SIMPLIFIED FORMULAS FOR ASSESSMENT

OF STEEL JOINT FLEXIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS

Aleksander Kozowski; Lucjan lczka

Rzeszw University of Technology, Poland
kozlowsk@prz.edu.pl, sleczka@prz.edu.pl

ABSTRACT
Code 1993-1-8 includes full design procedures, based on component method,
allowing to asses design resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. of the most often
used steel joints, as end-plate bolted connections. This method, despite of many
simplifying assumptions, is still burdensome and time consuming and is addressed
to final check of designed structure. In the pre-design phase, when designer is
forced to change input data many times, there is a need to use design tools, like
tables, graphs or simplified formulas, to quick asses joint properties for global
analysis of the frame. Such simplified formulae for assessment of design moment
resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. Of steel joint has been presented in the pa-
per. Comparison to results obtained using available software shows that simplified for-
mulas present a good agreement (ca. 20 %).

1. INTRODUCTION
Current steel structures design codes, including EN 1993-1-1, requires taking
into account during global analysis actual properties of joints and connections. Joint
main characteristics, as M- curve, can be taken from experimental tests or analyti-
cal models. Code EN 1993-1-8 includes full design procedures, based on compo-
nent method, allowing to asses design resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. of
the most often used steel joints, as end-plate bolted connections. This method, de-
spite of many simplifying assumptions, is still burdensome and time consuming. It
requires to input many geometrical and structural properties of design joints, which
are not known to designers on this stage of design. It is enough to say, that hand
calculation of multi-row bolted end-plate connections takes a dozen or so pages
(Kozlowski, 2009).
Computer software in such a situation were widely developed to support de-
sign work. There are few computers programs allowing to obtain moment resistance
and stiffness of steel joints: (CoP, CRSJAE, module connections in AutodeskRO-
BOT). Application of these programs are reasonable in the last stage of design,
where structure design is nearly finished. In the pre-design phase, when designer is
forced to change input data many times, there is a need to use design tools, like ta-
bles, graphs or simplified formulas, to quick asses joint properties for global analysis
of the frame.
The aim of the paper is to propose such simplified formula for steel joint.

2. ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND FAILURE MODES OF T-STUBS

Components of steel joint can be divided as component of:
- shell behavior.
- plate behavior,
 The first group contains: column web in shear, column web in compression
and column web in tension. In the second, there are: column flange in bending, end
plate in bending, angle in tension. These components are modeled by T-stub. Re-
sistance of plate components is calculated for three failure modes of T-stub (table
6.2 of EN 1993-1-8). Effective lengths for each component, for circular and non-
circular modes are presented in Tables 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6 of EN 1993-1-8. Code re-
quires to analyze all effective length and choose the smallest, what is the main rea-
son of huge time consuming during calculation.
In the frame of diploma work (Kowal-Gaska, 2011) wide analysis of all possi-
ble effective lengths and failure modes were conducted, to eliminate this ones which
are never or seldom possible. Conclusions from this work is as follows:
for unstiffened column flange, circular failure modes are possible only when dis-
tance e (Figure 1) is 2,8 times bigger than bolt diameter, what is practically im-
possible, so as reliable non-circular effective length: leff,nc = 4m + 1,25e should be
taken,
for bolt row in end plate above beam flange, always the smallest is non-circular
length: leff,nc = 0,5 bp,
for bolt row in end plate below beam flange decisive is effective length: leff,nc = .
After analysis of many case, it was concluded that = 5,8 can be safely taken,
for most of design cases, decisive are non-circular failure modes and final resis-
tance of components should be calculated using:

for column flange: mode of failure 2,

for end plate: mode 1 for row above beam flange and mode 2 for rows be-
low beam flange.

3. ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE AND STIFFNESS OF BASIC JOINT COMPO-

NENTS
3.1 Assumptions
Simplified formulas for assessing bending resistance and rotational stiffness
requires some assumptions about geometry of analysed joints:
As most often case in design, it was assumed cross section of beams made of
IPE and cross section of columns made of HEB,
The beam depth was limited to the range between 240 and 450 mm,
The column depth was limited to the range between 140 and 300 mm,
There were assumed following relations between geometrical dimensions of
beam, column and end plate cross sections (Table 1):

Table 1. Assumed geometrical properties of analyzed joints

Column
bc = hc = 11 rc = 13,5 tfc twc = 0,6 tfc rc = 1,2 tfc
End plate
tp = tfc bp = bfb = 10 tfc emin = 1,5 d0 = 1,65d = 2 tfc
d = 1,25 tfc ap = 0,7 tfb n = emin = 2 tfc
Beam
z = hb=2bfb bfb = 10 tfc tfb = 0,8 tfc
aw = 0,7 twb = 0,6 twc twb = 0,9 twc
where:
hc, bc, tfc, twc, rc depth, width, thickness of flange, thickness of web and the root
radius of column cross section,
hb, bfb, tfb, twb - depth, width, thickness of flange, thickness of web and the root ra-
dius of beam cross section,
 d, d0 nominal bolt diameter, the hole diameter for a bolt,
aw, ap thickness of the weld between beam web and end plate, thickness of the
weld between beam flange and end plate, (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Geometrical configuration of beam-to-column joint

3.2 Resistance of basic components

Considering the case of single sided (external) joint, the transformation pa-
rameter is equal to =1,0. The values of partial safety factors according to Polish
National Annex (EN 1993-1-8) were established as MO=1,0 and M2=1,25.
Column web panel in shear (eq. (6.7) in EN 1993-1-8):
0,9f y A vc
Vwp,Rd =
3 M0
It can be assumed that
A vc = (hc + 4t fc ) t wc = (13,5t fc + 4t fc ) 0,6t fc = 10,5t 2fc
0,9 f y 10,5t 2fc
Vwp,Rd = = 5,5t fc 2 f y (1)
3

Column web in transverse compression (eq. (6.9) in EN 1993-1-8)

k wc b eff ,c , wc t wc f y
Fc , wc ,Rd =
M0
b eff ,c , wc = t fb + 2 2 a p + 5(t fc + rc ) + 2t p = t fb + 2 2 0,7t fb + 5(t fc + 1,2t tc ) + 2t fc =
= 3t fb + 13t fc = 3 0,8t fc + 13t fc = 15,4t fc
 Average value of is equal to 0,7 and kwc =1,0. Then:
0,7 1,0 15,4t fc t wc f y
Fc , wc ,Rd = = 0,7 15,4t fc 0,6t fc f y = 6,5t fc 2 f y (2)
1,0

Column flange in transverse bending (Figure 1)

b 2e c t wc 2 0,8rc 13,5t fc 2e c 0,6t fc 2 0,8 1,2t fc
m= c = = 5,5t fc e c
2 2
For the most popular bolts M20: d=20 and d0=22
e min = 1,5 d 0 = 1,65d = 1,65 1,25t fc = 2,1t fc
e c = e min + 1,75t fc = 2,1t fc + 1,75t fc = 3,85t fc (see Figure 1). Then
m = 5,5t fc e c = 5,5t fc 3,85t fc = 1,65t fc
l eff = 4m + 1,25e c = 4 1,65t fc + 1,25 3,85t fc = 11,4t fc
Considering mode 2 of failure (Table 6.2 in EN 1993-1-8):
2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd
FT 2,Rd =
m+n
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 l eff t 2fc = 0,25 11,4t fc t 2fc f y = 2,85t 3fc f y
M0
In case of bolts M16, M20 and M24:
d 2
A s = 0,78 A = 0,78 = 0,61d2
4
k 2 fub A s 0,9 fub 0,61d2 0,9 fub 0,61(1,25t fc ) 2
Ft,Rd = 2 =2 =2 = 1,37 t 2fc fub
M2 1,25 1,25
n = e min = 2t fc < 1,25m = 1,25 1,65t fc = 2,1t fc
2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd 2 2,85t 3fc f y + 2t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub
FT 2,Rd = = =
m+n 1,65 t fc + 2t fc
= 1,56t 2fc f y + 0,75t 2fc fub
In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft ,fc,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc fub = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,8t 2fc f y
In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft , fc,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc fub = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,7 t 2fc f y (3)

End-plate in bending, (Figure 1)

- Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam:
b p = b fb = 10t fc ; leff = 0,5b p = 5t fc
m = m x = 1,5d = 1,5 1,25t fc = 1,9t fc
Considering mode 1 of failure (Table 6.1 in EN 1993-1-8):
fy
Mpl,1,Rd = 0,25 l eff t p2 = 0,25 5t fc t 2fc f y = 1,25t 3fc f y
M0
4Mpl,1,Rd 4 1,25t 3fc f y
Ft, ep,Rd = Ft,1,Rd = = = 2,6t 2fc f y (4)
m 1,9t fc
- First bolt-row below tension flange of beam:
b p 2e t wb 2 0,8 a w 2
m=
2
e = e min = 2,1t fc
10 t fc 2 2,1t fc 0,9t wc 2 0,8 0,6t wc 2
m= =
2
= 2,9 t fc 1,13t wc = 2,9t fc 1,13 0,6t fc = 2,22t fc
r = 5,8 ; l eff = m = 5,8 2,22t fc = 12,9t fc
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 leff t p2 = 0,25 12,9t fc t 2fc f y = 3,22t 3fc f y
M0
n = e min = 2,1t fc
2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd 2 3,22t 3fc f y + 2,1t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub
FT 2,Rd = = =
m+n 2,22t fc + 2,1t fc
= 1,49t 2fc f y + 0,67t 2fc fub
In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft ,ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,3 t 2fc f y
In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft ,ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,4t 2fc f y (5)

- Other inner bolt-rows:

l eff = 4m + 1,25e = 4 2,22t fc + 1,25 2,1t fc = 11,5t fc
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 l eff t p2 = 0,25 11,5t fc t 2fc f y = 2,88t 3fc f y
M0
2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd 2 2,88t 3fc f y + 2,1t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub
FT 2,Rd = = =
m+n 2,22t fc + 2,1t fc
= 1,33t 2fc f y + 0,67t 2fc fub
In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft , ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,2t 2fc f y
In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft , ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,2t 2fc f y (6)

Column web in transverse tension (eq. (6.15) in EN 1993-1-8)

l eff t wc f y
Ft, wc ,Rd = = 0,7 11,4t fc 0,6t fc f y = 4,8t 2fc f y (7)
M0

Beam flange and web in compression (eq. (6.21) in EN 1993-1-8)

Mc ,Rd b fb t fb f y (h t fb )
Fc , fb,Rd = = b fb t fb f y = 10t fc 0,8t fc f y = 8,0t 2fc f y (8)
h t fb (h t fb ) M0
 Beam web in tension (eq. (6.22) in EN 1993-1-8)
b eff , t, wb t wb f y
Ft, wb,Rd = = b eff , t, wb 0,9t wc f y = b eff , t, wb 0,9 0,6t fc f y =
M0
= b eff , t, wb 0,54t fc f y

- In case of first bolt-row below tension flange of beam beff,t,wb=12,9tfc

Ft, wb,Rd = 12,9t fc 0,54t fc f y = 7,0t fc f y
- In case of next bolt-rows beff,t,wb=11,9tfc
Ft, wb,Rd = 11,5t fc 0,54t fc f y = 6,2t fc f y (9)
Above calculations were related to single sided joints. In double sided joints,
the transformation parameter was assumed as 0. Reduction factor is equal to
=1,0. So, for some components, values of resistance are changing:
Vwp,Rd = , Fc , wc ,Rd = 9,2 t 2fc f y and Ft, wc ,Rd = 6,8 t 2fc f y .

3.3 Stiffness analysis of basic components

The stiffness coefficients (related to single sided joint) can be calculated as
below:
Column web panel in shear (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,38 A vc
k1 =
z
A vc = 10,5t 2fc ; z = hb = 2b fb = 2 10t fc = 20t fc
0,38 10t 2fc
k1 = = 0,19 t fc (10)
1 20t fc
(In case of double sided joint, when 0 component is inactive).
Column web in transverse compression (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,7 b eff , c , wc t wc
k2 =
dc
dc = h c 2(t fc + r ) = 13,5t fc 2(t fc + 1,2t fc ) = 9,1t fc
0,7 15,4t fc 0,6t fc
k2 = = 0,71t fc (11)
9,1t fc
Column web in transverse tension (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,7 b eff , t, wc t wc 0,7 11,4 t fc 0,6t fc
k3 = = = 0,53t fc (12)
dc 9,1t fc
Column flange in transverse bending (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,9 l eff t p3 0,9 11,4t fc t 3fc
k4 = = = 2,28t fc (13)
m3 (1,65t fc ) 3
End-plate in bending (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,9 leff t p 3
k5 =
m3
 Table 2. Simplified formulas to assess resistance and stiffness coefficients in basic
components
Effec- Resistance
Stiffness coefficients
tive Formula
Component Bolt-row
width/ Symbol
Single-sided Double sided Symbol Formula
length
Column web

2
panel in - - Vwp,Rd 5,5 t fy k1 0,19 t
shear
Column web
2 2
in transverse - 15,4 t Fc,wc,Rd 6,5 t fy 9,2 t fy k2 0,71 t
compression
Beam flange
2
and web in - - Fc,fb,Rd 8,0 t fy - -
compression
Column web
2 2
in transverse - 11,4 t Ft,wc,Rd 4,8 t fy 6,8 t fy k3 0,53 t
tension
Column
2
flange in 4,8 t fy
11,4 t Ft,fc,Rd 2 k4 2,28 t
transverse (3,7 t fy)
bending
outside
2
tension 5t 2,6 t fy 0,66 t
flange
End-plate in below 2
Ft,ep,Rd 4,3 t fy k5
bending tension 12,9 t 2 1,06 t
(3,4 t fy)
flange
2
4,2 t fy
other 11,5 t 2 0,95 t
(3,2 t fy)
below
2
Beam web in tension 12,9 t 7,0 t fy - -
Ft,wb,Rd
tension flange
2
other 11,5 t 6,2 t fy - -
Bolts in ten-
- - - - k10 0,51 t
sion
Remarks:
t = min (tfc; tp),
Resistance of basic components is related to steel grade S235 (In parenthesis values for S355)

0,9 5t fc t 3fc
Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam: k 5 = = 0,66t fc (14)
(1,9t fc ) 3
0,9 12,9t fc t 3fc
First bolt-row below tension flange of beam: k 5 = = 1,06t fc (15)
(2,22t fc ) 3
0,9 11,5t fc t 3fc
Other inner bolt-rows: k 5 = = 0,95t fc (16)
(2,22t fc ) 3
Bolts in tension (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
1,6 A s
k 10 =
Lb
 d 2
A s = 0,78 A = 0,78 = 0,61d2 = 0,61(1,25t fc ) 2 = 0,95t 2fc
4
L b 2t fc + t fc = 3t fc
1,6 0,95t 2fc
k 10 = = 0,51t fc (17)
3t fc

Table 2 gives the review of simplified formulas, which can be used to assess
resistance and stiffness coefficients of steel joints basic components.

4. MOMENT RESISTANCE AND ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS OF STEEL JOINTS

Mechanical models representing different types of joints with distinguished
components are shown in figures:
- single sided joints (Figure 2),
- double sided joints (Figure 3),
- beam splices with bolted end-plates (Figure 4).
Each from above-mentioned figures show first view of joint (figures marked
a) and next show mechanical model with calculated values of each component
(figures marked b). Such system in next step is replaced by simpler model, with
only one component in every line, representing the smallest value of the tension
(compression) resistance for an individual row (figures marked c).

Figure 2. Single sided joint with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone
Figure 3. Double sided joint with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone

Figure 4. Beam splice with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone

Final models (figures marked as d) show effective design tension resis-

tances, reduced according to the resistance of compression zone (the sum of ten-
sion resistances of bolt-row cannot exceed the resistance of compression zone).
The final models shown in Figure 2d, 3d and 4d can be easily used to assess
design moment resistance, taking into account only the distances from bolt-rows to
the centre of compression, thickness of column flange (or end plate) and yield
strength.
Initial stiffness single sided joint with flush end plate can be calculated, as-
suming z=0,9hb, as follows:
 E (0,9hb )2
S j, ini =
1

k
The only one bolt-row was taken into account (first below tension flange):
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11,90
= + + + + + =
k 0,19t fc 0,71t fc 0,53t fc 2,28t fc 1,06t fc 0,51t fc t fc
210 10 3 (0,9hb ) 2 1 h 2t
S j, ini = = b fc (19)
11,9 10 6 70
t fc
In above formula input values (the depth of the beam hb and thickness of col-
umn flange tfc) should be put on in [mm], then the result is calculated in [kNm/rad].
Initial stiffness of double sided joint with flush end plate:
1 1 1 1 1 1 6,64
= + + + + =
k 0,71t fc 0,53t fc 2,28t fc 1,06t fc 0,51t fc t fc
210 10 3 (0,9hb ) 2 t fc 1 hb 2 t fc
S j, ini = = (20)
6,64 10 6 39
For extended end-plate connections, simplified method was applied. Instead
of calculation concerning two bolt-rows (one in the extended part of the end-plate
and one between the flanges of the beam) there was used modified value for a sin-
gle bolt-row in the extended part of the end-plate, taken as twice to the correspond-
ing value. The influence of the third bolt-row was neglected. In case of single sided
joint:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9,29
= + + + + + =
k 0,19t fc 0,71t fc 2 0,53t fc 2 2,28t fc 2 1,06 2 0,51t fc t fc
210 10 3 (1,05hb )2 t fc 1 hb 2 t fc
S j, ini = = (21)
9,29 10 6 40
And in case of double sided joint with external end plate:
1 1 1 1 1 1 4,24
= + + + + =
k 0,71t fc 2 0,53t fc 2 2,28t fc 2 1.06 2 0,57t fc t fc
210 10 3 (1,05hb ) 2 t fc 1 h 2t
S j, ini = = b fc (22)
4,24 10 6 18
Full list of developed formulas is presented w Table 4.

5. ACCURACY OF DEVELOPED FORMULAS

Accuracy of developed formulas (Table 4) was checked by confronting obtained
values of structural properties of steel joints with accurate ones, from component
method. There were used results of calculations included in (Brdka et al, 2009,
Kozowski et al, 2009, Kozowski et al 2010, Giejowski & Ziko, 2010, Sprint). Addi-
tionally calculation of a few joints were performed by Cop software (Cop). Results of
comparison applying to the bending resistance is shown in Figure 5, results of rotational
stiffness comparison is shown in Figure 6.
Table 4. List of simplified formulas to assess design moment resistance and initial
rotational stiffness of steel joints
Steel Initial rotational stiff-
Type of joint Design moment resistance Mj,Rd
grade ness Sj,ini
S235 (4,3h 2 + 1,2h3 )t 2 f y
Single sided with flush hb 2 t
end plate
S355 (3,4 h 2 + 2,1h 3 )t 2 f y 70

S235 (4,3 h 2 + 3,7 h 3 )t 2 f y

Double sided with hb 2 t
flush end plate
S355 (3,4h 2 + 3,2h 3 )t 2 f y 39

Single sided with ex- S235

(2,6 h1 + 2,9 h 2 )t 2 f y hb 2 t fc
tended end plate S355 40
S235 (2,6h1 + 4,3 h 2 + 1,1h 3 )t 2 f y
Double sided with ex- hb 2 t
tended end plate
S355 (2,6h1 + 3,4 h 2 + 2,0h 3 )t 2 f y 18

S235 (4,3 h 2 + 3,7 h3 )t 2 f y

Beam splice with hb 2 t
bolted flush end-plates
S355 (3,4 h 2 + 3,2 h 3 )t 2 f y 23

Beam splice with S235 (2,6h1 + 4,3 h 2 + 1,1h 3 )t 2 f y

bolted extended end-
hb 2 t
plates S355 (2,6h1 + 3,4 h 2 + 2,0h 3 )t 2 f y 11
Remarks:
h1, h2, h3 the distances from bolt-rows (accordingly from one outside tension flange, below ten-
sion flange and other) to the centre of compression, (Figure 1),
t=min(tfc, tp)
Design moment resistance is calculated in the same units, as input values, while rotational stiff-
ness is calculated in [kNm/rad], on condition that input values are in [mm].

Figure 5. Results of comparison applying to Figure 6. Results of comparison applying to

the bending resistance the rotational stiffness
 6. CONCLUSIONS
With reference to the prediction of the bending resistance by component method,
the use of simplified formulas shows good agreement. The range of error varies be-
tween -8% do +7% in case of single sided joints with extended end plate, -27% do +9%
in case of double sided joints with flush end plate and -20% do +11% in case of single
sided joints with flush end plate.
Rotational stiffness results obtained from simplified method differ from exact re-
sults from 20% to +40%.
Proposed formulas are addressed only to predesign stage and should help de-
signers to establish structural properties of steel joints in easy way, to use them in global
analysis of structure. Sensivity analysis of frames show limited influence of joint rota-
tional stiffness on global behaviour of frames. Even 50% change in rotational stiffness
does not significantly change values of internal forces in steel frames (Steenhuis et al,
1996 and Kozowski 1998). So proposed formulas enables practitioners to assess
structural properties of joint without complicated calculation.
It should be noted that full verification of the joint have to be carried out after the
structure has been designed.

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