sOCIETY OF PETROLEUMENGINEERS OF AIME PAPER

6200 North Central Expressway NUMSER SPE 3609

Dallas, Texas 75206

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO COmCTION

A Review of the Concepts and Methodology of

Determining ~TNet Payi;
By

Richard H. Snyder, Member AIME, Core Laboratories,Inc.

@ Copyright 1971
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for the 46th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in New Orleans, La., Oct. 3-6, 1971. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuousacknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhereafter
publicationin the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUMTECHNOLOGYor the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERSJOURNAL is
usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriatejournal provi$d agreement to give
proper credit is made.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,
with the paper, may be consideredfor publicationin one of the two SPE magazines.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION &

A review of the methods of deter- One of the most misunderstood and

mining net pay in hydrocarbon-bearing
reservoirs is presented with emphasis
placed on the ultimate use of the net
pay map; i.e., for determining total
in-place hydrocarbons, for the deter-
mination of the total energy balance
of the reservoir and evaluating secon-
dary recovery prospects. The use of
various logs, core data and test data
are discussed in conjunction with
calibration of the net pay. The con-
cept of petrophysical cut-off values
and approaches to their determination
are illustrated. An idealized reser-
voir is mapped using net thickness,
pore volume and hydrocarbon pore volume
datums and the results compared. The
results indicate that the mapping using
these different datums are essentially
compatible , dependent only on the in-
tended usage of the maps. Volumetric
calculations are also made and the
results are compared and evaluated.
References and illustrations
of paper.
poorly defined terms used in reservoir
geology and formation evacuation is
the concept of net pay. The following
discussion is an attempt to more pre-
cisely define this term, to demonstrate
methods of selecting net pay and show
that the intended use of the net pay
often determines how net pay is picked.
Several different systems of determining
net pay thickness and mapping techniques
for net intervals are illustrated using
an example reservoir. Methods for cai-
culating volumes of net pay from these
different types of maps are also dis-
cussed and compared.
DEFINITION AND USAGE
To anyone faced with the task of
picking net pay in a reservoir the
first problem is concerned with defining
the various intervals and thicknesses
so that some degree of consistency be-
tween wells can be maintained. Refer-
ence to Figure 1 shows these intervals
at end
 A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY
t DETERMINING NET PAY
and defines the different stratigraphic
gross and net terms commonly used in
the petroleum industry and also used
within this discussion.
As seen on the illustration, the
gross interval of the formation spans
the distance between log marker a and
$2. The gross reservoir interval is the
distance between the top of the reser-
voir a=d ~kL~ b~se
~f ~~.e ~e~~rv~ir,
This interval contains both reservoir
and non-reservoir rock; i.e., shale,
salt, anhydrite, gypsum, lignite, and
possibly dense limestones along with
the reservoir rock. The next smaller
division defines the gross sand or
limestone interval or gross reservoir,
the interval in which the shales, salt,
etc. have been removed. The net inter-
val is the part of the reservoir that
contatns both hydrocarbons and water
and is porous and permeable reservoir
rock, Finally the net sand interval
containing only hydrocarbons 1S the net
oil pay or net gas. pay. There are many
instances noted in the iiteratiire, i~
unitization discussions, and in forma-
tion evaluation work that define net
pay in any or all of these categories.
The only difference between net oil pay
and net sand in this example is the
fact that an oilfw+,ker contact is
---- A in the S~E6
p~eaenL whereas the diff~~-
ences between net sand and gross sand
is dependent on non-net reservoir rock.
Normally, the problem of net pay iden-
tification is not as simple as this
text-book example, mainly due to
the variations in stratigraphy,
especially lithology.
The main reason for determining
net pay is to obtain a numeric value
for the thickness term in the oil-in-
place formula. Therefore it follows
that the reason Eor de~~l~pi~g the
volumetric oil-in-place value deter-
mines the methods and parameters used
in defining net pay thickness. For
example, the oil-in-place value is
used in many different ways; the prin-
cipal use being for determining the
zm~-urLt~f -41
.* or gas av~ilahle fO~
primary production. Other uses in-
clude determining the total amount of
oil and gas in place within a reservoir
so than an inventory of the total
energy of the reservoir can be estab-
lished. Oil-in-place values also are
of interest in ascertaining the amount
of hydrocarbons that will be available
for secondary recovery, Net pay values
car. alse be qsed for guides in field
OF
SPE 3609
development and as a unitization para-
meter . The following discussion is con-
cerned with t-he effect these uses h~%e
~= the method of picking net PaY.
Volumetric Oil-in-Place
The most common use of net pay is as
the thickness factor in the oil-in-place
equation and probably the majority of
net pay work is oriented towards this
factor. This thickness value is the
most critical factor in oil-in-place
calculations. Certainly mistakes in
porosity and water saturation can be
made and these erroneous values substi-
tuted into the equation, but these
errors are limited by maximum and mini-
mum values inherent in these numbers;
matrix porosity must be between 1 and 2
percent and a maximum of 44 percent and
water saturation values cannot stray
much below 5 percent or much over 65
percent. Therefore, it is the net pay
thickness that becomes the critical
value in the oii-in-piace equa~ioii as
4-L..-.
LIICL- are no~Q=~~r~i~ing l%mits on this
number .
Usually net pay for this applica-
tion is selected with the idea that a
recovery factor will be applied to this
oil-in-place value.
The importance of this net pay
factor should be emphasized. Estimates
of available oil and gas in place
throughout the world are most commonly
based on a volumetric oil-in-place
number. Current concern over United
States, Russian and Middle Ease reserves
are based to a significant degree on the
accuracy of obtaining these net pay
numbers . One wonders as to the consis-
tency between picking net for the huge
gas and oil fields in Russia, Siberia
a~d the Middle East in comparison to
the manner in which net sand is selected
from a deviated hole drilled off a Gulf
Coast platform to a salt dome for the
purpose of evaluating a lensing faulted
Miocene sand for the basis of a MER
hearing.
Determining Total Energy
A second reason for determining
net pay is concerned with defining the
total amount of hydrocarbons in a reser-
voir so that the total energy of the
reservoir can be calculated. In this
case both movable and non-movable oil-
in-place is desired. Net pay values
for this application can be much higher
S.FE 36G9 RTPHARD
..-4-..-. H,
than for oil-in-place calculations.
an example, net pay located in long
transition zones or below producing
oillwater contacts is counted and in-
cluded in this instance, but would
~rQh=bIy he excIuded in the previously
discussed volumetric oil-in-place cal-
culation. It is this movable plus non-
-..-..L-l
~uv=u-e riet pay *h4c-Irma==
..LA-....-w- tusecj in che
oil-in-place calculation that should
check with material balance calcula-
tions.
Secondary necovery
A third major reason for determin-
ing net pay in a reservoir is to eval-
uate the potential hydrocarbon avail-
~~~e for =e~ep.d=ry re~Qvery: This
application is especially important in
evaluating economics of waterflood
projects. The method of picking net
pay in this case is slanted toward the
determination of the amount of net pay
with favorable relative permeability
to the injection fluids, thus the major
criteria for determining net pay are
these favorable relative permeability
characteristics.
Miscellaneous Uses of Net Pay
Finally, net pay determination may
be used as a unitization parameter and
also net pay isopachous maps are used
as a guide for development drilling
programs and installation and design
of secondary recovery projects.
From the foregoing discussion, it
is important to realize that the net
pay can vary within a well dependent
on the ultimate usage of the net pay
value. The net pay value checked by
material balance calculations can vary
from net pay for use in determining
oil-in-place available for primary
production, and both of these net pay
figures may vary significantly from
net sand available for secondary
recovery operations.
METHODS FOR DETERMINING NET PAY
The basic or classic method for
selecting net involves the use of.S. P.
logs and/or Gamma Ray logs. Using nor-
mal log criteria for determining the
CQp and base Of the formations - or at
least changes in rock types - each
gross sand interval is marked on the
~Qg . These icterval thicknesses are
added and a total gross sand interval
SNYDER 3
As is obtained. Certain assumptions are
implied in this method; all the sand
is porous, permeable, and is capable
of contributing hydrocarbon, no tar
mats, bitumen, disseminated shale par-
ticles in pore spaces or any other
blocking or cementing materials are
present in the sand; consequently, all
positive deflections are reservoir,
and all negative deflections are non-
reservoir.
This is a valid technique if the
stratigraphic section is a clean
alternating sandstone - shale sequence
with very porous and permeable clean
sand. This is the classic manner of
picking net pay and is as valid as the
assumptions. Classic areas for use of
this method are the Miocene Gulf Coast
sediments, the Woodbine of East Texas,
California Tertiary sandstones and the
Devonian sandstones of Algeria. This
method is always the first step in any
net determination work as it is in
essence separating non-reservoir from
reservoir rock. Often this is as
detaiied an aiitZl~SiS Df C=t pay 2s is
necessary.
A more sophisticated method re-
quires the use of porosity determining
logs in conjunction with the S. P. or
Gamma Ray logs. After the reservoir
or gross sandstone reservoir is defined
from these lithology determining logs
only the porous - and probably permeable
interval of the porous rock is counted.
All types of porosity measuring
logs; Sonic, Microlog, Microlaterolog,
Density and Caliper may be used depend-
ing upon their availability. Once
these porosity indicating tools are
used it becomes necessary to define a
lower limit of porosity below which
the reservoir will not produce oil or
will not contain hydrocarbons. This
porosity is commonly called the porosity
cut-off.
One effect of cut-off porosity and
logging tool sensitivity should be
mentioned ; if porosity logs are used
for making quantative estimates of
porous net sand, the lowest value of
porosity the log can measure automat-
ically becomes a cut-off value. For
example, certain wall resistivity logs
have lower limits of sensitivity; below
which the log cannot measure porous
intervals. If these logs are used to
quantatively evaluate net, only reser-
voir rock with porosity greater than the
 A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY
i DETERMINING NET PAY
iower limits -will ~e -....
-C-llmted as net
pay. In other words - if the log shows
porosity the interval is net reservoir.
If no porosity is shown on the log,
then the interval is non-net.
This system again is adequate in
clean porous and permeable reservoirs
with high porosity intervals. Best
results for this technique are found
in strongly contrasting porosity types
within sandstone or limestone reser-
voirs. This technique is especially
useful in alternating limestone-dolo-
mite sequences where the porosity in
the dolomite interval is much greater
than the porosity in the interbedded
limestone.
The next step in defining net pay
is ~=corp~raring COre analysis and
descriptions with the porosity, S. P.,
and Gamma Ray logs. With this data
two new and very important parameters
are available to help in defining what
is net pay, permeability and oil
saturation data.
Permeability cut-off values can be
established and correlated with poro-
sity cut-offs. Also the lower depth
limits of oil saturation can be estab-
lished which is necessary in describing
the total oil trapped in a reservoir.
Although resistivity logs can and are
used to determine these oil satura-
tions, it is core analysis and core
descriptions that are most useful in
reservoirs with long transition zones,
or with oil saturations many feet
below producing oil/water contacts.
Finally, in addition to all the
previously discussed logging tools and
core information, the availability and
use of relative permeability data in
ii~fi~ki~t~ net pay ~Q~t he
Qe!ltiQn~de
This type of data is very important in
evaluating the amount of reservoir
susceptible or compatible to water-
flooding or other secondary recovery
schemes. Permeability to air of a
reservoir rock versus permeability to
water or oil often makes significant
differences in choosing cut-off
permeability.
One of the major factors that
influences the relative permeability
characteristic of any formation is the
presence or absence of swelling clays,
so again the lithology of the formation
can be a predorni.ii~tiiig f~CtGi in deter-
mination of net pay. If the purpose of
OF
SPE 36C
defining net pay is to inventory the
amount of reservoir available and
susceptible to waterflooding or gas
injection systems, a different method
and tools must be used to obtain re-
liable net thickness and consequent
oil-in-place volumes.
DETERMINATION OF CUT-OFF VALUES
From the previous discussion, itis
apparent that the net pay problem may
be re-defined into determining porosity
and/or permeability cut-off values. As
the intended usage of oil-in-place
determines the method of picking iist
pay, these uses also determine the
method chosen for delineating the cut-
off value.
Normally, a permeability and/or
porosity value is chosen as a cut-off
value based on intuitive judgment.
Often this method is sufficient,
especially when there is a large
difference between highest and lowest
values. If the reservoir has a mixture
of 100s of millidarcy permeability and
0.1 millidarcy permeability, obviously
the 0.1 millidarcy is considered as the
cut-off value. Intuitively an occasion-
al 2, 5 or even 10 millidarcy interval
will be considered below the cut-off.
A more difficult decision is required
if there are some 50 millidarcy sam-
ples or intervals. In this case, there
has to be something to make the decisior
as to whether it is net or non-net pay
other than just the 50 millidarcy
permeability value. There are two facts
that can be used to include or exclude
these samples. obviOusiy, if the 50
millidarcy sample does not have oil or
gas saturation as reflected through core
analysis, oil staining, fluorescence,
odor or calculated oil saturation from
resistivity logs~ it can be excluded
and considered below the cut-off. A
second calibration can be made using
D. S. T. andlor production tests. If
the 50 millidarcy interval tests dry or
at some minimal or non-commercial rate,
this permeability or porosity can be
judged as at or below cut-off. This
cut-off is applicable in the case of
defining net pay available for primary
production. If an oil-in-place value
was needed for determining total energy
of the reservoir then the 50 millidarcy
interval would have to be included even
though oil andlor gas was not produced,
but oil saturation was present.
SPE 3609 RI CHARD
EXAMPLE RESERVOIR
To see aii the effects of ?ks
usage of net pay and to show some mapp-
ing techniques for net pay in a simple
hypothetical reservoir has been devel-
oped and is used as an illustration.
The remainder of this discussion will
be concerned with this example reser-
voir,
The hypothetical reservoir contain
20 wells. Table I is a tabulation of
the basic data for these wells, includ-
ing well identification, top and base
of the reservoir in subsea depth, gross
thickness, net thickness, average
porosity, average water saturation and
calculated pore volume and hydrocarbon
pore volume.
Mapping Techniques
Using this net thickness data for
each well, an fsopachous map of the net
thickness was drawn as shown by FigiiEe
2. This map was contoured using
straight interpretive contouring tech-
niques as opposed to equi-distant or
mechanical contouring procedures. The
map is interpretive in that the con-
touring parallels and honors the known
geologic information available on the
reservoir. The reservoir could be a
channel sand development with thicker
net sand in the deeper portion of the
channel$ or the reservoir could be
double-mounded sand bars with two
thick or high sand build-ups at the
top of the gross reservoir interval.
This type of map is normally
drawn in making the various net pay
analyses. The advantages of such a
map is that contouring can be guided
by known geological principles and
facts. For example, if the reservoir
is a channel sand and this formation
was known to be V shaped in cross
section rather than U shaped, the
appropriate geometry of the sand body
could be incorporated into the contour-
ing. Sand bars, reefs, biostromes or
any of the myriad geometric shapes of
sedimentary bodies, all of which are
well known, can be readily incorporated
into the interpretive contouring of net
pay isopachous maps. Structural fac-
tors, such as roll-overs along fault
planes, suspected secondary mineraliza-
tion or fracture planes and effects of
unconformity surfaces can also guide
contouring and lead to more reasonable
SNYDER 5
interpretations. The greatest disad-
vantage in using net pay maps is not
i~, ~~,e --+- **+-O hut in finding a
LubL.*..~
method for assigning of average pocosity
and water saturation values to the rock
volume.
In our example reservoir, the rock
volume calculated from t&iS isopackI is
7190 acre feet. If we assign an arith-
metic average porosity of 7.7 percent
calculated from the table, we have a
pore volume of 553.6 acre feet, and
using an arithmetic average water satu-
ration of 54.3 percent we find we have
300.6 acre feet of oil in the reservoir.
A second mapping technique can also
be useful. Using average porosity
values at the well locations and multi-
plying the fractional porosity values
by the wells net thickness results in
g nnl-a
=--- ~oi~~me datum far each well. This
can be visualized as the feet of pore
space available for fluid storage at
--- ti-~ii
eULh j)C)i~8t.
Th4
..aAU
m
space Or p.0~~
volume is contoured as shown on Figure
3. The advantage of this map is that
the porosity VaiueS fili the ~eS~~VGiZS
are automatically volume weighted; how-
ever, as there are two parameters to
each datum, it becomes necessary to
contour this map mechanically, and not
interpretively.
In the example reservoir, a volume
weighted pore volume of 623.5 acre feet
is calculated and by assigning the same
water saturation as was done in the
previous example, 338.6 acre feet of oil
is present in the example reservoir.
This is 11 percent higher than was pre-
viously found, the difference dependent
on the different contouring method;
mechanical versus the previously inter-
pretive type and the volume weighting
of pore space in contrast to the arith-
metically averaged value assigned in
the first case.
The advantage of this technique is
that the porosity values are weighted
and the contouring can be done mechan-
ically. Again if consistency and repro-
ducibility are needed, as Eor use iii
unitization work, this approach may be
desirable.
The next technique would be to
reduce this pore volume by the amount
of irreducible water saturation present
in the pore space and use this number
as a mapping datum. This calculation
 A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY
6 DETERMINING NET PAY
results in values of hydrocarbon pore
volume at each well location. This map
is presented as Figure 4. This map can
be visualized as tank or container
filled with oil. Advantages of this
map are that both porosity and the
water saturation value are volume
~~~ghted,
From this map a total hydrocarbon
in place value of 342.7 acre feet has
been calculated, or only 1.2 percent
higher than the value calculated from
the pore volume map but 12 percent
higher than from the net isopachous
map .
The following technique will cir-
cumvent all of these problems by show-
ing that through the use of structure
maps of the top and base of the reser-
voir and a net-to-gross ratio, reliable
oil-in-place values can be calculated.
A structure map for the top and
base of the gross reservoir interval
are drawn and areas bet~ee~ ezcb. gtrluc-
tural contour line are determined.
For our example reservoir, a structure
map on the top of the reservoir is
shown as Figure 5. The structure map
on the base of the formation is simi-
lar .
The addition of a few dry holes
along the perimeter of the field and
the problem of the sand body being
skewed off center from the structural
apex complicates the example reservoir
but demonstrates the advantages of
this method.
The areas between the structure
contours for the top and base of the
reservoir are plotted versus height
above the oillwater contact, Figure
-..- -
6. Next th= aiea betwee~. +k- -. .--
e~lrw~s
is planimetered and converted to a
gross reservoir volume. An average
net-to-gross ratio for the entire
reservoir is calculated from the basic
data in Table I and applied to the
gross column. Using the same porositie
and fluid saturation data as in the
isopach map example, a volumetric oil-
in-place value of 349.9 acre feet is
calculated. This is only 10 percent
higher than the lowest value calculated
using net pay isopach maps.
Two advantages of this method are
readily apparent; no isopach map is
needed , however, all the geological
OF
SFE 3609
data concerning geometry of the reser-
voir are incorporated in the contouring
of the structure maps. Secondly, the
ease in which average porosity data and
especially representative water satura-
tions can be assigned to the reservoir
on the basis of incremental net rock
volume above the oil/water contact. If
capillary pressure data converted to
height are available, the assigning and
weighting of water saturation is proba-
bly the best and most representative
method. Figure 7 is a summary and
comparison of the results of these four
techniques.
It appears from the foregoing
discussion that there is little percent-
age difference in the results of these
different gr=Phic=~ te~hnique~ for
determining oil-in-place volumetrically.
It also seems apparent that the techniqu
to use is one that best depicts the
poorest defined or most critical
variable.
If r~~ervoir geometry is the most
uncertain variable for example, then
the gross and net pay isopachs should
be used with interpretive contouring
rather than pore volume mapping and
mechanical mapping. Another example
would be in the case of thin reservoirs
completely underlaid by a water level.
Then possibly the area versus height
approach using structure maps would be
most appropriate as water saturation
data could then be assigned in a more
representative manner so that the
saturation data would be weighted by
reservoir volume in increments above
the water level.
Determination of Reservoir Volumes
Finally, after all the maps and
area versus height curves have been
drawn it then becomes necessary to
determine a numeric rock volume or
oil-in-place. There are many techniques
for doing thisl, but normally either
gridding or planimetry is used to calcu-
late volumes. Within each of these
methods there are several ways of doing
this phase of the work.
The problems and techniques in-
herent in this, a most important facet
of the entire problem, of volumetric
oil-in-place, could be the subject of
an entire paper, but will only be dis-
cussed very briefly here.
mm aAf)Q RICHARD
.. ------
&u 4..4.
In gridding, area times thickness
can be estimated and integrated by eye
or through analog gridding counters,
-+.+i.t+~-l
..- ....-----~Q~nLins Of random dots
within a grid, all at an amazing degree
of accuracy. In using planimetry,
automatic and computerized digitizers
or hand planimeters can be used. Even
within the planimetry method there are
differing te~Flr~iq-UeS;CG?.ti~dCUS er
summation of discrete areas planimetry,
and finally several differing calculat-
ing techniques can be uaed2. Se e%-e=
in this phase of net sand determination,
multiple techniques are available, none
of which are standard or accepted as
the way to do the work. Experience
f~ors and time limitations, reproduc-
ibility of values, grid sizes and
efficiency all effect the choice of
methods for determining volumes.
What is the best way? In this
example we have calculated volumes
using standard planimetry techniques
and have used these figures in all the
volumetric calculations. Also the maps
were gridded by eye-ball using
relatively small grid areas; i.e. ,
approximately 150 grids over the total
mapped area. The results indicate
that there is little difference between
planimetry volumes using the summation
of areas and gridding. The maximum
difference is 5 percent, but normally
is 1 to 2 percent, certainly within
the tolerance levels of the original
interpretation of the data. Can a
gross or net sand thickness be picked
on a Gamma Ray log less than one-half
a foot? In a reservoir 10 feet thick,
H. SNYDER 7
this amounts to a tolerance of ~ 5
percent. Are core analysis porosity
and permeability or water saturation
reproducible to ~ 5 percent? Finally,
the ratio of the scale to the map to
the thickness of, or more astronomi-
cally, the percent of the reservoir
sampled by a 9-518 hole versus the
volume of sediments in 640 acres,
~=ke~ a + 5 percent
tolerance accept-
able.
cIT?JMAQV
w.. . .. .. .
In summary, it is hoped that a
more precise definition of net pay has
been presented, and that an awareness
of the importance of the intended use
of net pay guides the manner of count-
ing net pay, determining cut-off values
and mapping techniques. Through the
use of an example reservoir it has been
demonstrated that despite what datums,
averaging techniques or graphical
representation of the reservoir are
made, results of oil-in-place calcula-
tions are similar with maximum varia-
tions of 10 percent.
REFERENCES
1. Campbell, J. M.: Oil Property
Evaluation, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
(1959) 135-137.
2. Craft, B. C. and Hawkins, M. F.:
Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineeriitg, P~eiltiC~- Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
(1959) 27, 106.
 TABLE 1 - BASIC WELL DATA

WELL TOP BASE GROSS NET 0 Sw

nAv
ID (SUBSEA) (SUBSEA) THICKNESS rnl PERCENT .PF!RCF.NT
-------- Hcpv

1 1672 1712 40 4 5.0 0.20 70 0.06

2 1665 1703 38 15 5.5 0.83 40 0.50

3 1679 1716 37 7 6.0 0.42 70 0.13

4 1652 1694 42 10 5.0 0.50 60 6.23

5 1652 1697 45 22 6.5 1.40 25 1.11

6 1672 1721 49 9 7.9 0.71 60 0.28

7 1636 1688 52 10 6.0 0.60 70 0.18

8 1638 1698 60 10 7.4 0.74 65 0.26

9 1642 1689 47 15 8.0 1.20 40 0.72

10 1650 1688 38 19 7.9 1.50 35 0.98

11 i665 17D0 35 5 ~~.z n K7

.<* gg 0.10

12 1679 1726 47 18 11.0 1.98 45 1.09

13 1678 1721 43 9 11.5 1.03 55 0.46

14 1691 1731 40 20 9.5 1.90 40 1.14

15 1701 1751 50 4 9.1 0.36 80 0.07

16 1700 1752 52 11 9.0 0.99 45 0.54

17 1710 1767 57 3 8.3 0.25 70 0.08

18 1704 1760 56 13 8.8 0.11 45 0.06

.~2
n
19 1700 1757 57 4 iO.i 0.40 70

20 1698 1750 52 22 9.0 1.98 25 1.49

A 1673 1733 60 0

B 1665 1735 70 0

c 1715 1763 58 0

D 1690 1743 53 0

E 1710 1772 62 0

NET/GROSS = 18.5%
AVERAGE g = 8.09%
AVERAGE Sw = 54.5.%
 SPor GR R
L-m

NET PAY NET SAND

+

II I
m I

~:,

,
!1

m,, ~,
1
,:

rl
LdJ
Fig. 1 - Definition of reservoir intervals.

+-
D 0
+

II

Fig. 2 - Net pay isopachous map (Cl. = loft).

 E
+
D

Fig. 3 - Iso-pore volume map (C.i. = O.s $~j.

+
D
+

V.L u

Fig. 4 - Iso-hydrocarbon pore volume map (C.I.=0.5 HCPV).

 E

Fig. 5 . st~u~ture Map top of reservoir (Cl. 10 t).

1630

1640
Ii
,650V A

+ I660
IA
w
L
:-1670 v//,///~
s
C9
G
z 1680 TOP OF STRUCTURE

1690 -
-.-F Ar e-rntlm-rll
Dr
A w> >F>FL/////// /h\
Ilvv

I I
I i 1800
()/w-1710 800 I000 I200 I400 1600
0 200 400 600
AREA-ACRES
Fig. 6 - Height vs area for determination of 9roSS
reservoir volume (from structure maps) .


NET OIL PORE HYDROCARBON STRUCTURE

SAND VOLUME PORE VOLUME MAPS

7955
ROCK VOLUME
7190 (N/G = 18.5%)
(A~c./
Ft.) \

623.5-

o 7.7
7.7
o
(1)0

. 342,7-
so 54.3
54.3 54.3
(1 -SJ

H.C.P.V. 332.6
300.6 338.6
(!\C./Ft.)

Comparison of r,~sults of mapping.

Fig. 7 -