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Analysis of Raft Foundation

Chapter 4 Analysis of Raft Foundation

4.1 General
This chapter deals with the detailing of static analysis and dynamic analysis of raft
foundation.

4.2 Analysis

Consider the structure analysis for

1) Static analysis.

2) Dynamic analysis.

4.2.1 Static Analysis

For static analysis consider load combination as bellows 1.5 (Imposed load + dead load)
The load is taken as follows: -

Imposed load on roof = 1.5 kN/sqm


Imposed load on floors =3 kN/sqm
Floor finish =1kN/sqm.

4.2.2 Dynamic Analysis

For dynamic analysis consider an earthquake in x and y-direction. For calculating


earthquake forces use equivalent static method from is 1893-(part 1): 2002.

Calculating earthquake forces by using Equivalent Static Analysis Method.

Step to calculating the earthquake forces are as follows: -

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

1) DESIGN HORIZONTAL SEISMIC COEFFICIENT (Ah): -

Z I S
Ah a (4.1)
2 R g

where,
Z = zone factor as per different zones. IS1893 (part1): 2002 classified India in four zones
II to V. in zone II seismic intensity is low and very severe for zone V,
Zone factor given in table 4.1

Table 4.1 Zone Factor

Seismic zone II III IV V

Seismic Low Moderat Severe Very


Intensity e Severe

Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

I = Importance factor, depend upon the functional use of the structures,


R= response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage

Performance of the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However,


the, the ratio I/R shall not be greater than 1.0 and Sa/g = average response acceleration
coefficient for rock or soil sites. This ratio depends upon the time period and site
condition. For the calculation of the earthquake forces by seismic coefficient method the
eight soils given in table 4.1 are grouped to three groups.
Table 4.2 Soil Groups For Earthquake Calculations

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

Group Soil Type Designation

Group 1 Hard Soils S1,S2,S3

Group 2 Medium Soils S4,S5

Group 3 Soft Soils S6,S7,S8

The spectra as per are IS 1893(Part1): 2002 for different soil type has been given as

For hard soil


1 15T 0.00 T 0.10
Sa
2.5 ................. 0.10 T 0.40 (4.2)
g 1.00 / T
0.40 T 4.00

For medium soil

1 15T 0.00 T 0.10


Sa
2.50 ..................0.10 T 0.55 (4.3)
g 1.67 / T
0.55 T 4.00

For soft soils

1 15T 0.00 T 0.10


Sa
2.50 ..................0.10 T 0.67
g 1.67 / T
0.67 T 4.00

(4.4)

Where,
T = The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration in seconds of all other
buildings including moment-resisting frame buildings with infill panels, may be
estimated by the expression,

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

0.09h
T x T y
d (4.5)

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta), in seconds of moment


resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by empirical
expression,

Ta 0.075h 0.75 For RC frame building.

Ta 0.085h 0.75 For Steel frame building. (4.6)

h = Height of building, in m
d = Base dimension of the building at plinth level, in m along the considered direction.

The total design lateral force or design base shear (VB) along any principal direction shall
be determined by the following expression:

VB= W*Ah (4.7)

Where,
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per equation 4.1 using the
fundamental natural period T in the considered direction of vibration,
W = Seismic weight of the building i.e. the weight of each floor is calculated as the sum
of full dead load and appropriate amount of imposed load.

Distribution of Design Force:

The design base shear (VB) computed by equation 1.3 shall be distributed along the height
of the building as per the following expression.



Wi * hi 2
Qi V B n
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W h 2
j j
j 1
Analysis of Raft Foundation

(4.8)

Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i ,
hi=height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storey in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are
located.

4.3 Load Combination

The load combinations are as bellows:


1) 1.5 (DL+ IL)
2) 1.2 (DL+IL+ELX)
3) 1.2 (DL+IL+ELY)
4) 1.2 (DL+IL-ELX)
5) 1.2 (DL+IL-ELY)
6) 1.5 (DL+ELX)
7) 1.5 (DL+ELY)
8) 1.5 (DL-ELX)
9) 1.5 (DL-ELY)
10) 0.9 DL+1.5ELX
11) 0.9 DL+1.5ELY
12) 0.9 DL-1.5ELX
13) 0.9 DL- 1.5ELY
4.4 Introduction To Finite Element Method

The most distinctive feature of the finite element method that separates it from other
conventional methods is the division of a given domain into a set of simple sub domains,
called finite elements. Any geometric shape that allows computation of the solution or its

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

approximation, or provides necessary relations among the values of solution at selected


points, called nodes, of the sub domain, qualifies as finite elements. Other features of the
method include seeking continuous, often polynomial, approximations of the solutions
over each elements in terms of the nodal values, and the assembly of element equations
by imposing the inter element continuity of the solution and balance of the inter element
forces.

4.4.1 Steps involved in the finite element analysis

Steps involved in the finite element analysis of a typical problem are shown below.

i. Discritization (or representation) of the given domain into a collection of element


formulation of the equation is completed.
a. Construct the finite element mesh of the prescribed elements.
b. Number the nodes and elements.
c. Generate the geometric properties (e.g. coordinates and cross sectional
areas) needed for the problem.

ii. Derivation of the element equations for all typical elements in the mesh.
a. Construct the variation of unknown formulation of the given equation over
the typical element.
b. Assume the typical dependent variable u is the form of

u in1 ui i (4.9)

And substitute it into step 2a to obtain element equations in the form.


c. Derive or select, if already available in the literature, element interpolation
function i and compute the element matrices. Assembly of the element
equation to obtain the equation of the whole problem.
d. Identify the inter element continuity conditions among the primary
variables (relationship between the local degrees of freedom and the
global degrees of freedom connectivity of the elements) by relating
element nodes to global nodes.

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

e. Identify the Equilibrium conditions among the secondary variables


(relationship between the local source or force components and globally
specified source components).
f. Assemble the element equations using steps 3a and 3b.
iii. Imposition of the boundary conditions of the problem
g. Identify the specified global primary degrees of freedom. Identify the
specified global secondary degrees of freedom (if not done in step 3b).
iv. Solution of the assembled equations.
v. Post processing of the results

h. Compute the gradient of the solution or other desired quantities from


the Primary degrees of freedom computed in step 5.
i. Represent the result in tabular and/or Graphical form.

SAP2000 (structural analysis program) is an integrated finite analysis and design program
for various structures including dynamic analysis, supported by powerful analytical
capabilities, representing the latest research in numerical techniques and solution
algorithms. A brief overview of the software is presented below.

The SAP2000 elements include the


a. Frame element.
b. Shell element.
All the elements of SAP package are described below in detail.
4.4.2 Frame Element

The frame element is used to model beam-column and truss behavior in planar and three-
dimensional structures. The frame element uses a general, three dimensional, beam-
column formulation, which includes the effect of biaxial bending, torsion, axial
deformation and biaxial shear deformation.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include as.
i. Three-dimensional frames and trusses.

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

ii. Planar frames and trusses.


iii. Planar grillages.

A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for bending section properties and loads, and for
interpolating output. Each frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple
concentrated loads, and multiple distributed loads. End releases are available to model
different fixity conditions at the ends of the element. Element internal forces are produced
at the ends of each element and at a user specified number of equally spaced output
stations along the length of the element. The frame element normally activates all six
degrees of freedom at both of its connected joints. However, the three rotational degrees
of freedom will not be activated at a joint if the element does not provide any moment
stiffness or moment load to that joint.

Mass

In a dynamic analysis, the mass of the structure is used to compute inertial forces. The
mass contributed by the frame element is lumped at joints i and j. no inertial effects are
considered within the element itself. The total mass of the element is equal to the integral
along the length of the mass density, m, multiplied by the cross- sectional area, a. the total
mass is apportioned to the two joints in the same way a similarly distributed transverse
load would cause reactions at the ends of a simply supported.

Loading

The concentrated span load can be applied in the form of concentrated forces and
moments can at arbitrary locations on frame elements. The distributed span load is used
to apply distributed forces and moments on frame elements. The load intensity may be
uniform or trapezoidal. The frame elemental forces are the forces and moments that result
from integrating the stresses over an element cross-section. These internal forces are

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

P -axial force

V2 -shear force in the 1-2 plane

V3 -shear force in the 1-3 plane

T -axial torque (about the 1-axis)

M2 -the bending moment in the 1-3 plane (about the 2-axis)

M3 -the bending moment in the 1-2 plane (about the 3-axis)

These internal forces and moments are present at every cross section along the length of
the frame element.

4.4.3 Shell Element

Shell element is used to model shell, membrane and plate behavior in planar and three-
dimensional structures. The shell element is a three or four node formulation that
combines separate membrane and plate bending behavior. The four-node element does
not have to be planar. The membrane behavior uses an isoperimetric formulation that
includes translation in-plane stiffness components and a rotational component in the
direction normal to the plane of the element. The plate bending behavior includes two-
way, out-of-plane, plate rotational stiffness components and a translation stiffness
component in the direction normal to the plane of the element. The plate bending
behavior does not include any effects of shear deformation.

Structures that can be modeled with this element include three-dimensional shells, such
as tanks and domes plate structures, such as floor slabs, membrane structures, such as
shear walls. Each shell element has its own local coordinate system for defining material
properties and loads, and for interpreting output. Each element may be loaded by gravity

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

or uniform load in any direction. An eight-point numerical integration formulation is used


for the shell stiffness. Stresses and internal forces and moments, in the element local
coordinate system, are evaluated by the 2-by-2 gauss integration points and extrapolated
to the joints of the element.

Degree of Freedom

The shell element always activates six degrees of freedom at each of its connected joints.
When the element is used as a pure membrane, one must ensure that restraints or other
supports are provided to the degrees of freedom for normal translation and bending
rotations. When the element is used as a pure plate, one must ensure that restraints or
other supports are provided to the degrees of freedom for in-plane translations and the
rotation about the normal. The use of full shell behavior (membrane plus plate) is
recommended for all three-dimensional structures.

Loading

Self-weight load can be applied in any load case to activate the self-weight of all
elements in the model. Uniform load is used to apply uniformly distributed forces to the
mid surfaces of the shell elements. The direction of the loading may be specified in the
global coordinate system or in the element local coordinate system.

Internal Forces

The shell elements internal forces (also called stress resultants) are the forces and
moments that result form integrating the stresses over the element thickness. The forces
are Plate bending moments-M11 and M22 and Plate twisting moments-M12 as shown in
Figure.3.13. The stresses and internal forces are evaluated at the standard 2-by-2 gauss
integration points of the element and extrapolated to the joints. Although they are
reported at the joints, the stresses and internal forces exist throughout the element.

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

Figure 4.1 Shell Internal Forces


Joints

i. Joints, also known as nodal points or nodes, are a fundamental part of every
structural model. Joints perform a variety of functions.
ii. All elements are connected to the structure (and hence to each other) at the joints.

iii. The structure is supported at the joints using restraints and or springs.

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Analysis of Raft Foundation

iv. Rigid body behavior and symmetry conditions can be specified using constraints
that apply to the joints.

v. Connected loads may be applied at the joints.

vi. Lumped (concentrated) masses and rotational inertia may be placed at the joints.

All loads and masses applied to the elements are actually transferred to the joints.

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