2 φ)Ay By + (sin2 φ + cos2 φ)Az Bz = Ay By + Az Bz . �

(b) A −→ −A, in the sense (Ax = −Ax , Ay = −Ay , Az = −Az )

(b)∇f = 2xy 3 z 4 x̂ + 3x2 y 2 z 4 ŷ + 4x2 y 3 z 3 ẑ

(c)∇f = ex sin y ln z x̂ + ex cos y ln z ŷ + ex sin y(1/z) ẑ

∂v y ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy ∂vy

So [A×(∇×B) + B×(∇×A) + (A·∇)B + (B·∇)A]x

[(B·∇)A − (A·∇)B + A(∇·B) − B(∇·A)]x

= [∇×(A×B)]x (same for y and z)

∇·(A/g) = ∂x (Ax /g) + ∂y (Ay /g) + ∂z (Az /g)

[∇×(A/g)]x = ∂y (Az /g) − ∂z (Ay /g)

A×(∇×B) + B×(∇×A) + (A·∇)B + (B·∇)A

= x̂(−12y − 9y) + ŷ(6x + 4x) + ẑ(0) = −21y x̂ + 10x ŷ

From Prob. 1.18: ∇×va = −6xz x̂ + 2z ŷ + 3z 2 ẑ ⇒ ∇·(∇×va ) = ∂x ∂

(c) x = y = z : 0 → 1; dx = dy = dz; v · dl = x2 dx + 2yz dy + y 2 dz = x2 dx + 2x2 dx + x2 dx = 4x2 dx;

(∇×v)·da = −2y dy dz.

(a) Use the product rule ∇×(f A) = f (∇×A) − A × (∇f ) :

(I used Stokes’ theorem in the last step.)

(b) Use the product rule ∇·(A × B) = B · (∇×A) − A · (∇×B) :

(I used the divergence theorem in the last step.)

r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ = r sin θ cos φ x̂ + r sin θ sin φ ŷ + r cos θ ẑ.

If I only vary r slightly, then dr = ∂r

r̂ = sin θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ sin φ ŷ + cos θ ẑ.

x̂ = sin θ cos φ r̂ + cos θ cos φ θ̂ − sin φ φ̂.

Multiply (1) by sin φ, (2) by cos φ, and add:

ŷ = sin θ sin φ r̂ + cos θ sin φ θ̂ + cos φ φ̂.

cos θ r̂ = sin θ cos θ cos φ x̂ + sin θ cos θ sin φ ŷ + cos2 θ ẑ.

ẑ = cos θ r̂ − sin θ θ̂.

= r2 3r cos θ + r sin θ r 2 sin θ cos θ + r sin θ r sin θ(− sin φ)

= 3 cos θ + 2 cos θ − sin φ = 5 cos θ − sin φ

Two surfaces—one the hemisphere: da = R2 sin θ dθ dφ r̂; r = R; φ : 0 → 2π, θ : 0 → π2 .

� = (r sin 3θ)(r 2dr dφ)

= r12 2r(cos θ + sin θ cos φ) + r sin

Check: r cos θ = z, r sin θ cos φ = x ⇒ in Cartesian coordinates t = x + z. Obviously Laplacian is zero.

= 4 + 2 sin2 φ + cos2 φ − sin2 φ + 3

(b) By Eq. 1.94, δ(1 − x) = δ(x − 1), so 1 + 3 + 2 = 6.

(d) 1 (if a > b), 0 (if a < b).

(b) ρ(r) = qδ 3 (r − a) − qδ 3 (r).

(c) c2 = 25 + 9 + 4 = 38 > 36 = 62 , so c is outside V, so the integral is zero.

A1 = 13 x2 ŷ (F1 = ∇×A1 ) . (But these are not unique.)

Surface consists of four parts: � �� �

so dy = −(x/y) dx. So v · dl = ay dx + bx(−x/y) dx = y ay − bx dx.

√ a(R2 −x2 )−bx2

� �−R � �x� � � x �����−R

(3) x = y = 0; dx = dy = 0; z : 2 → 0. v · dl = (3y + z) dz = z dz;

(2) Bottom: da = −r sin θ dr dφ θ̂; (∇×v) · da = 6r sin θ dr dφ. θ = 2,

� � � � �π/6 �2π �R � ��π/6

Surface coinsists of two parts:

Evidently there is no delta function at the origin.

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Surface consists of four parts: � ��

� �−R � �x� � � x ��−R