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4.1 General
This chapter deals with the detailing of static analysis and dynamic analysis of raft
foundation.
4.2 Analysis
1) Static analysis.
2) Dynamic analysis.
For static analysis consider load combination as bellows 1.5 (Imposed load + dead load)
The load is taken as follows: -
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
Z I S
Ah a (4.1)
2 R g
where,
Z = zone factor as per different zones. IS1893 (part1): 2002 classified India in four zones
II to V. in zone II seismic intensity is low and very severe for zone V,
Zone factor given in table 4.1
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
The spectra as per are IS 1893(Part1): 2002 for different soil type has been given as
(4.4)
Where,
T = The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration in seconds of all other
buildings including moment-resisting frame buildings with infill panels, may be
estimated by the expression,
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
0.09h
T x T y
d (4.5)
h = Height of building, in m
d = Base dimension of the building at plinth level, in m along the considered direction.
The total design lateral force or design base shear (VB) along any principal direction shall
be determined by the following expression:
Where,
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value as per equation 4.1 using the
fundamental natural period T in the considered direction of vibration,
W = Seismic weight of the building i.e. the weight of each floor is calculated as the sum
of full dead load and appropriate amount of imposed load.
The design base shear (VB) computed by equation 1.3 shall be distributed along the height
of the building as per the following expression.
Wi * hi 2
Qi V B n
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W h 2
j j
j 1
Analysis of Raft Foundation
(4.8)
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i ,
hi=height of floor i measured from base, and
n = Number of storey in the building is the number of levels at which the masses are
located.
The most distinctive feature of the finite element method that separates it from other
conventional methods is the division of a given domain into a set of simple sub domains,
called finite elements. Any geometric shape that allows computation of the solution or its
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
Steps involved in the finite element analysis of a typical problem are shown below.
ii. Derivation of the element equations for all typical elements in the mesh.
a. Construct the variation of unknown formulation of the given equation over
the typical element.
b. Assume the typical dependent variable u is the form of
u in1 ui i (4.9)
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
SAP2000 (structural analysis program) is an integrated finite analysis and design program
for various structures including dynamic analysis, supported by powerful analytical
capabilities, representing the latest research in numerical techniques and solution
algorithms. A brief overview of the software is presented below.
The frame element is used to model beam-column and truss behavior in planar and three-
dimensional structures. The frame element uses a general, three dimensional, beam-
column formulation, which includes the effect of biaxial bending, torsion, axial
deformation and biaxial shear deformation.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include as.
i. Three-dimensional frames and trusses.
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its
own local coordinate system for bending section properties and loads, and for
interpolating output. Each frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple
concentrated loads, and multiple distributed loads. End releases are available to model
different fixity conditions at the ends of the element. Element internal forces are produced
at the ends of each element and at a user specified number of equally spaced output
stations along the length of the element. The frame element normally activates all six
degrees of freedom at both of its connected joints. However, the three rotational degrees
of freedom will not be activated at a joint if the element does not provide any moment
stiffness or moment load to that joint.
Mass
In a dynamic analysis, the mass of the structure is used to compute inertial forces. The
mass contributed by the frame element is lumped at joints i and j. no inertial effects are
considered within the element itself. The total mass of the element is equal to the integral
along the length of the mass density, m, multiplied by the cross- sectional area, a. the total
mass is apportioned to the two joints in the same way a similarly distributed transverse
load would cause reactions at the ends of a simply supported.
Loading
The concentrated span load can be applied in the form of concentrated forces and
moments can at arbitrary locations on frame elements. The distributed span load is used
to apply distributed forces and moments on frame elements. The load intensity may be
uniform or trapezoidal. The frame elemental forces are the forces and moments that result
from integrating the stresses over an element cross-section. These internal forces are
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
P -axial force
These internal forces and moments are present at every cross section along the length of
the frame element.
Shell element is used to model shell, membrane and plate behavior in planar and three-
dimensional structures. The shell element is a three or four node formulation that
combines separate membrane and plate bending behavior. The four-node element does
not have to be planar. The membrane behavior uses an isoperimetric formulation that
includes translation in-plane stiffness components and a rotational component in the
direction normal to the plane of the element. The plate bending behavior includes two-
way, out-of-plane, plate rotational stiffness components and a translation stiffness
component in the direction normal to the plane of the element. The plate bending
behavior does not include any effects of shear deformation.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include three-dimensional shells, such
as tanks and domes plate structures, such as floor slabs, membrane structures, such as
shear walls. Each shell element has its own local coordinate system for defining material
properties and loads, and for interpreting output. Each element may be loaded by gravity
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
Degree of Freedom
The shell element always activates six degrees of freedom at each of its connected joints.
When the element is used as a pure membrane, one must ensure that restraints or other
supports are provided to the degrees of freedom for normal translation and bending
rotations. When the element is used as a pure plate, one must ensure that restraints or
other supports are provided to the degrees of freedom for in-plane translations and the
rotation about the normal. The use of full shell behavior (membrane plus plate) is
recommended for all three-dimensional structures.
Loading
Self-weight load can be applied in any load case to activate the self-weight of all
elements in the model. Uniform load is used to apply uniformly distributed forces to the
mid surfaces of the shell elements. The direction of the loading may be specified in the
global coordinate system or in the element local coordinate system.
Internal Forces
The shell elements internal forces (also called stress resultants) are the forces and
moments that result form integrating the stresses over the element thickness. The forces
are Plate bending moments-M11 and M22 and Plate twisting moments-M12 as shown in
Figure.3.13. The stresses and internal forces are evaluated at the standard 2-by-2 gauss
integration points of the element and extrapolated to the joints. Although they are
reported at the joints, the stresses and internal forces exist throughout the element.
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
i. Joints, also known as nodal points or nodes, are a fundamental part of every
structural model. Joints perform a variety of functions.
ii. All elements are connected to the structure (and hence to each other) at the joints.
iii. The structure is supported at the joints using restraints and or springs.
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Analysis of Raft Foundation
iv. Rigid body behavior and symmetry conditions can be specified using constraints
that apply to the joints.
vi. Lumped (concentrated) masses and rotational inertia may be placed at the joints.
All loads and masses applied to the elements are actually transferred to the joints.
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