Chapter 10: Moments of Inertia

Chapter Objectives
To develop a method for determining the moment of inertia and product of inertia
for an area with respect to given x- and y-axes.
To develop a method for determining the polar moment of inertia for an area
with respect to given x- and y-axes.
To a method for determining the moment of inertia with respect to a parallel axis.
To introduce the product of inertia and show how to determine the maximum and
minimum moments of inertia of an area (a.k.a. principal moments of inertia).

10.1 Definition of Moments of Inertia for Areas

Moment of inertia is a significant factor in the determination of flexural stress,
shear stress, and deflection for beams, and for critical loads for columns.
Moment of inertia is also known as the second moment of area.

1. Moment of inertia about the x-axis

may be determined using the following
equation.
Ix = y el 2 dA

To compute Ix, the strip (i.e. the

differential element) is chosen
parallel to the x-axis so that all points
forming the strip are the same
distance y from the x-axis.

2. The moment of inertia about the y-axis may be determined using the following
equation.
Iy = x el 2 dA
To compute Iy, the strip (i.e the differential element) is chosen parallel to the
y-axis so that all points forming the strip are the same distance x from the
y-axis.

3. The polar moment of inertia may be determined using the following equation.
JO = r2 dA

10.1
 The polar moment of inertia may be
determined from the rectangular
moments of inertia Ix and Iy by noting
that
r2 = x2 + y2
and that
JO = r2 dA
= (x2 + y2) dA = x2 dA + y2 dA
JO = Iy + Ix

10.2 Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area

For the area shown, point C represents the centroid of the area and the x-axis
represents the centroidal axis.
Let y = y + dy
where
y = the distance from the
elemental area dA to the x-
axis
y = the distance from the
elemental area dA to the
centroidal axis for the area
(i.e. the x -axis)
dy = the distance between the
centroidal axis for the area
(i.e. the x -axis) and the x-
axis
Substituting for y in the equation for moment of inertia with respect to the
x-axis (i.e. Ix).
Ix = y2 dA = (y + dy)2 dA
= (y )2 dA + 2 y dy dA + (dy)2 dA

The distance dy is a constant and is set at the beginning of the problem.

Thus, Ix = (y )2 dA + 2 dy y dA + (dy)2 dA

10.2
 (y )2 dA - represents the moment of inertia of area A with respect to
the centroidal x-axis; thus,
(y )2 dA = I x
2 dy y dA - represents the first moment of area A with respect to the
centroidal x-axis.
Since the centroid is located on the axis, the value of this
integral is zero:
y dA = y A = 0, since y = 0.

(dy)2 dA = (dy)2 A

Thus, Ix = I x + (dy)2 A

The moment of inertia (Ix) of an area about a parallel axis is equal to the moment
of inertia of that area about its centroidal axis ( I x) plus a transfer term [(dy)2 A].
This is known as the Parallel Axis Theorem.

For Iy, the parallel axis theorem is similar to the one developed for Ix.
Thus, Iy = I y + (dx)2A

10.3 Radius of Gyration of an Area

Consider an area A that has a moment of
inertia Ix with respect to the x-axis.
Then let the area A be concentrated into
a thin strip parallel to the x-axis and
with an area equal to the original area.
In order for the thin strip to have the
same moment of inertia as the original
area, the thin strip would have to be
placed a distance kx from the x-axis.

The moment of inertia of the thin strip may

be defined as Ix = kx2 A, and
kx = (Ix/A)
where
kx is known as the radius of gyration with respect to the x-axis.

10.3
Similarly, for an area A that has a moment of inertia Iy with respect to the y-axis,
the moment of inertia of a thin strip may be defined as Iy = ky2 A, and
ky = (Iy/A)
where
ky is known as the radius of gyration with respect to the y-axis.

Finally, for an area A that has a polar moment of inertia JO with respect to the x-
and y-axes, the polar moment of inertia of a thin strip may be defined as
JO = ko2 A, and
ko = (JO/A)
where
ko is known as the polar radius of gyration.

Also observe that kx2 + ky2 = ko2.

10.4
Examples Moments of Inertia for an Area by Integration

Given: Rectangular area shown.

Find: The moment of inertia with respect

to the x-axis (i.e. Ix).

Applicable equation:
Ix = y el2 dA y el = y
dA = b dy

Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h h
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 b dy = b y2 dy
0 0

= b (y3/3) | 0
h

Ix = bh3/3

Thus, the moment of inertia of a rectangular area about its base is bh3/3.

10.5
Given: Rectangular area shown.

Find: The moment of inertia of a

rectangular area about an axis
through the centroid.

Applicable equation:
Ix = y el2 dA y el = y
dA = b dy

Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h/2 h/2
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 b dy = b y2 dy
h / 2 h / 2

= b (y3/3) | h / 2 = (b/3)[(h/2)3 (- h/2)3]

h/2

= (b/3)(h3/8 + h3/8) = (b/3)(h3/4)

Ix = bh3/12

Thus, the moment of inertia of a rectangular area about an axis through its
centroid is bh3/12.

10.6
Moment of Inertia by Alternative Analysis
The previous definition for moment of
inertia requires the use of parallel
elementary strips.
However, we can compute Ix and Iy using
the same elementary strip, one that is
perpendicular to the reference axis.

Using the equation for the moment of

inertia for a rectangle about its base, we can
develop an expression for the moment of
inertia using an elemental strip that is
perpendicular to an axis.
The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis for the elemental area shown
may be determined as follows.
dIx = (1/3) y3 dx
As long as all the elemental areas within the limits of integration have bases
that touch the x-axis, the moment of inertia for the entire area may be
determined by integrating this expression.
Ix = (1/3) y3 dx

The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for the elemental area shown may
be determined using the previous definition.
Iy = x el 2 dA
where
x el = x
dA = y dx

Thus, Iy = x2 y dx

The sign ( + or - ) for the moment of inertia is determined based on the area.
If the area is positive, then the moment of inertia is positive.
If the area is negative, then the moment of inertia is negative.
The sign for x el or y el may be either positive or negative.
- In either case, ( x el 2) or ( y el 2) are used in the expression, and the result will
always be positive.

10.7
Examples Moment of Inertia of an Area by an Alternative Analysis

Given: Triangular area shown.

Find: Ix and Iy using a horizontal element.

Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = x dy

Iy = x el 2 dA cannot be used with the horizontal element. x el = x/2

dIy = (1/3) x3 dy will be used to determine Iy. y el = y

To define values of x in terms of y to allow the integration, write an equation

for the boundary of the area (i.e. the line).
The general form for the equation of a line is y=mx+c
The slope m of the line is m = (0 - h)/(b - 0) = - h/b m = - h/b
The y-intercept c is the value of y when x = 0. c=h
The equation for the line is then y = (- h/b) x + h
Rewrite the equation to define x in terms of y. x = (b/h)(h y)
Now define dA in terms of y.
dA = x dy = (b/h)(h y) dy

Solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
h h
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (b/h)(h y) dy = (b/h) y2 (h y) dy
0 0

h
= (b/h) (hy2 y3) dy = (b/h)(hy3/3 y4/4) | 0
h

= (b/h)(h4/3 h4/4) = (b/h)(h4/12)

Ix = bh3/12

10.8
Now solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
d Iy = (1/3) dy (x3)
h h
Iy = (1/3) x3 dy = (1/3) (b/h)3 (h y)3 dy = (1/3) (b/h)3 ( h y )3 dy
0 0

= (1/3) (b/h)3 (- 1) [(h - y)4/4] | 0 = 0 [(1/3)(b/h)3 (- 1) (h4/4) ]

h

= 0 + (1/3) (b3/h3) (h4/4)

Iy = b3 h/12

10.9
Given: The area shown.

Find: Ix and Iy using a horizontal element.

Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = (a x) dy

Iy = x el 2 dA cannot be used with the horizontal element. x el = (x + a)

dIy = (1/3) x3 dy will be used to determine Iy. y el = y

Define dA in terms of y.
dA = (a x) dy = (a - y ) dy

First, solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
b b
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (a - y ) dy = (a y2 y5/2) dy
0 0

= a y3/3 (2/7) y7/2 | 0 = ab3/3 (2/7) b7/2

b

= a b3/3 (2/7) b1/2 b3 Format the solution in the form f (a, b3)
= a b3/3 (2/7) a b3 b = a2, a = b1/2
= 7 a b3/21 6 a b3/21
Ix = a b3/21

Next, solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
Iy = x el2 dA cannot be used with a horizontal element.
d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 must be used with a horizontal element.
However, the expression d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 is only valid when the bases of all the
elemental rectangular areas touch the reference axis.

10.10
 The area may be considered as the difference between the two areas shown
below.

- The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for Area 1, the rectangular
area, is
Iy1 = ba3/3
- The moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis for Area 2 is
Iy2 = (1/3) x3 dy Since y = x2, then x3 = y3/2
b
= (1/3) y3/2 dy
0

= (1/3) (2/5) y5/2) | 0

b

= (1/3) (2/5) b5/2 Format the solution in the form f(a3,b)

= 2/15 b b3/2 b = a2, b3/2 = a3
Iy2 = 2/15 b a3
The moment of inertia for the area is
Iy = Iy1 - Iy2 = ba3/3 - 2/15 ba3
Iy = 1/5 ba3

10.11
 Given: The area shown.

Find: Ix and Iy using a horizontal element.

Applicable equations:
Ix = y el2 dA dA = (x1 x2) dy

Iy = x el 2 dA cannot be used with the horizontal element. x el = (x1 + x2)

dIy = (1/3) x3 dy will be used to determine Iy. y el = y

Define dA and x el in terms of y.

dA = (x1 x2) dy = (y y2/4) dy
x el = (x1 + x2) = (y + y2/4)

First, solve for Ix, the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis.
4 4
Ix = y el2 dA = y2 (y y2/4) dy = (y3 y4/4) dy
0 0

= (y4/4 y5/20) | 0 = 64.0 51.2

4

Ix = 12.8 in4

Next, solve for Iy, the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis.
Iy = x el2 dA cannot be used with a horizontal element.
d Iy = (1/3) dy x3 must be used with a horizontal element.
The area may be considered as the difference between the two areas shown
below.

10.12
Iy = Iy1 - Iy2 = 4 (43)/12 - (1/3) x3 dy
4 4
= 4 (4)3/12 (1/3) (y2/4)3 dy = 21.33 (1/3) (y6/64) dy
0 0

= 21.33 (1/3) (1/64) (y7/7) | 0 = 21.33 12.19

4

Iy = 9.14 in4

10.13
10.4 Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
The moment of inertia of an area made up of several common shapes may be
obtained using formulas given for each of the shapes and adding the appropriate
transfer terms to determine the moment of inertia about the desired axis.

Consider the rectangular area shown.

The centroidal moment of inertia for a
rectangle is
I x = bh3/12
The moment of inertia with respect to
the x-axis can be determined using the
Parallel Axis Theorem.
I x = I x + y 2A

= bh3/12 + (h/2)2 b h
= bh3/12 + bh3/4
Ix = bh3/3

If the moment of inertia with respect to an axis is known, the centroidal moment
of inertia may be determined using the Parallel Axis Theorem.

Consider the triangular area shown.

The moments of inertia for the triangle
with respect to the x- and y-axes are
Ix = b h3/12 and Iy = h b3/12
The centroidal moments of inertia for a
rectangle with respect to the x- and y-
axes are
I x = Ix - y 2A = b h3/12 - (h/3)2 (b h/2)

= b h3/12 b h3/18
I x = b h3/36

I y = Iy - x 2A = h b3/12 - (b/3)2 (b h/2)

= h b3/12 h b3/18
I y = h b3/36

10.14
For composite areas, the summation of centroidal moments of inertia and plus the
summation of transfer terms will equal the total moment of inertia for the entire
area.
For the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis, the moment of inertia
may be found as follows.
Ix1 = I x1 + ( y 2A) 1

Ix2 = I x2 + ( y 2A) 2

Then summing the moments of inertia for each part of the composite area
Ix = Ix1 + Ix2 +
Ix = I x1 + ( y 2A) 1 + I x2 + ( y 2A) 2 +
or
Ix = I x i + y i2Ai

Similarly, for the moment of inertia with respect to the y-axis, the moment of
inertia may be found as follows.
Iy1 = I y1 + ( x 2A) 1
Iy2 = I y2 + ( x 2A) 2
Then summing the moments of inertia for each part of the composite area
Iy = Iy1 + Iy2 +
Iy = I y1 + ( x 2A) 1 + I y2 + ( x 2A) 2 +
or
Iy = I y i + x i2Ai

A tabular solution is illustrated for the following example.

10.15
Example Moments of Inertia for Composite Shapes

Given: The composite area shown.

Find: Ix and Iy

Part Ai xi yi Ai x i Ai y i A i x i2 A i y i2 I xi I yi
1 27.00 - 1.50 1.50 - 40.50 40.50 60.75 60.75 182.25 20.25
2 27.00 - 5.00 0 - 135.00 0 675.00 0 121.50 54.00
3 28.27 2.55 2.55 72.09 72.09 183.83 183.83 71.15 71.15
4 - 6.28 - 3.00 - 0.85 18.84 5.34 - 56.52 - 4.54 - 1.74 - 6.28
75.99 - 84.57 117.93 863.06 240.04 373.16 139.12

x 3 = 4R/3 = 4(6)/3 = 2.55 = y 3 y 4 = - 4R/3 = - 4(2)/3 = - 0.85

I x1 = bh3/12 = 3(9)3/12 = 182.25
I x2 = bh3/36 = 6(9)3/36 = 121.50
I x3 = 0.0549R4 = 0.0549(6)4 = 71.2
I x4 = 0.109R4 = 0.109(2)4 = 1.74
Use I x4 = - 1.74 (negative area)
I y1 = bh3/12 = 9(3)3/12 = 20.25
I y2 = bh3/36 = 9(6)3/36 = 54.00
I y3 = I x3 = 71.2
I y4 = (/8)R4 = (/8)(2)4 = 6.28
Use I y4 = - 6.28 (negative area)

The moments of inertia with respect to the x- and y-axes are determined as
follow.
Ix = I xi + y i2Ai = 373.16 + 240.04 = 613.20 in4

Iy = I yi + x i2Ai = 139.12 + 863.06 = 1002.18 in4

The location of the centroid is determined as follows.
x = x iAi/Ai = - 84.57/75.99 = - 1.11
y = y iAi/Ai = 117.93/75.99 = 1.55

The centroidal moments of inertia for the composite area are determined as
follows.
I x = Ix y 2A = 613.20 (1.55)2 75.99 = 430.63 in4

I y = Iy x 2A = 1002.18 (- 1.11)2 75.99 = 908.55 in4

10.16
Given: The cover-plated beam shown.

Find: The moment of inertia with respect to

a horizontal axis through the centroid of
the area (i.e. the neutral axis).

A vertical axis through the center of the

web forms an axis of symmetry.
Only the y distance is required.

Find the location of the centroid (which corresponds with the neutral axis).
Use the bottom of the bottom flange as the reference axis.
y = y i Ai/Ai = 31.7 (29.8/2) + 1(18)(29.8 + 1.0/2)
31.7 + 1(18)
= 472.33 + 545.40
49.7
y = 20.48

Using the Parallel Axis Theorem,

determine the moment of inertia with
respect to a horizontal axis through the
centroid of the area (i.e. the neutral axis).
Ix = (Ix)beam + (Ix)plate
= [4470 + 31.7(29.8/2 20.48)2] + [18(1)3/12 + 1(18)(29.8 + 1.0/2 20.48)2]
= (4470 + 987.02) + (1.50 + 1735.78)
Ix = 7194.30 in4

10.17
10.5 Product of Inertia for an Area
The product of inertia is defined by the following equation.
Ixy = x y dA

The product of inertia Ixy may be zero, positive, or negative.

If one or both of the x- and y-axes form axes of symmetry for the area, then
the product of inertia is zero.
If the area is heavy in the first or third quadrants, then Ixy is positive.
If the area is heavy in the second or fourth quadrants, then Ixy is negative.

Parallel-Axis Theorem
For Ixy, the parallel axis theorem is similar
to the ones previously developed for Ix and
I y.
Ixy = x y dA
= (dx + x ) (dy + y ) dA
= dx dy dA + dx y dA
+ x dy dA + x y dA
= dx dy dA + x y dA
Ixy = dx dy A + I xy

where,
dx y dA = dx y dA = dx y A = 0, since y = 0

x dy dA = dy x dA = dy x A = 0, since x = 0
x y dA = I xy

10.18
Example Product of Inertia by Integration

Given: The area shown.

Find: Ixy and I xy

Applicable equations: Using a vertical element:

Ixy = x el y el dA dA = (y1 y2) dx

Ixy = I xy + x y A, so I xy = Ixy - x y A x el = x

y el = (y1 + y2)
Define dA and y el in terms of x.

dA = (y1 y2) dx = (3x x3/3) dx

y el = (y1 + y2) = (3x + x3/3)

First, solve for Ixy, the product of inertia with respect to the x- and y-axes, using
a vertical element.
3
Ixy = x el y el dA = x [ (3x + x3/3)] (3x x3/3) dx
0

3 3
= x (9x2 x6/9) dx = (9x3 x7/9) dx
0 0

= (9x4/4 x8/72) | 0 = (729/4 6561/72) = (182.25 91.125)

3

Ixy = 45.56 in4

Next, solve for I xy using the Parallel Axis Theorem.

3
A = dA = (3x x3/3) dx = (3x2/2 x4/12) | 0 = (27/2 81/12)
3

A = 6.75 in2

3 3
x (3x x3/3) dx = (3x2 x4/3) dx | 0 = (3x3/3 x5/15) dx | 0
3 3
x A =
0 0

= (81/3 243/15) = 27.0 16.2

x A = 10.80 in3

10.19
 3 3
yA = [ (3x + x3/3)] (3x x3/3) dx = (9x2 x6/9) dx
0 0

= (9x3/3 x7/63) | 0 = (243/3 2187/63) = (81.0 34.71)

3

y A = 23.14 in3

x = x A/A = 10.80/6.75 = 1.60

y = y A/A = 23.14/6.75 = 3.43

I xy = Ixy - x y A = 45.56 (1.60)(3.43) 6.75

I xy = 8.52 in4

Alternatively, solve for Ixy, the product of inertia with respect to the x- and y-
axes, using a horizontal element.
dA = (x2 x1) dy
x el = (x2 + x1)
y el = y
Define dA and x el in terms of y.
dA = (x2 x1) dy = ( 3 3y - y/3) dy

x el = (x2 + x1) = ( 3 3y + y/3)

9
Ixy = x el y el dA = 0
( 3 3y + y/3) y ( 3 3y - y/3) dy
9 9
= y [(3y)2/3 y2/9] dy = (2.08 y5/3 y3/9) dy
0 0

= [2.08 (3/8) y8/3 y4/36] | 0 = (273.36 182.25)

9

Ixy = 45.56 in4

10.20
10.6 Moments of Inertia for an Area about Inclined Axes
For the area and the x- and y-
axes shown, the moments of
inertia and the product of
inertia are defined by the
following equations.
Ix = y2 dA
Iy = x2 dA
Ixy = x y dA

We now propose to determine the moments and product of inertia Iu, Iv, and Iuv of
the same area by rotating the original axes about the origin through an angle .
Observe the following relationships between the x and y distances and the u
and v distances.
u = x cos + y sin
v = y cos x sin

Develop an equation for Iu with respect to the u-axis.

Iu = v2 dA = (y cos x sin )2 dA
= (y2 cos2 2 x y cos sin + x2 sin2) dA
This equation results in the following expression.
Iu = (Ix + Iy) + (Ix Iy) cos 2 Ixy sin 2
A similar expression may be developed for Iv.
Iv = (Ix + Iy) - (Ix Iy) cos 2 + Ixy sin 2
Observe the following relationship.
Ix + Iy = Iu + Iv

10.21
Principal Moments of Inertia
Two values for moment of inertia are of special interest, that is, the maximum and
minimum moments of inertia, called the principal moments of inertia.
To find the maximum moment of inertia, take the first derivative of
Iu = (Ix + Iy) + (Ix Iy) cos 2 Ixy sin 2 with respect to .
The results of this operation are as follows.
Imax,min = (Ix + Iy) {[(Ix Iy )/2]2 + Ixy2 }
tan 2 = - 2 Ixy/(Ix Iy)
Also note the following relationship.
Ix + Iy = Imax + Imin

These values of Imax and Imin are called the principal moments of inertia of the
area with respect to the origin.
These values are found only by rotating the axes through the specified point (in
this case, the origin).
For a different reference point (that is, a point different from the origin),
there may be a larger moment of inertia, but that is not the concern here.

If the x- and y-axes had their origin located at the centroid of the area, then the
maximum and minimum moments of inertia I max and I min could be found for a set of
axes rotated about the centroid of the area.
These axes are referred to as the principal centroidal axes of the area.
The moments of inertia are referred to as the principal centroidal moments of
inertia of the area.

10.22
Examples Principal Moments of Inertia

Given: Area shown.

Find: Imax and Imin

Part Ai xi yi A i x i2 A i y i2 Ai x i y i I xi I yi I xyi
1 1.50 - 1.25 1.75 2.34 4.59 - 3.28 0.031 1.125 0
2 1.50 0 0 0 0 0 1.125 0.031 0
3 1.50 1.25 - 1.75 2.34 4.59 - 3.28 0.031 1.125 0
4.50 4.68 9.18 - 6.56 1.187 2.28 0
Ix = Ixi + Ai y i2 = 1.187 + 9.18 = 10.37 in4

Iy = Iyi + Ai x i2 = 2.28 + 4.68 = 6.96 in4

Ixy = Ixyi + Ai x i y i = 0 + (- 6.56 ) = - 6.56 in4

Imax,min = (10.37 + 6.96) {[(10.37 6.96)/2]2 + (- 6.56)2 }

= 8.67 6.78

Imax = 15.45 in4 Ix = 10.37 in4

Imin = 1.89 in4 Iy = 6.96 in4
17.34 in4 17.33 in4 OK

tan 2 = - 2 (- 6.56)/(10.37 6.96) = + 3.85

= + 37.7

Solve for Iu using = 37.7; Iu must equal 15.45 in4 or 1.89 in4.
Iu = (Ix + Iy) + (Ix Iy) cos 2 Ixy sin 2
= (10.37 + 6.96) + (10.37 6.96) cos 2(37.7) + 6.56 sin 2(37.7)
= 8.67 + 0.43 + 6.35
Iu = 15.45 in4 MAX

10.23
Given: Area shown.
(Extend previous example.)

Find: a) Imax and Imin

b) I max and I min

From previous work:

a) Ix = 613.20 in4
Iy = 1002.18 in4
b) I x = 430.63 in4
I y = 908.55 in4

Part Ai x i y i I xyi
1 - 60.75 0
2 0 40.50
3 183.83 - 21.38
4 - 16.01 0
107.07 19.12

I xy2 = b2 h2/72 = (6)2 (9)2/72 = + 40.50

I xy3 = - 0.0165R4 = - 21.38

a) Find Imax and Imin

Ixy = I xyi + x i y iAi = 19.12 + 107.07 = 126.19 in4

Imax,min = (Ix + Iy) {[(Ix Iy )/2]2 + Ixy2 }

= (613.20 + 1002.18) {[(613.20 1002.18)/2]2 + (126.19)2 }
= 807.69 231.84

Imax = 1039.53 in4 Ix = 613.20 in4

Imin = 575.85 in4 Iy = 1002.18 in4
1615.38 in4 1615.38 in4 OK

tan 2 = - 2 (126.19)/(613.20 1002.18)

= + 0.649
= + 16.5

10.24
b) Find I max and I min
I xy = Ixy x y A = 126.19 (- 1.11) (1.55) 75.99
I xy = 256.93 in4

I max,min = ( I x + I y) {[( I x I y )/2]2 + I xy2 }

= (430.63 + 908.55) {[(430.63 908.55)/2]2 + (256.93)2 }
= 669.59 350.88

I max = 1020.47 in4 Ix = 430.63 in4

I min = 318.71 in4 Iy = 908.55 in4
1339.18 in4 1339.18 in4 OK

tan 2 = - 2 (256.93)/(430.63 908.55)

= + 1.0752
= + 23.5

10.25