Professional Documents
Culture Documents
##
A REPORT OF
SUMMER TRAINING
UNDERTAKEN AT
About BSNL 3
GSM 6
GSM Network 9
GSM Specification 14
Supplementary Services 17
Conclusion 19
1. About BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in oct. 2000, is world’s 7th largest
telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India: wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, internet,
broadband, carrier services.
Within a span it has become the one of the largest public sector unit in India.
BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned
initiatives to bridge the rural –urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is
no telecom operator in the country to beat it reach with its wide network
giving services to every nook & corner of country and operates across India
except Delhi & Mumbai.
BSNL cellular service CELLONE, has more than 20.7 million cellular
customers, garnering 24 % of all mobile users as its subscribers.
That means that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL
connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1
million Basic Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and 92 %
share in revenue terms.
Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced
mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was
adopted by Asia, Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest
potential market in the world for cellular.
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than
digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was
the inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner.
As a result, digital technology was welcomed. The advantages of digital
systems over analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of
interference, integration of transmission and switching, and increased ability to
meet capacity demands. Table 1 charts the worldwide development of
mobile telephone systems.
Year Milestone
Radio interface
GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the GSM-EFR codec, a 12.2 kb/s
codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS,
EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband,
which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate
channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good
radio conditions on half-rate channels.
There are four different cell sizes in a GSM network - Macro, Micro, Pico
and Umbrella cells.
The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation
environment.
Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is
installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level.
Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level;
they are typically used in urban areas.
Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters;
they are mainly used indoors.
Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in
gaps in coverage between those cells.
Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and
propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of
kilometers.
The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35
km or 22 miles. There are also several implementations of the concept of an
extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more,
depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.
DETAILS:
A nearby GSM handset is usually the source of the "dit dit dit, dit dit dit, dit
dit dit" signal that can be heard from time to time on home stereo systems,
televisions, computers, and personal music devices. When these audio
devices are in the near field of the GSM handset, the radio signal is strong
enough that the solid state amplifiers in the audio chain function as a
detector. The clicking noise itself represents the power bursts that carry the
TDMA signal.
These signals have been known to interfere with other electronic devices,
such as car stereos and portable audio players. This is a form of RFI, and
could be mitigated or eliminated by use of additional shielding and/or
bypass capacitors in these audio devices. However, the increased cost of
doing so is difficult for a designer to justify.
The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and
subscriber-related functions. The switching system includes the following
functional units.
• Home location registers (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for
storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the
most important database, as it stores permanent data about
subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status. When an individual buys a
subscription from one of the PCS operators, he or she is registered in
the HLR of that operator.
All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base
station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
• BSC—The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links
between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides
functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of
radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A
number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
• BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The
BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to
service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a
BSC.
• Mobile service node (MSN)—The MSN is the node that handles the
mobile intelligent network (IN) services.
The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The
GSM network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number
assigned to each cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in
which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one or more base
station controllers, yet only by a single MSC (see Figure 4). Each LA is
assigned a location area identity (LAI) number.
An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is
covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR
of the MSC (see Figure 5).
The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator ( Figure
6).
6. GSM Specifications
Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the
following basic terms:
• Bits per second (bps)—a single on-off pulse of data; eight bits are
equivalent to one byte
• Frequency—the number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is
measured in hertz (Hz)
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card
containing the user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows
the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset
simply by changing the SIM.
Sim cards
Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single
SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking,
and is illegal in some countries.
In Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States many operators lock the
mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is
typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to
try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles.
A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee,
utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of ample software
and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves.
While most web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free.
The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile
Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified
by the SIM card). It is always possible to switch to another (non-locked)
handset if such a handset is available.
A mobile phone with sim
Some providers will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an
account for a certain time period. Third party unlocking services exist that
are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries,
removing the lock is legal.
If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left the coverage
area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when
the mobile is powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the
network. This function ensures that the message will be received.
• Fax mail—With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages
at any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service center from
which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security
code to the desired fax number.
9. Supplementary Services
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this
training report in numerous ways, People who gave unending support right
from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am
extremely grateful to BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED for
providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer training
for the duration of four weeks.
I express my effusive thanks to Mr. O.N. Singh (S.D.O.) and the
other technical staff members. With their expert guidance and kind help this
training would have been a distant dream.
I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. K.P. Upadhyay (J.T.O.) for
providing me the required information for completion my job.
Ashish Nagar
Final Year (E.C.E)
(0723031009)
Dronacharya Collg. Of Engg.
PREFACE
CONCLUSION
Ashish Nagar
E.C.E Branch,7th Semester
Roll. No. 0723031009