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I. Introduction
The bandstop filter has been studied and exploited extensively as a key circuit
block in modern wireless communication systems. The requirements of compact
design, low return loss in the stop-band and high rejection in the pass-band are
necessary. To meet the requirements, much effort has been made to develop a
variety of compact bandstop filters. It would seem that planar filter structures
which can be fabricated using print-circuit technologies would be preferred
whenever they are available and are suitable because of smaller sizes and lighter
weight. Recent advance in high-temperature superconducting (HTS) circuits and
microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMIC) has additionally stimulated the
development of various planar filters, especially narrow-band bandstop filters
which play an important role in modern communications systems [1]-[2]. In order
to meet compact design, low insertion loss in pass-band and high selectivity and
so on, much effort has been made to develop a variety of compact bandstop filters
such as the filters using end-coupled slow-wave resonators [2], slow-wave open-
loop resonator filters and a dual-mode microstrip square-loop resonator with the
slow-wave effect [3]. The hairpin filters make progress in size reduction from
parallel-coupled line structure. The microstrip square open-loop resonators [4] of
lateral size is only a one-eighth guided wavelength at mid-band frequency.
Utilizing cascaded method for the filter is a good result in a compact topology.
Quasi-elliptic function filters are able to place transmission zeros near cut-off
frequencies of stop-band so that higher selectivity with less resonators can be
obtained.
In this contribution, a new compact bandstop microstrip filter using two cascaded
ring resonators has been designed, fabricated and measured. The /2 open-loop-
ring resonators are used to obtain the sharp cut-off frequency response as well as a
good filter performance in both the pass-band and the stop-band. The equivalent
circuit model has been developed to characterize the proposed bandstop structure.
The both equivalent circuit and the electromagnetic simulations are in a good
agreement with the measured results.
The building block of the proposed BSF is a single microstrip stepped open-loop
ring resonator that is directly connected to the two feed lines as shown in
Fig. 1(a). The high impedance section between the two feed lines has a constant
In order to increase the rejection in the pass-band the series cascaded bandstop
filter composed on two identical open-loop ring cells [3-4] has been designed and
simulated. Two open-loop ring resonators are located on the top layer of the
substrate and are series connected to each other and with a 50 microstrip line in
the y-direction, as shown in Fig. 4(a). This double cell BSF has better
performance, since it suppresses ripples and has a stop-band twice larger than the
single loop filter. The investigated double-C BSF has a rejection level better than
-15 dB from 4.8 GHz to 7.8 GHz. The introduced series resonant elements allow
to obtain the sharper cut-off frequency response and improved stop-band
performance, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
V. Conclusion
In this work, a new type of the stopband filter, using only a microstrip slow-wave
open-loop ring resonator with a high impedance line, has been investigated. An
equivalent lumped L-C circuit has been presented as a model, and the values of
the lumped L-C elements of the C-shaped open-loop resonator have been
calculated [1]. The design and simulation of a small size (0.47g0.24g mm2)
and a wide rejectband bandstop filter, using double slow-wave cascaded open-
loop ring resonators have been presented. Two different topologies have been
investigated in order to improve the filter characteristics. To show the validity of
the approach, the one open-loop ring filter has been fabricated and measured
while the other cascaded filters have been only simulated. The simulation results
show good agreement with the measurements. The introduced BSFs have been
designed to meet the requirements of modern wireless communication systems.
References
[1] D. Ahn, J. S. Park, C. S. Kim, J. Kim, Y. Qian, and T.Itoh, A design of the
low-pass filter using the novel microstrip defected ground structure, IEEE
Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 8693, Jan. 2001.
[2] A. Boutejdar, A. Elsherbini and A. S. Omar , A Compact Microstrip Multi-
Layer Bandstop Filter Using Triangle Slots Etched in the Ground Plane,
Proc. 36th European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK, Sep. 2006.
[3] Jia-Sheng Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Microstrip filters for RF/microwave
applications, J. Wiley & Sons, 2001.
[4] Awida, Mohamed; Boutejdar, Ahmed; Safwat, Amr; El- Hennawy, Hadia;
Omar, Abbas.: Multi-bandpass filters using multi-armed open loop
resonators with direct feed. In: 2007 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave
Symposium, Honolulu, Hawaii, June 03-08, 2007.- [Piscataway, NY] : IEEE
Operations Center, S. 913-916.
Figures
a) b)
Figure 1. Layout of the C-shaped open-loop resonator (a) and its equivalent
circuit model (b).
a) b)
-5
-10
-15
& S [dB]
-20
21
-25
11
S
-30
z -35
-40
y -45
S 1 1 -simulation
S 2 1 -simulation
-50
x 0 5
Frequenz[GHz]
10 15
a) b)
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the parallel cascaded open-loop ring BSF (a) and
its EM simulation result (b).
a) b)
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the series cascaded open-loop ring BSF (a) and its
EM simulation results (b).