The Logarithm Defined As An Integral

7.
1 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral

What are logarithms?
loga b = x ax = b
loga b = x ax = b
a = ln x ea = x
loga b = x ax = b
a = ln x ea = x
Z x
1
ln x = dt, x > 0
1 t
loga b = x ax = b
a = ln x ea = x
Z x
1
ln x = dt, x > 0
1 t
What this last one means is that we can get the value for ln x by
finding the area under the curve 1 to x.
The logarithm as an integral
Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

0 < x < 1 then the area is negative since ln x is negative there.
The logarithm as an integral
Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

0 < x < 1 then the area is negative since ln x is negative there.
In this way we can define the number e.

Z e
1
ln e = dt
1 t
The Graph
ln x crosses the x-axis at

The Graph
ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The Graph

The domain is
The Graph

The domain is (0, ).
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
1
x >0 ln x is increasing.
The Graph

lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
1
x > 0 ln x is increasing.
x12 < 0 ln x is concave down.
The Graph
How this relates to the FTC
Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x
d 1
So, dx ln x= x for x 6= 0.

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x
d 1
So, dx ln x= x for x 6= 0.
We can generalize this:
d 1 dy
ln u =
dx u dx
Justification
d
Where does dx ln x come from? Consider
d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
Justification
d
d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
By applying the chain rule we get
d ln x d
e = x
dx dx
Justification
d
d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
d ln x d d
e = x eln x ln x = 1
dx dx dx
Justification
d
d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
d ln x d d
e = x eln x ln x = 1
dx dx dx
d 1 1
ln x = ln x =
dx e x
Generalization
And, in general, we have
d
logb x =
dx
Generalization
d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
Generalization
d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
And if we have a composite function u, wed get
d
logb u =
dx
Generalization
d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
d 1 1
logb u =
dx ln b u
Generalization
d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
d 1 1 du
logb u =
dx ln b u dx
Properties
Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
Properties

2 ln xb = ln b ln x
Properties

2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
Properties

2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
4 ln xr = rln x, r Q
Properties

2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
4 ln xr = rln x, r Q
All of these properties can be generalized for logb x.

Examples
1
R
What is x dx?
Examples
1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
u=
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
u = x2 + 1
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
u = x2 + 1
du =
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
u = x2 + 1
du = 2x dx
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
Z x=1
1 du
u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
du = 2x dx
1
du = x dx
2
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
1 x=1 du
Z
u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1 x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx
2
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
1 x=1 du
Z
u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1 x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx 1 1
2 = ln |x2 + 1| =

2 1
Examples
1
R
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
1 x=1 du
Z
u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1 x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx 1 1
2 = ln |x2 + 1| = 0

2 1
Note
Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

for the value of the integral tells us what?
Note
Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

for the value of the integral tells us what?
The function is odd.

Exponentials
Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

f (x) = ex , what does the graph look like?
Exponentials

Exponentials

We know lim ex = and lim ex = 0.

x x
Exponentials
d x
What is dx e ?
Exponentials
d x x
What is dx e ? e
Exponentials
d x x
What is dx e ? e
ex > 0 x R, so the function is

Exponentials
d x x
What is dx e ? e
ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

Exponentials
d x x
What is dx e ? e
d2 x
And, since dx2
e =
Exponentials
d x x
What is dx e ? e
d2 x
And, since dx2
e = ex , we know that the function is concave up.
Exponentials
By this same logic, we have the following:

Z
ex dx = ex + c
Exponentials
By this same logic, we have the following:

Z
ex dx = ex + c
and in general, Z
eu du = eu + c
with the difference being that u is a function of x and would

require substitution to integrate.
Derivative of ex
Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

Derivative of ex
When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

quotient.
d x ex + h ex
e = lim
dx h0 h
Derivative of ex
When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

quotient.
d x ex + h ex
e = lim
dx h0 h
eh 1
= ex lim
h0 h
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
Derivative of ex
So lets pull this part out for the moment.
eh 1
=1
h
Derivative of ex
eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
Derivative of ex
eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Derivative of ex
eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Now we will bring the limit back in.
h i
lim h + 1 = eh
h0
Derivative of ex
eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Now we will bring the limit back in.
h i
lim h + 1 = eh
h0
1 = e0 1 = 1
This gives us that the expression we wanted to be 1 is 1 and we
get the desired result.
Derivative of Exponentials
d x
In general, dx a =
d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
= ax ln a
d x
y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
= ax ln a
d u au
= au (ln a) du au du =
R
This leads us to dx a dx and ln a + c.
Properties
Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
Properties

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
Properties

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
Properties

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
4 (ex1 )r = erx1 , for r Q
Properties

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
5 x = elnx
Properties

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
5 x = elnx
6 x = ln ex
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:
Example
f (x) = ax + xa
Derivatives
Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1
Derivatives
Example
Example
g(x) = sin(ex )
Derivatives
Example
Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )
Derivatives
Example
Example
Example
log x
y= 1+log x
Derivatives
Example
Example
Example

1 1
log x (1+log x) log x
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
Derivatives
Example
Example
Example

1 1
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2
Derivatives
Example
Example
Example

1 1
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2
Example
y = log (x2 + 1)
Derivatives
Example
Example
Example

1 1
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2
Example
y = log (x2 + 1) y0 = 2x
(ln 10)(x2 +1)
Another Example
Example
R log x
x dx
Another Example
Example
R log x
x dx
We first want to apply the change of base rule.
ln x
log x =
ln 10
and the reason is because we know how to take the
antiderivative when we rewrite.
Another Example
Example
R log x
x dx
We first want to apply the change of base rule.
ln x
log x =
ln 10
and the reason is because we know how to take the
antiderivative when we rewrite.
log x 1 ln x
Z Z
dx = dx
x ln 10 x
Another Example
We now apply the substitution rule.
1
u = ln x du = dx
x
Another Example
1
u = ln x du = dx
x
So now we have
1
Z
u du
ln 10
Another Example
1
u = ln x du = dx
x
So now we have
1
Z
u du
ln 10
(ln x)2
= +c
2ln 10

The Logarithm Defined As An Integral

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7.

1 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral

Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

In this way we can define the number e.

ln x crosses the x-axis at

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

We can generalize this:

And, in general, we have

And, in general, we have

And, in general, we have

And, in general, we have

And, in general, we have

Other logarithm properties:

Other logarithm properties:

Other logarithm properties:

Other logarithm properties:

Other logarithm properties:

All of these properties can be generalized for logb x.

Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

The function is odd.

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

We know lim ex = and lim ex = 0.

ex > 0 x R, so the function is

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

By this same logic, we have the following:

By this same logic, we have the following:

with the difference being that u is a function of x and would

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

Some properties of exponential:

Some properties of exponential:

Some properties of exponential:

Some properties of exponential:

Some properties of exponential:

Some properties of exponential:

We first want to apply the change of base rule.

We first want to apply the change of base rule.

We now apply the substitution rule.

We now apply the substitution rule.

We now apply the substitution rule.

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