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Specific speed is the speed of turbine for producing unit power under
unit head
On the basis of head of water
Specific speed is the speed of turbine for producing unit power under
unit head
Energy Transfer
Basic equation of energy transfer in
rotodynamic machines
The basic equation of fluid dynamics relating to
energy transfer is same for all rotodynamic
machines and is a simple form of " Newton 's
Laws of Motion" applied to a fluid element
traversing a rotor.
Here we shall make use of the momentum
theorem as applicable to a fluid element while
flowing through fixed and moving vanes.
Figure represents diagrammatically a rotor of a
generalised fluid machine, with 0-0 the axis of
rotation and the angular velocity.
Fluid enters the rotor at 1, passes through the
rotor by any path and is discharged at 2.
The points 1 and 2 are at r1 radii and r2 from the
centre of the rotor, and the directions of fluid
velocities at 1 and 2 may be at any arbitrary
angles. For the analysis of energy transfer due
to fluid flow in this situation, we assume the
following:
(a) The flow is steady, that is, the mass flow
rate is constant across any section (no storage
or depletion of fluid mass in the rotor).
(b) The heat and work interactions between the
rotor and its surroundings take place at a
constant rate.
(c) Velocity is uniform over any area normal to
the flow. This means that the velocity vector at
any point is representative of the total flow over
a finite area. This condition also implies that
there is no leakage loss and the entire fluid is
undergoing the same process.
The velocity at any point may be resolved into
three mutually perpendicular components as
shown in Fig. The axial component of velocity
Va is directed parallel to the axis of rotation , Vf
the radial component is directed radially through
the axis to rotation, while the tangential
component Vw is directed at right angles to the
radial direction and along the tangent to the rotor
at that part.
The change in magnitude of the axial velocity
components through the rotor causes a change
in the axial momentum. This change gives rise
to an axial force, which must be taken by a
thrust bearing to the stationary rotor casing.
The change in magnitude of radial velocity
causes a change in momentum in radial
direction.
However, for an axisymmetric flow, this does not
result in any net radial force on the rotor. In case
of a non uniform flow distribution over the
periphery of the rotor in practice, a change in
momentum in radial direction may result in a net
radial force which is carried as a journal load.
The tangential component only has an effect on
the angular motion of the rotor.
No torque is produced by axial and radial
components.
Torque is exerted on the rotor only due to the
change in momentum of the tangential
component
At inlet moment of momentum /mass
Vw1 r1
At outlet moment of momentum / mass
Vw2 r2
Rate of change of moment of momentum =
m (Vw1 r1 - Vw2 r2)
m (Vw1 r1 Vw2 r2) = T (Angular momentum theorem)
Rate of Energy imparted
E=T
E = m (Vw1 r1 Vw2 r2)
E = m (Vw1 r1 Vw2 r2 )
Where
r1 = Tangential / linear velocity at inlet = u 1
r2 = Tangential / linear velocity at outlet = u 2
E = m (Vw1 u1 - Vw2 u2) (1)
E/m = (Vw1 u1 - Vw2 u2) (2)
Equation 1, 2 and 3 are different form of a single
equation which is known as Eulers equation.
Pelton Wheel Turbine
Most commonly used impulse or tangential flow
turbine
Inlet triangle
Outlet triangle
Let
V = Absolute velocity of the entering water
Vr = Relative velocity of water and bucket at inlet
Vf = Velocity of flow at inlet
V1, Vr1, Vf1 = Corresponding values at outlet
D = Diameter of the wheel
d = Diameter of the nozzle
H = Total head of water under which wheel is
working
= Angle of the blade tip at outlet
Inlet velocity triangle is straight line as shown in
Fig.
From velocity triangle at inlet
V =Vw
Vf =0
Vr =V v
As a matter of fact, the shape of the outlet velocity
triangle depends upon the value of V w1. If is in the
same direction as that of jet, its value is taken as
positive. However, if is in the opposite direction (
as shown in the fig. ) its value is taken
as negative. The relationship between these two
velocity triangles is
v1 =v =v
Vw1 = (Vr1 cos v1)
Vr1 =Vr =(V v )
E / mg = 1 / g (Vwv Vw1v1)
E / mg = 1 / g (Vwv (Vw1 )v1)
E / mg = 1 / g ((Vw + Vw1 )v )
E / mg = 1 / g ((Vwv + Vw1v )
E / mg = v / g (V + ((Vr1 cos v ) )
E / mg = v / g ( (Vr + v + Vr cos v ) )
E / mg = v / g (Vr (1 + cos ) )
E / mg = v / g (V v)(1 + cos )
Hydraulic Efficiency
= Work done per kN of water / Energy supplied per
kN of water
v / g (V v)(1 + cos )
h =
1 2
V
2g
(1 + cos )
d
2 (
Vv 2 v)2
=0
2
V dv
2V 4v = 0
v =V /2
It means that the velocity of the wheel, for
maximum hydraulic efficiency, should be
half of the jet velocity. Therefore,
maximum work done / kN of water
= v / g (V v)(1 + cos )
= V / 2 g (V V / 2)(1 + cos )
(
= (1 + cos ) V / 4 g
2
)
Maximum hydraulic efficiency
( 1 + cos ) (V 2 / 4 g )
=
(V 2 / 2 g )
h =
( 1 + cos )
2
Power Produced by an Impulse
Turbine
Some work is done per kN of water, when
the jet strikes the buckets of an impulse
turbine. If we know the quantity of water
flowing through jet per second and the
amount of work done per second, the
power produced can be calculated as
P = wQH (kW)
w = Specific weight of water
H = Head of water
Q = Discharge
Efficiencies of an Impulse
Turbine
In general the term efficiency may be
defined as the ratio of work done to the
energy supplied.
An impulse turbine has the following three
types of efficiencies
1.Hydraulic efficiency
It is the ratio of work done, on the wheel, to
the energy of the jet
Already calculated
Efficiencies of an Impulse
Turbine
2. Mechanical efficiency
It has been observed that all the energy
supplied to the wheel does not come out
as useful work. But a part of it is
dissipated in overcoming friction of
bearings and other moving parts. Thus the
mechanical efficiency is the ratio of actual
work available at turbine to the energy
imparted to the wheel.
Efficiencies of an Impulse
Turbine
3. Overall efficiency
It is the measure of the performance of a
turbine and is the ratio of actual power
produced by the turbine to input energy to
the turbine.
P
o =
wQH
Number of Jets of a Pelton
Wheel
A Pelton turbine, generally, has a single
jet only. But whenever a single jet can not
develop the required power, we may have
to employ more than one jets.
While designing the jets care should
always be taken to provide the jets are
equidistant on the outer periphery of the
wheel.
Number of Jets of a Pelton
Wheel
Design or working proportions
of pelton wheel
A Pelton wheel is designed to find out the following data:
1. Diameter of the wheel
2. Diameter of the jet
3. Size ( i.e. Width and depth ) of the buckets
4. No. of Buckets
2 gH
But due to the frictional loss, the actual velocity is slightly
less than this, so the velocity V of jet at inlet
V = Cv 2 gH
Cv (coefficient of velocity ranges from 0.97 to 0.99)
Although, theoretically,
v =V /2
But actually, h max occurs when
v= 0.46V
If v is expressed in terms of speed ratio (ratio of tangential
velocity of wheel to theoretical velocity of jet), the speed
ratio of a pelton turbine is given by
v
Ku =
2 gH
v = 0 . 46 2 gH
Ku ranges from 0.43 to 0.47
The angle through which the jet is deflected is taken as
165 degree and at the outlet velocity triangle is 15
degrees.