Brick Water Tanks

217
81 IR
SWD
STEERING COMMITTEE
WIND ENERGY
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Irrigation Water Storage Tanks

made of Brickwork
A manual for design and construction
December 1981
IDH\f TWO
DHV Consulting Engineers Technical Working Group
for Developing Countries
2Q-\ Ifc-ty
2
CONTENTS PAGE
1. PREFACE 4
2. IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS MADE OF MASONRY 5
2.1. Introduction 5
2.2. Construction manual 5
2.2.1. Site clearance and preparation of foundations 5
2.2.2. Construction materials 6
2.2.2.1. Bricks 6
2.2.2.2. Cement 6
2.2.2.3. Sand 6
2.2.2.4. Water 6
2.2.2.5. Mortar mix 6
2.2.3. Construction 7
2.2.3.1. Instructions for bricklaying 7
2.2.4. Plaster 8
2.2.5. Tools 8
2.2.6 Plastic foil or lining 8
2.2.7. Bund earth wall 8
2.3. Work instructions, drawings 9
2.3.1. Watertank Type 1 10
2.3.2. Watertank type II 17
2.3.3. Watertank type III 25
2.3.4. Watertank type IV 33
2.3.5. Watertank type V 41
2.3.6. Typical details 49
2.4. Testing 54
2.4.1. Introduction 54
2.4.2. Testing construction materials 54
2.4.2.1. Choise of bricks 54
2.4.2.2. Simple field identification tests 55
2.4.3. Testing masonry construction 57
2.4.3.1. Testing of a brick wall 57
2.5. General starting points for the structural
calculations 61
2.5.1. Calculation of the tanks 63
2.5.1.1. Tank capacity of 30 m3 63
2.5.1.5. Type III, IV, V 69
;
3
CONTENTS (continued) PAGE
Annex 1 reinforcement in the tankwall 72
Annex 2 review of the several types # 73
Annex 3 design table 74
Annex 4 list of symbols 75
Annex 5 bibliography 76
/--
4
1. PREFACE
The SWD (Steering Committee on Wind-Energy for Developing Countries)

has designed and built windmills for irrigation purposes in developing coun
tries. To achieve properly regulated irrigation, water storage is a
necessity.
Up to now, water storage tanks have been built using general construction
materials.
Experience shows that the cost of water storage tanks can equal the
cost of a windmill. Also some storage tanks were liable to damage during
use and because of lack of know-how.
Discussions with TWO resulted in a contract between SWD and DHV. Under
this contract DHV prepared designs and construction manuals as described
in this publication.
As a first step, designs and construction manuals have been prepared for
masonry tanks with storage capacities of 30 m3 - 60 m3 - 90 m3 and 150 m3.
These are described in this booklet.
Designs for tanks made of bund walls, ferro cement, plastic foil tubes
with stabilized soil and a combination of ferro cement and masonry will
be prepared in a later stage.
The authors are grateful for the support, and critisism, that they
received from the SWD.
The authors:
J. Costa
J. de Lange
C. Pieck
2. IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS MADE OF BRICKWORK
2.1. Introduction
Descriptions and drawings have been made showing masonry tanks with a
capacity of 30-60-90 and 150 m3 with five several types. As shown,
several constructions are possible.
A summery of the several types of tanks reads as follows:

Page
Type 1: a fully brickwork tank, walls and slabs,

without a bund earth wall
Type II: same as type I but with a bund earth wall
Type III: brickwork ringfoundation with a bund earth wall. The
remaining bottomslab of the tank will be made of
clay (impermeable soil)
Type IV: as type III but with a different foundation of the
brickwork ring
Type V: as type III or IV but with tie rods made of
steelstrips and without a bund earth wall
In the description of each type of tank a short building instruction is

given with some characteristic properties. In the notes, added to the
description, some differences between the tanks are shown.
Furthermore, on page 73 a review is presented which helps in choosing
the type of tank to be constructed.
The drawings show details with dimensions for each tank and are completed
with a bill of quantities.
The content, text and illustrations of the manual are primarily keyed to
a semi-professional reader, although professional engineers may also
find the manual useful.
One chapter describes methods of testing total masonry walls and of the
building materials. For reasons of safety it may be necessary to test
the "sample wall" as well as the materials before starting construction
of a tank. In the last chapter consideration is given to the theory of
the structural calculations for the tanks.
2.2. Construction manual
2.2.1. Site clearance and preparation of foundations
The site chosen for the tank should be cleared. At least the topsoil
with a layer of approx. 200 mm is to be excavated to be sure that all
vegetation, loose surface soil and black soil are removed.
If necessary the surface should be (roughly) levelled.
After clearance it is advisable to backfill a sand and/or gravel layer
of approx. 200 mm thick.
The ensuing compaction is done by means of ramming with (self-made)
tampers.
When for backfill sand is used compaction can also be done by sprinkling
with a little water and ramming.
2.2.2. Construction materials
2.2.2.1. Bricks
The bricks must be of good quality in order to obtain a watertight

structure. Prior to laying, the bricks must be moistened with water.
To prevent cracking caused by shrinkage and high temperatures the tank
should be moistened during the first three weeks or protected by means
of a cover (plastic foil).
2.2.2.2. Cement
The cement to be used in the mortar should be an ordinary Portland

Cement (in accordance with BS 12 or similar specification).In the case
of-aggressive soil due to a high salinity, Portland Cement 5 or blast
furnace cement must be used.
Lower strength cements are not recommendable. The cement must be stored
in a dry place.
2.2.2.3. Sand
The first requirement for sand is that it should be free from organic
and chemical impurities which may weaken the mortar.
A coarse silica sand is probably the best for the purpose. The use of
coarse sand will lessen the workability of the mortar but its resistance
to shrinkage will be greater than that of a mortar made with fine sand.
2.2.2.4. Water
The water must be clean and free from acid chemicals, salt and organic
matters.
Salt water should never be used.
2.2.2.5. Mortar mix
Mortars for brickwork are a mixture of cement, sand and water, each
ingredient having the correct proportion. For a maximum brickwork
resistance to water pressure the following cement mortar mixes are
advisable:
a. 1 volume part of portland cement

2 volume parts of sand (fine aggregate)
b. 1 volume part of portland cement

2,5 volume parts of sand (fine aggregate)
c. 1 volume part of strong hydraulic powder-lime

0,25 volume part of portland cement
2,5 volume parts sand (fine aggregate)
7
If bricks of a somewhat lower quality are used, the quality of the

mortar should also be lower (for instance 1 : 4^) in order to prevent
shrinkage differences between the brick work and mortar. However, it
should not be forgotten that any such reduction in quality may result in
a less rigid construction and will certainly result in a less watertight
structure.
The mortar must be thoroughly mixed a.nd workable although one should
remember that a dry mortar is stronger than a wet one.
In any event the weight ratio of water to cement must not exceed 0,5 : 1.
The portland cement should be fresh, old and/or wet bags with portland
cement are to be removed.
Water should be clean and free from harmfull matter, (see chapter "Testing")
Where tests can be carried out they should be in accordance with the
codes locally applicable. The aggregate (sand) should be free from
vegetable soil and black soil.
2.2.3. Constructions
When the site for the tank is cleared, its surface is levelled with a
200 mm thick layer of sand and/or gravel. The setting out can be done by
driving a post into the ground at the centre point of the tank site and
scribing a circle, while marking the ground at approx. 1 meter core to
core with pegs.
2.2.3.1. Instructions for bricklaying
Clean foundation where bricks are to be laid

Mark line of brickwork every 1 meter or so with pegs
Mix the mortar (1 part cement, 2 tot 2\ parts sand)
Add water to the dry mortar until the mortar can be handled well
(beware of too much water)
Moisten the bricks before laying so that the bricks do not trans-
port water from the joints since such process causes joint cracks
due to shrinkage.
Bricks are not to b e moved or repositioned once the hardening
process has begun.
Spread "a good and ample mortar bed" for the first layer, making
certain that the correctly placed masons line is worked to.
Do not place the mortar too far "in advance" of the proceeding
bricks as the hardening process will start before the bricks are
laid in their final positions.
All heading joints (vertical) must be completely filled.
Trowel off all excess mortar from the joints and re-use it.
No "dead" mortar retrieved from the ground or other surface must be
re-used.
While laying bricks it is important to pay attention to the following
rules for bonding:
No vertical joints should be placed above each other.
No closers must be used which are smaller than half the standard
brick size locally available.
8
2.2.4. Plaster
To ensure a more watertight construction it is advisable to scrape out

the innerwall and slab joints and to apply an approximately 15 mm thick,
rendering to the inner surfaces of the tank.
1 Part of cement to 5 parts of sand by volume batching.
2.2.5. Tools
The tools required are picks and shovels for levelling, spades, hammers
(and nails), bricklayer's tools and accessories like trowel, pegs, cord
wooden posts, mortar tub, plumb line, measuring tape, wheelbarrow and
buckets.
2.2.6. Plastic foil or lining
The floor of the tank can be formed of a layer of polyethylene sheeting,

approximately 1 mm thick laid between two layers of sand (see type V ) .
To ensure a more waterthight construction it is advisable to place an
overlap of polyethylene sheeting in the horizontal brickwork jointing,
both the sheeting and overlap then being joined by means of a flat or
soldering iron.
2.2.7. Bund earth wall
To protect the tank construction against climatic influences it is

advisable to form a bund around the tank circumference.
A second advantage is that the bund will reduce the tensile forces and
bending moments in the tankwall. When in type V a bund earth wall will
be used the tierods made of steelstrips will not be a necessity.
This bund is formed by heaping the excavated earth against the outside
of the tank. When bad soil conditions are found (vegetation, black soil,
loose surface soil) also the bund earth wall should have a proper foun-
dation. In respect of this point the site clearance and preparation of
the foundations are to be extended till the outer circumference of the
bund earth wall and to be carried out as mentioned in 2.3.2., 2.3.3. and
2.3.4.
After piling up the excavated earth against the outside of the tank the
bund is finished by compaction.
This is done by ramming with (home-made) tampers or sprinkling with
litte water.
J
I
I
/
s
2.3. - Work instructions
Drawings
\
10 K
2.3.1. Watertank Type 1

Page
General lay-out 11
Work-instructions 12
Capacity 30 ra3 13
Capacity 60 m3 14
Capacity 90 ra3 15
Capacity 150 m3 16
capacity 60m3 capacity 90m' capacity 1S0 m>
t H l t D f t t O H WAS ft! A L I V I D UMOtR A U t I C t OF TH1 T f M l M O C O M H l T T I I WIHOCHCRO*

O l V I L O f I N O C O U M T M U t W 0 PO 0 1 13 AMIftSFOORT T N I HfTHCRLAHOt
IN COOP I N AT ION W I T H - T W O A M I M F O O R T
IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
SWD
TYPE I
dt aioi
4 1 I 1 GENERAL LAY OUT
cal* in mitrt TWO DHV
I
12
i
TYPE I
i
/
i
work sequence and description notes and recommandations
- clear the area of the site where the

tank is proposed to be constructed
- Remove a layer of approx 400 mm of the
topsoil
- Refill with a sand and/or gravel
i
layer of approx 200 mm
- The refill is to be compacted with
(self-made) tampers
i
i
When this fill consists of sand
only, the compaction can also be
done by sprinkling with a little
t
water and ramming
- If necessary the surface is to be
levelled
- Mark the circumference of the
tankslab with pegs (pegs core
to core 1 metre)
- Mix the cement and sand to a dry
i
mortar
- Add water to the dry mortar until
the mortar can be handled well
- Start bricklaying the tankslab - As indicated in the details
t
- On the bottom of the tankslab
the circumference of the tankwall
can be marked
(see page 52) the toplayer
of the bottom should be
started only after finishing
i
- Continue with bricklaying of the.
tankwall.
- On top of the tankwall a bricklayer
the first layer.
- The bonds are indicated in
the details as well (see
i
of edge coping is to be applied (see page 51.)
page 51 .)
- Refill the outer circumference with
soil
- When the bricks are of a good
quality and the sizes are
approx equal, joints of + 12
i
- The refill is to be compacted
- Scrape out the joints of the inside
of the wall and of the slab (approx
to 15 mm are preferred
- Take special care of the joint
between the tankslab and
i
t
20 mm) and apply a rendering (plaster) the tankwall.
to the inner surfaces of the tank - The joint should be cleaned
and moistened before brick-
laying of the tankwall starts.
- When heavy loads are ex-
pected on the foundation
part of the bottom outside
the wall a bond earth wall
is advisable (see also type II)
- Immediately after bricklaying
(after each day) the finished
i
parts of the tank are to be
protected against weather
influences.
I
Therefore these parts should
be moistened or covered during
at least the first three weeks.
I
13
10 M SO
f I i I t I
0 M 40
teal* in c a n t i m a t a r t
TYPE X capacity 30 m3
PRICE LEVEL
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

bricks piece 8300
2 2 0 > 1 1 0 i 5 S mm
cement bag 19
(40 Itr)
sand m3 2
roarsn
excavation m3 16.5
sand layer m3 7.4
refill with soil m3 1.6
plaster cmnt bag 3

and 0.6
materials
labour mandays
total cost
T H I S O f SkQH * A S R E A L I S E D UWDER A U S P I C E S OF THC S T E E R I N G C O M H t T T E t WIKDEMERGY
TYPE I D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWD PO BOX * S A M E R S F O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S

IM C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T W O A y E R S F O O N T .
Capacity 30 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE X
data 810707
DETAIL AND DIMENSIONS
BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO QHV
14
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acala in cantimatara
TYPE I capacity 60 m 1
PRICI LIVIL

bricks piece 13600
220 " 0 x 5 5 mm
cement bag 27
(40 Itr)
sand m 2
coarse
excavation m3 29
|
sand layer m3 13.5

i plaster i>m bag 5
i and m1 1
materials
labour mandaya
total cost
THIS OESIQN WAS RIAUSEO UMOtN AUSPICE! OF TNI STEERING COMMITTEE WINOENEROT
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1 * 0 0 SOI SS ANtRSPOORT THI NETHERLANDS
TYPE I IM COOPERATION * ITH - T WO AtttRSf OORT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE I
! 810707
B I L L O F QUANTITIES OHV
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15
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PniCt LCVtL

bricks piece 18500
220 I 110 I 55 mm
cement bag 36
(40ltr)
3
sand m 3
coarse
excavation m3 41
sand layer m3 18.5
plaster cmti bag 8

land m3 1.5
materials
labour mtndiyt
total cost
THIS OCSIQM WAS RCAllSCD UNOCR AUtPICeS Of TMC STeiRIMQ COMMITTCI WIHDCMflQI
OIVELOflNO COUNTKIIS 1W0 PO 1 0 * IS AWERtfOOMT THI NETHERLANDS
TYPE I IN COOMRATION WITH TWO Ae*FOOIT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE I
data 810707
8 I L L O F QUANTITIES TWO OMV
16
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4-
9tomm f N
JC T%f, T nRTTC
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ae4* in e * * i t l m * t r i
TYPE I capacity 150 m3

HiiCI i.fIL

Trick* ptaca 32700
2*0 I 1 1 0 . 5 * >
cement b9 e4
(40 I * >
and S
coarse
excavation TO
sand layer 32
rami with toil ~Ts

piaster bag 11
2.S
materials
labour
total cost
TYPE I
TMIt M l Mill M M A L I M O UHOI* AUlPtCEt 0 * TM< S T I I I U M CO*J<TTIf ttlNBCNiaOt
o t v i i o p i n c c o u w r m i i two PO a o t n A M P J P O O T TM N t T M i a L A N D S
Ut C O O M B J A J I O * WITH TWO A i n t 0 0 T .
I
TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD .
TYPEI
diU 810707
OHV
BILL OF QUANTITIES TWO
17
2.3.2. Watertank Type II
Page
General lay-out 18
Work-instructions 19-20
Capacity 30 m3 21
Capacity 60 m3 22
Capacity 90 m3 23
Capacity 150 ra3 24
plans
if.
hMM&M
m !!> 41 t(W/t<
I - t.4. - 4 U-
sections
TYPE H
capacity 30 m' capacity 60 m 1 capacity 0 0 m' capacity 150 m 1
THIB M C I G H WAS R U U I I O UHOtK AUS>|Cfl Of TNI STICRIHO COMMIT TIE WIM0EMC01

DEVfLOPINO COUMTMlit * W 0 0 M I tS AMfRKFOORT TMI MCTMtRLAHOS
IN COOPIKATlON W l T N - T W O - A M I U f F O O R T

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
maaaura* in mm
TYPEH
0 1 2 3 4 5 dau aioaia
GENERAL LAY OUT
seal* In mlrt
TWO | sn_._.
19
TYPE II
work sequence and description notes and recommandations
- clear the area of the site where

the tank is proposed to be constructed
- remove a layer of approx. 400 mm of
the topsoil
- when bad soil conditions are found - to avoid settlements of the bund
(vegetation, blacksoil, loose surface earth wall
soil) also the topsoil under the bund
earth wall is to be removed
- refill with a sand and/or gravel layer
of approx. 200 mm
- the refill is to be compacted with
(self-made) tampers
- when the fill consists of sand only,
the compaction can also be done by
sprinkling with a little water, and
ramming
- if necessary the surface is to be
levelled
- mark the circumference of the tankslab
with pegs (pegs core to core 1 metre)
- mix the cement and sand to a dry
motar
- add water to the dry motar until the
mortar can be handled well
- start bricklaying the tankslab As indicated in the details
- on the bottom of the tankslab the (see page ...) the toplayer of
circumference of the tankwall can the bottom should be started
marked only after finishing the first
- continue with bricklaying of the layer
tankwall The bonds are indicated in the
- on top of the tankwall a bricklayer details as well (see page ..)
of edge coping is to be applied When the bricks are of a good
(see page 51) quality and the sizes are approx.
- refill the outer circumference with equal joints of + 12 to 15 mm are
soil preferred
take care of the joint between
the tankslab and the tankwall
- the refill is to be compacted the joints should be cleaned and
moistened before bricklaying of
the tankwall starts
- scrape out the joints of the inside immediately after bricklaying
of the wall and of the slab (approx. (after each day) the finished
20 mm) and apply a rendering parts of the tank are to be
(plaster) to the inner surfaces of protected against weather
of the tank influences
20
- therefore these parts should

be moistened or covered during
at least the first three weeks
- refill a bund earth wall of approx. - use the topsoil that was removed
0,65 m heigth around the hole circum- earlier
ference of the tank
- the refill is to be compacted
21
t , * i i i
0 K> 40
acala in cnttmlr
TYPE nr capacity 30 m3
PRICI n v i t

bricks piece 8300
ItOiltOiSSmm
cement bag 19
(40ltrl
J
sand m 2
o. ''.
excavation m3 16.5
sand layer m3 7.4
bund m3 20
plaster c.m.m bag 3

sand m3 0.6
materials
labour mandaya
total cost
THIS DCtlOll WAS Rf ALIStO UN01R AUSPICIt OF TMC 1TIIRIHQ COMM1TTII WINOftMIRQf
OfVILQEUia COUNTRIES IWO >0 SOI Bft AMtRtFOORT THI H I THIRL A M M
TYPE II LM COO* RAT ION W ITM TWO AMCRWOORT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE H
dt B10707
B I L L O F QUANTITIES TWO OMV
O *)
| 1QHQ
LI S O J.".i.
I I
*"-
I I I I I I
0 tO 40
s e a l * in canlimatara
TYPE TT capacity 60 m 1
'"ICI LtVIl

bricks piece 13600
I H i t t O i J S nam
cement bag 27
sand
I:O.II-S>-
excavation 29
sand layer m3 13.5
refill w i t h soil 2.2
bund 25.5
plaster camant bag

and
materials
labour mandaya
total cost
TNI1 OCtlOH tt*J MtAllSID UNOIR A U t l C ( t OF THt t T t t l t t l t a COMMITTEI triMOCMfRQV

o c v i L Q r u t a C O U N T N I C I w o ao a o i u aMtairooRT T M I NCTHCRLANDS
TYPE II in COOPERATION WITH TWO AtHNSFOORT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE I t
data 810707
B I L L O F QUANTITIES TWO OMV
O.. C < > ! ' >
23
plaaf r
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Mill.,mift Mil
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I I I I I I
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TYPE Ot capacity 9 0 m3
flUCl LtVIL

brick* piece 18500
2 M i 1 1 0 S 5 mm
cement bag 36
(40 I t r l
sand m 3
co;lr^.',
excavation m3 41
sand layer m3 18.5
r e f i l l with soil m3 2.2
bund m3 35
plaster comont bag 8

sand m3 1.5
materials
labour mindiyi
total cost
THIS DESfOJ. WAM n i A l l t f O UMOIX AUSPICK* OF TNI TCINlNQ COMMITTED WIMOfHIHOT

OfVKLOFUU) COUNTRIIt IffD 0 01 U AMIfttFQOHT THi HETMCRLAMOS
TYPE II LM COQ#CAJIOM WITH TWO Ae*tFOONT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE H milium m mni
data 810707
B I L L O F QUANTITIES DMV
TWO
24
:.'.. - - V V , : ' . . ..i

.*?..
1 1 1 \ tend layer
J~330*L, 0 12360
10 30 90
0 20 40
seal* in c e n t i m e t e r s
TYPE H capacity 150 ma

PRICE LEVEL
! I
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY j PRICE
bricks piece 32700 ! ;
2 2 0 K 1 1 0 * 5 5 mm
cement bag 64
140 II r |
sand m3 5
rn.irj-
excavation m3 70
sand layer m3 32
refill with soil m3 35

j
3
bund m 39
plaster cement bag 11

sand m3 2.5
materials ' \
I
| labour mandays -
total cost
i i
THIS O f S i C N WAS R E A L I S E D UNDER AUSPICES OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E WiNOENERGv

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWO PO S O I S9 AMERSFOORT THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE II IN C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T W 0 A ME R SFOO R T .
Capacity 150 rtj3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE3E measures m mm
date 810710
BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO 13 N V
1
I 25
2.3.3. Watertank Type III

Page
General lay-out 26
Work-instructions 27-28
Capacity 30 m3 29
Capacity 60 m3 30
Capacity 90 m3 31
Capacity 150 m3 32
plans
t***fi
:fc_
ii
4
sections
TYPE UL
capacity 30 m' capacity 60 m1 capacity 9 0 m1 capacity ISO m>
THIS OCflON W * t REACHED UNDER AUS'lCE* OF TMI ( T U R I N G COMMIT T i l WINDENCRGv

OEVElOPING COUNTRIES SWO 0 BOX AMIRtFOORT T H I NETHERLANDS
IN COOPERATION N l T H - I N O - A M E R t P O O R T

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE H I mturoi m RIM
0 1 2 3 4 5 di aioaia
H 1 ..}. i- - t - t - GENERAL LAY OUT
TWO 1 rr:
27
TYPE III
work sequence and description notes and recommendations
clear the area of the site where the

remove a layer of approx. 400 mm
of the topsoil
when bad soil conditions are found to avoid settlements of the
(vegetation, black soil, loose bund earth wall
surface soil) also the topsoil under
the bund earth wall is to be removed
refill with a sand layer of approx.
200 mm
the refill is to be compacted with
(self-made) tampers. The compaction
can also be done by sprinkling with
a little water and ramming
if necessary the surface is to be
levelled
mark the circumference of the tank-
foundation with pegs (pegs core to
core 1 metre)
mix the cement and sand to a dry
mortar
add water to the dry mortar until
start bricklaying the tankfoundation - the bonds are indicated in the
to a heigth of 220 mm ( 4 brick- details (see page 50)
layers)
apply a polyethylene sheeting on the when the bricks are of a good
top of the sand layer around the in- quality and the sizes are approx.
side of the tank foundation equal, joints of + 12 to 15 mm
The joints in the plastic foil are to are prefered
be sealed by means of a flat or take care of the joint where
soldering iron the plastic foil will be brought
the plastic foil is to be brought in. The joint should be cleaned
into the joints of the bricks as and moistened before brick-
indicated on the drawing laying of the above part starts
continue bricklaying immediately after bricklaying
the tankfoundation and tankwall (after each day) the finished
on top of the tankwall a bricklayer of protected against weather
of edge coping is to be applied influences
(see page 5.1.)
fill the bottom of the tank with therefore these parts should be
impermeable soil of approx. 220 mm moistened or covered during at
least the first three weeks
28
- refill the outer circumference

with soil
- scrape out the joints of the inside
of the wall (approx. 20 mm) and
apply a rendering (plaster) to
the inner surfaces of the tank
- refill a bund earth wall of approx. - Use the topsoil that was removed
0,65 height around the hole circum- earlier
ference of the tank
j{
Type III and type IV are variants.
Minor differences in respect of the quantities of materials
incorporated in the types III and IV are indicated in the schedule
of quantities.
29
ground le
x aand l a y t r
0
- i . . * - "
330 ^ ^ 5540
10 30 30
0 20 40
teal* in c e n t i m e t e r s
TYPE HL capacity 3 0 m3
PRICE LEVEL
I
ITEM UNIT I UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE
bricks piece j 5400
220, 110iSS mm
cement bag 11
(40llr |
3
sand m
' i
3
excavation m 15
I
sand layer nv> 6.7 I
3 I
refill with soil m 1.7
bund m3 20
j
plaster ttmmi bag 1 i
I
sand m3 0.3
plastic foil m2 22 I
impermeable soil m3 5.3 j

materials
!
labour mandaya

total cost
THIS OES1CN WAS R E A L I S E D U N 0 E B AUSPICES OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E W'NOENERGV

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWD PO B O * 8 4 AMERSFOORT THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE III I N COOPERATION W I T H T WO A ME RSFOO T .
Capacity 30 m.3 I IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
i MASONRY CONSTRUCTION
SWD
TYPE OH measure s in mm
dale 810707
I BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO
13 H V
30
__ I._
-I-
S
inb
440 I 0 7820
10 30 SO
0 20 40
cl in c*Mtmtrs
TYPE HE capacity 60 m3
PICE LEVEL

bricks piece 11200
2 2 0 i n o , 5 5 mm
cement bag 22
1*0 I t l )
sand 1.8
excavation 28
sand layer 11
refill with soil 2.2
bund 24
plaster t.mii bag 2

tand 0.4
plastic (oil 32
impermeable soil 11
laterials
labour
total cost
T H I S O E S I G N WAS R E A L I S E D UNDER A U S P I C E S Of THE STCCRING C O M M I T T E E WINOENERGV

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S S w o P 0 B O l 89 A M E R S f O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE III IK C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T W O A i d E R S F O O R T .

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE M.
flat* 810707
BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO OHV
31
T_
I-
O
to >o so n-~0-^-
0 30 40
scala m c a n t i m a t a r t
TYPE M capacity 9 0 m3
PRICE LEVEL
i
ITEM ! UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE |
i
bricks " 1 piece 13000
2 2 0 . 11055 mm 1
i
cement bag 26
(40 It')
sand m3 2
ri\:\i -,t-

excavation m3 39
3
sand layer m 18
h
refill with soil " ~m 3 2.2
1
bund m3 36
i
plaster cem.m bag 3

tand m3 0.5
plastic foil m2 45
impermeable soil m3 19
materials
!
labour mandayt
total cost
THIS OCS'CM WAS AEAL>SCO U N O E * AUSPICES Q* THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E W I N O C N E H Q *

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S - SWO PO I O t B* A M E R S F O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE III IN COOPERATION W I T H T WO - A M E " S F O Q " T

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYP M. m i i u n & >n mm
data 3107D7
HETAIL AND DIMENSIONS
| BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO DHV
32
10 30 50
0 10 40
s e a l * in centimeters
TYPE JH capacity 150 m3

PRICE LEVEL
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY J PRICE I

bricks piece 23500
2 2 0 , U O i S S mm j
cement bag 46
I40 I t t I !
3
sand m 3.6
i

excavation 65
3
sand layer m 31
3
refill with soil ^ m 2.5 i
bund m3 38
!
plaster cmnt bag 3
sand m1 0.6
-
plastic foil m* 54
impermeable soil nV 26
materials |
labour ! msndays
i
total cost
i
T H I S O C S I G N WAS R E A L I S E D UNOER A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E WINDENERQY
D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S swo PO sOx as AwensFOORT T H C NETHERLANDS
TYPE III IN COOPERATION WITH TWO AMERSFOORT.
150m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE :nr mailuiti in mm
aat. 910710
BILL OF QUANTITIES TWO IJMV
i
33
2.3.4. Watertank type IV
Page
General lay-out 34
Work instructions 35-36
Capacity 30 m3 37
Capacity 60. m3 38
Capacity 90 m3 39
Capacity 150 m3 40
pln
ir
>J0
-4
3- CO
i:1
#M,IO
i-t- T ~"*"i n o i *
xctlont
TVPE EC
capacity 3 0 m' opacity 6 0 m' capacity 9 0 m> capacity 1 5 0 m*
fHIt OttlON At MIALHIO UMD1M AUSFICIt 0 ' THf fTIIHIMQ COMM^'II WIHDfNtRGv
0(VIk.0PIHC COUNTMltt *WO HO M * * AMlHtfOOMT I M i NtlHiftLANDt
n coo*i"'ion WITH - t w o A M I u t r o o p i

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
MIU(* in mm
TYPE J3Z
0 1 J 1 4 5
GENERAL LAV OUT
c a l * in > TWO |srr.-. |
35
TYPE IV
clear the area of the site where the

of the topsoil
when bad soil conditions are found to avoid settlements of the
(vegetation, black soil, loose bund earth wall
surface soil) also the topsoil under
the bund earth wall is to be removed
200 mm
can also be done by sprinkling with
a little water and ramming
levelled
core 1 metre)
mix the cement and sand to a dry
mortar
add water to the dry mortar until
start bricklaying the tankfoundation the bonds are indicated in the
to a heigth of 220 mm ( 4 brick- details (see page 50)
layers)
apply a polyethylene sheeting on when the bricks are of a good
the top of the sand layer around the quality and the sizes are approx.
inside of the tank foundation equal, joints of + 12 to 15
The joints in the plastic foil are to are prefered
be sealed by means of a flat or take care of the joint where
soldering iron the plastic foil will be brought
the plastic foil is to be brought in. The joint should be cleaned
into the joints of the bricks as and moistened before brick-
indicated on the drawing laying of the above part starts
continue bricklaying immediately after bricklaying
the tankfoundation and tankwall (after each day) the finished
on top of the tankwall a bricklayer of protected against weather
of edge coping is to be applied influences
(see page 51)
fill the bottom of the tank with therefore these parts should be
impermeable soil of approx. 220 mm moistened or covered during at
least the first three weeks
36
- refill the outer circumference

with soil
- scrape out the joints of the inside
of the wall (approx. 20 mm) and
apply a rendering (plaster) to
the inner surfaces of the tank
- refill a bund earth wall of approx. - Use the topsoil that was removed
0,65 height around the hole circum- earlier
ference of the tank
Type III and type IV are variants.

Minor differences in respect of the quantities of materials
incorporated in the types III and IV are indicated in the schedule
of quantities.
37
- - ? -
[ 220 l^iHO
220 1 I
100
660 i1 I
10 90 SO
0 20 40
<:* in cant>matrs
TYPE 31 capacity 30 m3
PRiCE LEVEL

bricks piece 5400
220 i 110x55 mm
cement bag 11
(0 l!r|
sand m3 i
co-irci' i
excavation m3
" i
sand isver m3 8 I
bund m3 23
plastic foil m2 35
plaster c.m.m bag 2 i
sand m3 0.5
impermeable soil m3 4.5
materials !
labour mandays
i
total cost
THIS D E S I G N WAS R E A L I S E D UNOER A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E W I N O E M E R G r

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWO * 0 BOX 8S A M E R S J O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE IV IK C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H - T w O A M E R S F O O R T .

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3 E m i l i u m irt mm
data 810707
OHV
BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO
I
38
1
' ' i l l with ioil
\ Ui>d l a y r
220 Jg~ 7 8 2 0
T-^H-
10 30 M
O 20 0
teal* m cntmtt
TYPE HZ capacity 60 m3
ICi LlTVfl
I !
bricks piece 8900
i
220 H O i S S mm
cement
- - H bag 18
140 I t t )
3
sand m 1.5
conrsR
i
-1 3 - -
excavation m 30
sand layer m3 13.5

r
refill with soi 1 m3 2.4

bund m3 26
plastic toil m2 65
.
plaster cimint bag 2
sand m3 0.5
impermeable soil m3 9.3 i
materials
labour ffllndlyi
L
total cost I
i i
' OISICN WAS M A l ' M O UNDID AUSIC O* TM| STffW'NG COMMlTTCI WIMOCNEHGT
O I v i l O H t t G COUNrlllS - 1WD 0 t O l IS AMCHSFOORT T N ( N E T M C H .NOS
TYPE IV IN COOfl RATION WMfM - r WO * H S * 0 0 " T

TYPICAL OESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3E.
data 810707
B I L L O F QUANTITIES TWO
39
f__
fiii< with too.
pl*tlC
V^
toil
T-
0 9580
^ 1000
K> K M
0 30 40
teal* <n cntimt*fs
TYPE 33L capacity 9 0 m3

PRICE tivei
1
1
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE !
bricks piece 9600 i i1
220. 110 55 mm
cement bag 20
I4C ltd ; i
sand m3 1.5 !
coarse
. i

excavation ' 41
sand layer m3 18.5

refill with soil m3 2^2

bund m3 35
plastic foil m> 92
plaster csmnt bag 3 1

sand m3 0.5
impermeable soil _ 19
m3 1
i '.
materials
--
labour mandayt
total cost \ \
i 1
TMiS O f S i O N WAS d E A L I S E O UNOER A U S ' I C C S OF TMC S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E WIMOENCRGV

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S - S * 0 WO OX tS A M f R S ' O O f t T THE HI THtftL AMDS
TYPE IV N C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H I WO * M ( * 9 f O O T

TYPICAL DESIGN
O \ki r\
J V V U
TYPE I T millu'ti in mm
( 810707
OHV
40
TYPE HZ. capacity 150 m 1

MICC LEVEL
1 1
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY ! PRICE
bricks piece 17750
2 2 0 . 110.55 mm
cement bag 34 i
I40ltr) < |
sand m3 2.7 i |
i:o;irsf
excavation m3 70
sand layer m3 33 ; |
refill with soil mJ 4 3

!
3
bund m 39
plastic foil m2 160
plaster cimmi bag 3 i '

sand m3 0.5
impermeable soil m3 24
materials ; j
| labour mindiyt
I
total cost I
i I
THIS 0 C S I G N WAS R E A L I S E D U N O t N A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E W I N O E N J E R G V

O E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWO * 0 8 0 1 A3 AUERSPOORT THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE IV IN C O O P E R A J l O N W I T H T W O A M E R S f O O M T .

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPETX m t i i u r t s in mm
d u e 810707
BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO DHV
i
41
2.3.5. Watertank type V
page
General lay-out 42
work instructions 43-44
Capacity 30 m3 45
Capacity 60 m3 46
Capacity 90 m3 47
Capacity 150 ra3 48
f
I
plans
JJQ
IT
it 'HI 1
'TL-
n o r
sections
TYPE 3E
capacity 30m* capacity 60m' capacity 90nt 3 capacity 150 m'
THIS M S I C N W * t N I A L I I I O UNBtR AUSPtCIS OF THC T | | P ( M O COMMlTTIC WiMOtNtftOV

O I V t L O P I N G COUNTHliS tWO P O M *MC*FOOMT THE MITHIHLANDC
IN COO^tKATION l l l " - T 0 - * i t l i a O l

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3Z
0 1 2 3 4 4st tioaie
- t 4 t 1 -*- GENERAL LAY OUT
cal* in mtfs TWO | 5T.*l |
43
TYPE V
clear the area of the site where

the tank is proposed to be constructed
of the topsoil
200 mm
can also be done by sprinkling with a
little water and ramming
levelled
core 1 metre)
mix the cement and sand to a dry mortar
add water to the dry mortar until the
mortar can be handled well
start bricklaying the tankfoundation the bonds are indicated in
to a height of 220 mm (4 brick- the details (see page 50)
layers) when the bricks are of a
apply a polythene sheeting on the good quantity and the sizes
top of the sand layers. The joints are approx. equal, joints
in the plastic foil are to be sealed of + 12 to 15 mm is prefered
by means of a flat or soldering iron take care of the joint where
the plastic foil is to be brought into the the plastic foil will be
the joints of the bricks as indicated on brought in. The joint should
the drawing be cleaned and moistened
fill the bottom of the tank with a sand before brichlaying of the
layer of 110 mm so that the plastic foil above part starts,
is closed up and protected against damages immediately after brick-
continue bricklaying the tankfoundation laying (after each day) the
and tankwall finished parts of the tank
on top of the tankwall a bricklayer of are to be protected aginst
edge coping is to be applied (see weather influences. There-
page 51) fore these parts should be
moistened or covered during
at least the first three
weeks
apply on the bottom of the tank a second
layer consisting of bricks without mortar
(110 mm)
refill the outer circumference with soil
the refill is to be compacted
44
scrape out the joints of the inside of the

wall (approx. 20 mm) and apply a rendering
(plaster) to the inner surfaces of the
tank
bold two tie rods made of steelstrips - it is advisable to protect
around the tankwall (for details see the tierods against corrosion
page 53.) in advance, (painting, hot
deep galvanised)
This type of tank not to be used in hot and dry tropical

countries
45
tiarods m a d * ol stealitrips
"I-
ground laval
-H""T,I 11111111 mxs:

*r
tmiilLjwith aoi|
plasiic toil x^ __a.

taad-layj .
to so so
0 20 40
s e a l * in c a n t i m a t a r t
TYPE IE capacity 30 m3
PKtCt LEVEL
I
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE I
bricks piece 5400
230 i 110 i 5 mm
cement bag 11
<40ltr)
3
sand m 1
ro.irsc
excavation m1 17
!
3
sand layer m a
i
i
refill with soil m3 1.8 i
bricks piece 1450

SisD i
plastic foil m2 35 i
;
plaster cmm bag
sand m3 I,
tierods 6,26 m" 6
i materials
|
labour . (Vi and ays
total cost
I
THIS D E S I G N WAS R E A L I S E O UNOSR AUSPICES OF T H i S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E WINOCNERGY
D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWO RO 1 0 1 * S A M C R S F O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S
TYPE V I N C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H - T WO A M C R S F O O R T .
Capacity 30 m3 ! IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3C
data 810707
! DETAIL AND DIMENSIONS
I 8 I L L 0 F QUANTITIES TWO
DHV
46
ti*rods mad ol staalstnps
i C3Sr
ground !*!
ra Ml yil_n ton
m ji^7Tpi.}i,.i.i,i,iHii,i
>v
| plaatic loil \Mtui l y i f
> . 0 7820
Tfist
to JO o
o ao o
teal* in c*r*tim*t*ri
TYPE 3E capacity 60 m3
HCI LCVIL
-
! !
b r i*c k s piece 8900 I

220 MQiSS mm |
cement bag 18
140 llfl i
sand mJ 1,5
COAT/' i
3
excavation m 30
.
sand layer m3 13.5
refill with soil m3 2.4 |

i
bricks piece | 2850
slab
j
plastic foil m2 65
plaster crmtnl bag 2

sand _mj 0.5

tierods 8,65 m' 6

i
materials !
labour mindiyi
i
i total cost i
1 I
TNlB OfSlON WAS RIALISIO UMOIR AUtPICtl OF TMI tTflRINC COM**ITT(f WIHOENIRO*
TYPE V OfVllORINQ COUftTNllt 0 PQ aOI AMMS'OORr TMfl NETM1RLAN0S
IN COOM NATION W I T M r WO A MERS'OORT

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3C m t a l u r t i in mm
data 810707
! 8 I L L O F QUANTITIES TWO ST"-....._.
I
47
rods mads of t i t f s t r i p t
V-""T'
//A , n ,i i, C\ I,i i,i 11 i i 11 i l l n
istn_i_j*itr> toil ,-/M\ 1 I fV.r.-iv;.--\:w-::.:..::
W M> 5 0
*- *- i- t --*-
0 40
cat* in cnt<m*tr*
TYPE 3C capacity 90 m 1
lCl LtVH
ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE j

bricks piece 9600
2 2 0 i <1055 mm
cement bag 20 i
140 n o I
sand m3 1.5
CIW5P
excavation m3 41
i
sand layer m3 25.6
refill with soil m3 2.2 I
bricks piece 4500

slab
r
plastic foil "~'m2" 80
, plaster c.m.m
bag 3
sand m3 0.5
tierods 10,26 m' 6
i
materials !
labour mindiyi
total cost i
THIS Of SIGN WAS N C A L I S I O uNOfn * u t r i c f l or TMI s r i l R m c C O * * I T T I I wmocwfitcr

o c v t L O P I N G couNTHiEi - * w o - PO ao a i A M I R S F O O R T TM MCTMCRLAWOS
TYPE V IN COOPf RATION WITH TWO AMIRtPOORT.
Capacity 90 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE " TANKS

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE 3C maij(*A " mm
dat* 810707
DNV
| BILLOF QUANTITIES TWO
48
tiarods mada of ttaalttripa .
r
-H+
3= -
0 40
cat* in cantlmatara

ICt klVIL
r
bricks piece 17700
220 1110 i s 5 mm
cement bag 34
(40ltr)
sand m5 3
coarse
excavation m3 70
sand layer m3 32
r e f i l l w i t h soil m3 4.5
bricks piece 7550

tlab
plastic foil m* 160
plaster cem.ni bag 3

And m3 0.5
tierods 13,63 m' 6
materials
labour mandays
total cost
THtt Ottiate WAS M A I . 1*10 UWOIH AU*I . . _* Or TMC tTttHlHO COMMIT T * t VIMOtMCftQT
oiviLOPma court runs two PO I O I u AMCRSFOORT T M I M T M I U L A N D I
TYPE V IM C0O*IaA7tOM WITH-TWOAUfP-tPOOHT.

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
TYPE I
data 810707
OMV
49
2.3.6. Typical details
Page
Details brickwork bond, for a wall 50
Details brickwork bond, brick on
edge coping 51
Details brickwork bond for the
floorslab 52
Details tierods made of steelstrips 53
< 220 mm
brickwork bond for a wall

of 220 mm thickness
330 mm

of 330 mm thickness
T-
4 4 0 mm

of 440 mm thickness
T H I S 0 E S I G N WAS R E A L I S E O UNDER A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E W I N O C N E R G *

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWO f>0 BOH 6 * A M E R S F O O R T THE NETHERLANDS
I N C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T WO A M E R S f O O R T .
IRRIGATION
TYPICAL DESIGN
WATER STORAGE
SWD
TANKS
I
DETAILS
BRICKWORK BOND
m m u r a t in i
6 * t * 810715
TWO f
1
brick on edge coping for
a wall of 220 mm thickness
220 mm


440 mm
THIS D E S I G N WAS R E A L I S E D UNDER A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E MMNOENERGV

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWD PO ROX 8S AMERSPOORT THE N E T H E R L A N D S
I N C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T WO A ME R S F 0 O R T .

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
DETAILS
oat* 810713
BRICKWORK BOND
OMV
TWO
brickwork bond for tha flooralab
/ brickwork bond for tha flooralab

/ (flrit lrtl
brickwork bond connection flooralab-wall
Unp>fmbl toil
pi.mc foil / brickwork bond typo H
m tuiaa M M n i i m i * twnciu o mi tTtnaw COMBITTU i

MWOMT TMI M T M l i A M
If ! !IIW
IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS [

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD |
DETAILS > ' la 1
<! U07U 1
BRICKWORK BOND
mf
TWO
53
tierods mada
of steelsfrips
H=H^ T~
connecting detail
I: :~wsr:
'
mr
M 20 w-
M"20~"
divide the steelstrip

into three parts r 30
T H I S O C H C N WAS R E A H S E D UNDER A U S P I C E S OF THE S T E E R I N G C O M M I T T E E WINOENERGV

D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWD PO S O I SS A M E R S F O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S
IM C O O P E R A T I O N W I T H T W O A M E R S F O O R T .

TYPICAL DESIGN
SWD
DETAILS
U 810715
BRICKWORK BOND
OHV
TWO
54
2.4. Testing
2.4.1. Introduction
If possible it is recommended to test the materials to be used.

The descriptions in this chapter will give some guidelines for testing
of bricks, local available.
The question arises how a brick wall in the field or on a farm should be
tested to obtain information about cracks and collapse. The critical
moment is the moment when the brick wall begins to crack, since in a
cracked wall leakage will occur and the tank will be unsuitable. In
developing countries test equipment is not always available.
Therefore it must be determined with limited means, whether the brick,
the mortar and the brick wall are of such quality that with a reasonable
certainty the watertank can be constructed without risk of collapse.
If test equipment is available, it is strongly recommended to make use
of it.
However, we assume that the only way to test a brick wall will be to use
local materials and local equipment.
2.4.2. Testing construction materials
2.4.2.1. Choice of bricks
The choice of bricks depends on:

a. the functional requirements
b. the waterproof requirements
c. the climatic circumstances
At testing, a brick must be able to withstand a compressive stress

of at least 10 N/mm2.
A "brick for damp proof work" is the most suitable one.
The bricks can be examined as to their outward, physical and mecha-
nical properties.
Bricks with visible hair cracks must be discarded.
With a little practice it is possible to judge the quality of bricks by
hitting them against each other and noting the resonance.
A clear sound generally indicates a brick of good quality and of highly
tensile and compressive strength.
Another method of determining the specific gravity of the bricks is
to find the density. The density has a direct relationship with the
waterproof quality and stress-resistance properties of a brick
type.
A specific gravity between 19 kn/m3 and 21 kn/m3 indicates a "brick
for damp proof work".
A standard brick (220*110*55 mm) will then weigh 2,66 kg.
55
The choice of the brick is also depending on the prevailing climatic

conditions.
In countries with changes in humidity and temperatures cracking due
to shrinkage may occur (bricks with a low specific shrinkage percen-
tage are advisable).
In frost-prone areas the watertank should be emptied before the
frost period starts.
2.4.2.2. Simple field identification tests for soil
Preliminary
Look at the whole sample.

Is it mainly a coarse or fine soil?
Are there any fibres or roots?
Is it dull or dirty?
a. Appearance
If the soil is fibrous or dirty in appearance, test for organic

material.
b. Feel
Sands and gravel feel coarse and gritty. Silts and clay are
hard or floury when dry and soft or sticky when wet. Clay when
wet will stain the fingers and can only be removed by washing.
c. Composition
Estimate how much of each fraction is in the soil and separate

coarse from fine material by hand.
d. Organic (smell) test
Take a sample of the soil and smell it. If it has an earthy or

vegetable smell it is probably organic. Warm the sample and
the odour will become distinct.
Vibration test
(For particle size distribution). Place a dry sample on a board. Hold

the board at a slope and tap lightly with a stick. The finer material
will move up the slope or remain in place, the coarser will move down
the slope.
56
If there are many different sizes between the largest and the smallest,
the sample is well-graded. This means it will compact well. If only a
few sizes can be seen, then it is single-sized or poorly graded.
Settling test
This test can also be used to determine the amount of soil (dirt) in
river sand used for masonry or concrete work.
Place a sample in a bottle or a glass jar with straight sides. Then put
it down to allow the mixture to settle. Gravel and coarse sand will
settle immediately. Fine sand and coarse silt will settle more slowly
taking about 30 seconds. Clay and fine silt fractions will not settle
for several hours.
In the sample, the approximate quantities of each size can be seen as

layers, the finer materials being different in colour. For sand which is
used for masonry and concrete work, the amount of clay and silt must be
less than 6%, otherwise the sand has to be washed.
57
\ f
<r C O A R S e .
Cohesion test
(To show whether there is sufficient building material in

the soil).
Take a handful of damp material sample and mould it into a ball.

a. With gravels the material will not stick together unless there are
fine materials present.
b. With sands the damp material will stick together, but if no fine
materials are present it will crumble at a touch.
c. If the ball stays together, even when placed on a sheet of paper,
silts or clays are present, which means the material is suitable
for building.
2.4.3. Testing masonry construction
2.4.3.1. Testing of a brick wall
To be able to obtain any indications with respect to the tensile strength

of a complete brick wall a test can be carried out and is described
here.
There are of course many test methods, but for the countries referred to
above a very simple test will probably be difficult enough. The general
requirements are as follows:
The dimensions and the shape should be as equal as possible.
Since the first cracks will occur in the joints, special attention
should be paid to the laying of the bricks.
A good adhesion of the mortar to the surrounding bricks is very
important because of the fact that joints are the most critical
parts in the brick wall.
58
Test
To be sure that a brickwork wall has sufficient strength to carry the

loadings, a test piece can be made that can be tested on failure, cracking
and possible deformation.
There is a relationship between tensile stresses and bending tensile
stresses, whereby it may safely be assumed that the permissible tensile
stress is equal to the permissible bending tensile stress.
An easy test can be carried out as described below. The working order is
as follows: (see also the drawing).
A suitable area is chosen.
'"Two wooden straight beams are dug into the top soil with a core to
core distance of 2.0 metre.
The surface is levelled.
The top of the levelled surface and the wooden beams are covered
with plastic foil.
A 220 mm thick wall of 1.10 metre height and approx. 2.3 m in
length is made on top of the plastic foil and supported by the two
wooden beams (the total weight of the brick wall is approx. 1000 kg).
The bricks and the mortar should be the same as those used for the
watertank to be executed.
The brickwork bond is indicated on the drawing below (the stretcher
joints run vertically over the 1.10 m height to enable the most
critical situation to be simulated).
* The brickwork wall can also be made on top of a temporary shuttering

to be constructed. After hardening of the mortar the shuttering is
to be removed from underneath the brickwork, with the exception of
two supports.core to core 2.0 metre.
59
S C t <= K W O R K
G^rz.E'C I , | x. - 2 , 3 X.<=>,22 M )
V/cw&E K & E^N|
After hardening of the mortar (approx. 3 to 4 weeks) the test can

be carried out.
Between the wooden beams the soil is to be dug out to such a depth,
that the underside of the brickwork can be inspected for cracking
and deflections.
The plastic foil underneath the brickwork is to be cut away.
The first load case occurs when the brickwork slab is supported by the
wooden beams only (first test-step).
The bending moment due to self weight of the slab is then as follows:
60
g brickwork = 4 KN/m1
<=\ fef?.>^K.v*'(*-K
( t o be checked)
M i 4 4 4 + 4 4| M= | * 4 * 2 2
= 2 KNm/m
^
2.oM
W = \ * 1 * 0 . 2 2 2 = 0.0081 m3
O.lfeM O,I&H
2*10 6 =
a bending moment = _ OQi*ioa 2469N/mm2
with a load f a c t o r of y = 2.5

0.2469
a permissible = = 0.099 N/mm2 (2 0.1)
2.5
* For symbols see annex IV.
This is approximately the calculated bending tensile stress on the

watertank filled with water.
This means that when no cracks occur in the above load case, the wall is
strong enough and construction of the watertank can start.
To obtain more information about the behaviour of the wall it would be
interesting to load "the brickwork slab" until failure occurs.
Such a test could be carried out by loading the slab step by step with a
uniform load of cement bags. After each loading step it is necessary to
note all changes like cracks, deflection as well as crack widths (a
safety coefficient can be calculated with the formula:
_ Q bending moment
Y
0.1
61
2.5. General starting points for the structural calculations

(For symbols see annex IV)
To calculate the ring forces and the bending moments in the irriga-
tion tanks the cylinder theory has been used a.o. according to:
"Theorie und Berechnung rotations-symmetrischer Bauwerke" by Dr.
Gyula Markus
Where applicable, tables and coefficients from this book are added.
With the above theory the following formulaa are used:
- /3(1-M2) NQ = pa F N My = pah
ah
V
h
//////// ////// /r F~\
= Radius of the tank

h = The max. water height
h = wall thickness
w = water pressure on the bottom of the tank
Pw
Since less is known with respect to the quality of the bricks and
the mortar, the stresses in the masonry should be limited:
a. Where horizontal or vertical reinforcement is to be used the
tensile or bending stresses must not exceed 0.15 N/mm2.
b. Where the tank will be executed without any reinforcement the
tensile or bending stresses must not exceed 0.10 N/mm2.
62
Where possible, a sample of a wall should first be made and tested.

The method of testing the interpretation of the results obtained, is
described in Chapter 2.4.
The wall should be made not less than 220 mm thick.
To reduce cracking it is important to execute the wall in a masonry
bond as indicated on the drawings. Furthermore, shrinkage and
cracking can be prevented by raising the ground around the perimeter
of the irrigation tank to a level of approximately 800 mm below the
rim level of the tank wall.
In particular the connection between the bottom slab and the wall
should be carried out, very carefully in a masonry bond as indicated
to protect the tank against too much leakage.
Irrigation tanks with capacities of 30, 60, 90 and 150 m 3 are
calculated and drawn in 5 types.
Type I : a fully brickwork tank, walls and slabs, without a
bund earth wall.
Type II : same as type I but with a bund earth wall.
Type III : brickwork ring foundation with a bund earth wall.
The remaining slab will be made of clay (impermeable
soil).
Type IV : as type III but with a different foundation of the
brickwork ring.
Type V : as type III or IV but with tie rods made of steel
strips and without a bund earth wall.
63
2.5.1. Calculation of the tanks
Type 1 and 2 with a monolithic bottom slab in brickwork or concrete
2.5.1.1. Tank capacity of 30 m 3
ah
K= yv 3d-o.2^) = 67
lal^M
2.77*0.22
Kl = 1.67 * 1.25 = 2.09

pa F
11
= 1.25 m N
Q r
a = 2.77 m n
hw = 0.22 m My u FM
M = 0.2 Pan "w
pa = 10*1.25*2 11 = 34.6
pah = 7.62
J No. *_
i A A VZ | 6 < 2 O
A ._ it ,/*?
~ |i;'<-
O.l >i/d>9
\%hA
"? o/2
0,3 \4,Gx*
C2,6o
t 1-2, i
0,3
0,6> 11,13
<7 <5,aa
6&&
o<&
Of) 2.,/ 6 6
to O
N Q (KN/m') M (KNm/m')
. _ 12.6-no3 _ .... 2 . 0.54*106 cc. 12
A = HA i m = 55 mm'
Au = rr?; =115 mm* v 90x110
h 110
a brickwork (h) = ^ A ^ S o = 0.0573 N/mra2 (< 0.10)
220-1000
0.54 *106*6
a brickwork (v) = = 0.0669 N/mm2 (< 0.10)
1000*220*
-> non-reinforced, wall thickness 220 mm

64
2.5.1.2. Tank capacity of 60 m 3

/V3 (1-02. ) = 4
K
t->
= 1.25 m V
3.91*0.22 l w:>
'
a = 3.91 m
hw = 0.22 m Kl = 1.76
M = 0.2 m pa = 10*1.25*3.91 = 48.88
pah = = 10.75
N Q (KN)/ra' M (KNn)/m'
. 18.79*10* ,,n 2 A = 0.62*106 , 2
V = 62
= 17 90* 100 ^
\ no
18 7 9 * 1 0 3 ^r ---
a brickwork (h) = 220*1000
ooA-l^n = 0,085 N/mm* (< 0,10)
6
a brickwork (v) = 0.62*10 *6
^ = 0,077 N/mra2 (< 0.10)
1000*220
* non-reinforced, wall thickness 220 mm
65
2.5.1.3. Tank capacity of 90 m3

(1-0.22) _
1 1.25 ra = 1.27
4.79*0.22
a 4.79 m
h 0.22/0.33 o. Kl 1.27*1.25 1.59
0.2 pa 10*1.25*4.79 59.88
pah 13.17
bv/ M,
H*<
o,v% 0/22 / .* \,i O, 3 3 o.
1
11.
A <5 12 \C 1o 1A1&
1 ) z*.7* -24,11 o o
o, l J 1A& 25,6c 0 ( 0-< 0,0-;
i j
0,2 22,4
> . < o,i-s O . I 3
\
7 0,3
\J T.f/24 tt.JJ. 7 o2<5 o,2
O/A
Ji 1^.7 16,} 0,Xo
// i^.a* IJ.2& o,^ 0,3

o,6 1^,71 IS/89 ot63 o,6a
V >r
y A
.7 M , I < 5 \1fiS O.lC
0/Z&
7< 77 9 , " <3/S<>
o , < M o,-94
A,& A7*
o o o
\o o
N Q (KN)/m' My (KNn)/m*
3
. _ 24.11*10 oon ,. , 0.66*106
h flO =
mm /m1 v 90*110 = 67 mm22/m
/m
=
a brickwork (h) = 220*1000" -11 N/n2 (too high)
a brickwork (v) = ooo*220^6 = - 082 N/mm2
-> with a wall thickness of 220 mm a tension band is to be used, e.g. a

steel strip of 60*5 mm (2 strips).
*TSEi-STftipc, 0(5 T|i=RoC>i
With a wall thickness h = 330 mm ->

K _ JfT (1-0.22) _ 1.30
K V K1
" 4.79*0.33 " ^ ^
66
See Table -*
26.78*]LO3 2 . _ 0.71*106 _ , , _ , /.
V 110 = 243 mm /m' A = i in----, in =46.0 mnr/ro
v 140"110
26. 78"io3
a b rickwork (h) = 3 -3r\ = 0.0812 N/ram2 (< 0.10)
nn
=
a brickwork (v) = Q O O * 3 3 0 * 6 - 039 N/mm2 (<
- 1 0 )
-> with a wall thickness of 330 mm: "non-reinforced"

67
2.5.1.4. Tank c a p a c i t y 150 m:
1
a

=
1.25 m
6.18 m
K it/T(i-o.2)
6.18*0.33 *
= 0 91
hw = 0.33/0.44 m Kl 1.14
M = 0.2 pa 10-1.25*6.18 = 77.25
N^ pahw 10*1.25*6.18*0.33 = 25.49
V,^ 0.44 = 58.24
0.^.-4 Q / S 5
3.772 36,14
34.1e 33,05
So.lo
17,25
i<3,<$6 ^ , 7 3
\i,<yi ii.2-4
-4.H
o
(KN)/m'
NQ
. _ 36,25*10 3 _ 0<5 2
A
i. = \TR = 330 mnr
n 110
0.44 o3
0 0
0 | 0 5 0,0-4
o,,< o,l&
, a 0, 3
o,a ,.46
.*9 o,&*
o,<o o , 6 9
0,<*2
.7'
0,63
,7
o^ Ot<4o
0 O
My (KNn)/nT
0>71*1066
56 mm
v 140*90
68
a brickwork (h) = 33Q*IQQQ =0.11 N/mm2 (too high)
a brickwork (v) = 000*330z*6 = - 0 3 9 N/mm2
-> with a wall thickness of 220 mm a tension band is to be used, e.g. a

steel strip of 80 * 5 mm2 (2 strips)
CTEELSTRIP5 ottTlSllioOS
with a wall thickness h = 440 mm

w
K = 0.79 Kl = 1.0
See Table *
. _ 37.72*103 _ ,, 2/ . " A - 5,82 E6 2
A 3 4 3 mra / m A 46 /m
h " ~TTo v " 200*90 - """
a brickwork (h) = ^ Q I I Q Q Q *= 0,086 N/mm2 (< 0.10)
a brickwork (v) = ^ Q ^ ^ " 6

= 0.025 N/mmz(< 0.10)
-* with a wall thickness of 440 mm: "non-reinforced"

69
2.5.1.5. Type III, IV and V
Ring foundation only at the bottom of the tank wall carried out in
brickwork, concrete or impermeable soil
Formule:
N = 5E2 n
capacity m- hw pw NQO(n = i )
30 1.25 2.77 0.22 0.44 12.5 34.63 KN/m*

60 1.25 3.91 0.33 0.55 12.5 48.87 "
90 1.25 4.79 0.33 0.55 12.5 59.87 "
150 1.25 6.18 0.44 0.77 12.5 77.25 "
70
Calculation of hw
with CT, . . = 0.10 N/mm2

brickwork
hw = 220 mm N = 0.10 * 220 * 1000 22 KN/m'
330 mm qmax
HW = 0.10 * 330 * 1000 33
tt
440 mm 44
it
550 mm 55
It
660 mm 66
tt
770 mm 77
In practice the above results lead to the following wall thicknesses
thickness (hw)
Tank with a capacity of 30 m3

22
- Top of the wall up to (T\ = * 1.25 = 0.80 m 220 mm
34.63
34.63E3 = 0.079 N/ram2 440 mm

Bottom of the wall a.
brickwork 1000 * 440

33 330 mm
- Top of the wall up to *T] = 1.25 = 0.85 m
48.87
48.87E3
Bottom of the wall a. = 0.089 N/mm2 550 mm

33 330 mm
- Top of the wall up to f| = * 1.25 = 0.70 m
59.87
59.87E3
- Bottom of the wall a. = 0.109 N/mm2 550 mm
71
Tank with a capacity of 150 m 3 *) thickness
- Top of the wall up to q = yy-ojf * !-25 = 0.80 m 440 mm
77 25E3
- Bottom of the wall a, . . . = -,-,,,*.<. ,nnn = 0.10 N/mm2 770 mm
brickwork 770 * 1000 '
*) Uneconomical solution.
72
ANNEX 1
Variant* = tankwall carried out with reinforcement
non-reinforced tanks reinforced tanks

JL = 1,-2*5 M
/
/
/ 'Y
/ /
\f=X=> M 3
/ <
/
/
/
/ I /
C\0 M3

* " ' '
I /
j/7 I /
^ O M ' ' s / /
/ // ' / /
/
/
3 b M3 f i- l^Vy. =. *Z?.o MM
/
i 1 I 1 -I-
^ o 3*3 -AA<=> W o <<=>
i-
"2o a>oo -Aoo *=*o<?
MM MM2
^^^\-\- T H I C K N E S S W t^eiNFORcEMENT
f-
Not indicated as type in this booklet.

73
ANNEX 2
REVIEW OF THE SEVERAL TYPES
Type
I II III IV V
+ + D D + water-permeability
more more less less more quantity materials
D + + + + realization
+ + D n + durability
less less more more more sensity for maintenance
- - - - _- frost-resistance
D ++ ++ ++ D resistance against changes
in humidity and temperature
D D + + ++ quality of workmanship
= bad
= reasonable
+ = good
++ = very good
74
ANNEX 3
DESIGN TABLE
In accordance with:
Markus, "Theorie und Berechnung rotationssymmetrisscher Bauwerke"
\ ^ 1
0 0,1 0,1 o, 0,4 o. 0. 0.7 0,1 0,( 1.0 '
1 + 0.4883 +0,4427 +0.3971 + 0,3511 + 0,3045 + 0 . 2 5 6 9 + 0,2082 + 0.1580 + 0 , 1 0 6 4 +0,0536 0 ''
2 +0,3518 + 0,3574 +0,3621 +0,3630 +0,3565 + 0,3384 + 0 . 3 0 5 2 + 0,2540 | + 0 , 1 8 4 0 +0,0973 0
3 +0,1123 +0,2037 +0,2931 +0,3754 +0,4424 + 0,4837 +0,4877 + 0,4435 + 0 , 3 4 3 9 +0,1905 0
4 0,0038 +0,1184 +0,2402 +0,3595 +0,4698 +0,5590 +0,6079 +0,5922 + 0,4877 +0,2829 0
5 0,0167 + 0,0963 + 0 , 2 1 1 0 +0,3295 + 0,4509 + 0 , 5 6 7 1 + 0,6571. + 0,6848 + 0.6014 + 0,3677 0

^
6 0,0061 +0,0956 +0,2006 + 0,3076 + 0,4248 + 0 , 5 4 9 5 +0.6670 + 0,7376 1+0,6909 + 0,4471 0
7 0,0002 +0,0970 +0,1985 +0,2985 +0,4073 + 0,5283 +0,6573 + 0,7618 +0.7581 + 0,5202 0
8 + 0,0008 +0,0997 +0,1983 + 0,2971 +0,3993 + 0,5120 +0,6407 + 0,7669 +0,8059 +0,5870 0
I 0 0,0013 0,0046 0,0090 0,0138 0,0180 0,0207 0,0212 1 0,0185 1 0,0117 0
2 0 0,0038 0,0135 0,0271 0,0421 ^0,0561 0,0663 0,0695 0,0623 0,0405 0
3 0 0,0029 1 0,0112 0,0244 0,0416 0,0608 0.0790 0,0911 1 0,0894 0,0635 0

l i
4 0 0 0,0021 0,0078 0,0177 0,0364 0,0591 0,0821 0.0942 0,0763 1 0
5 0 + 0,0009 +0,0023 +0,0021 0,0025 0,0145 0.0360 0,0651 0,0905 0,0851 0
6 0 +0,0006 + 0,0021 + 0,0037 +0,0035 0,0021 0.0179 0,0471 0,0822 0,0907 0
7 0 + 0.0001 +0,0007 + 0,0021 +0,0038 +0,0031 0,0060 0,0309 0,0711 0,0937 0
8 0 0,0001 0 +0,0007 +0,0024 + 0,0041 + 0,0007 0,0179 0,0591 -0,0944 0

75
List of symbols
reinforcement for the ring forces

reinforcement for the bending moments
radius of a tank
coefficient for M
coefficient for N^
wall thickness
the max. water height in a tank
theoretical span of a beam or slab
bending moment (general)
bending moment in the height of a tank
ring force
water pressure on the bottom of a tank
uniform load on a beam or slab.
Resisting moment to bending
bending stress in N/mm2
tensile stress in N/mm2
load factor, a coefficient against collapse
poisson ratio ' . _ . .
coefficient of the height
76
ANNEX 5
2.7. Bibliography
1. Watt S.B.
Ferrocement Water Tanks
London 1978
2. Markus Gyula
Theorie und Berechnung rotations syrametrischer Bauwerke
3. Basic course in rural technology for gramodaya workers and

leaders. Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, Rural Technical Surveys,
Colombo, 1980.
4. v. Oss J.F.
Warenkennis en Technologie
J.H. de Bussy 1956
5. Jellema Meischke Muller

Bouwkunde
Waltman 1972
6. F.W. Knipschild
Stand der Technik der Abdichtung von Deponien mit HDPE
CP/JdL/MBi/JeP/S24/M

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217

Irrigation Water Storage Tanks

A manual for design and construction

2. IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS MADE OF MASONRY 5

CONTENTS (continued) PAGE

Annex 1 reinforcement in the tankwall 72

Annex 2 review of the several types # 73

Annex 3 design table 74

Annex 4 list of symbols 75

The SWD (Steering Committee on Wind-Energy for Developing Countries)

A summery of the several types of tanks reads as follows:

Type 1: a fully brickwork tank, walls and slabs,

In the description of each type of tank a short building instruction is

2.2. Construction manual

2.2.1. Site clearance and preparation of foundations

The bricks must be of good quality in order to obtain a watertight

The cement to be used in the mortar should be an ordinary Portland

2.2.2.5. Mortar mix

a. 1 volume part of portland cement

b. 1 volume part of portland cement

c. 1 volume part of strong hydraulic powder-lime

If bricks of a somewhat lower quality are used, the quality of the

2.2.3.1. Instructions for bricklaying

Clean foundation where bricks are to be laid

To ensure a more watertight construction it is advisable to scrape out

2.2.6. Plastic foil or lining

The floor of the tank can be formed of a layer of polyethylene sheeting,

2.2.7. Bund earth wall

To protect the tank construction against climatic influences it is

2.3.1. Watertank Type 1

t H l t D f t t O H WAS ft! A L I V I D UMOtR A U t I C t OF TH1 T f M l M O C O M H l T T I I WIHOCHCRO*

IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

- clear the area of the site where the

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

sand layer m3 7.4

refill with soil m3 1.6

plaster cmnt bag 3

T H I S O f SkQH * A S R E A L I S E D UWDER A U S P I C E S OF THC S T E E R I N G C O M H t T T E t WIKDEMERGY

TYPE I D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S SWD PO BOX * S A M E R S F O O R T THE N E T H E R L A N D S

Capacity 30 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

refill with soil m3 2.2

Capacity 60 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

sand layer m3 18.5

refill with soil m3 2.2

plaster cmti bag 8

Capacity 90 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

TYPE I capacity 150 m3

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

rami with toil ~Ts

2.3.2. Watertank Type II

THIB M C I G H WAS R U U I I O UHOtK AUS>|Cfl Of TNI STICRIHO COMMIT TIE WIM0EMC01

IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

work sequence and description notes and recommandations

- clear the area of the site where

- therefore these parts should

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

sand layer m3 7.4

refill with soil m3 1.6

plaster c.m.m bag 3

Capacity 30 m3 IRRIGATION WATER STORAGE TANKS

ITEM UNIT UNIT PRICE QUANTITY PRICE

sand layer m3 13.5