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TRANSMISSION
Line
---By Dhananjay Jha, Engineer (E), SJVN
Electrical
transmission system is the
means of transmitting power from
generating station to different load
centres.
Conductor
Earthwire
Inuslator
Tower
Characteristics
Conductors
Insulators
Earthwire
Transmission Line
Sub-Stations
VS AVR BI R
I S CVR DI R
Therefore, IS = IR = I
Hence the ABCD constants for the short transmission line model, are
A 1
B Z
C 0
D 1
Considering medium-length lines (80 to 250 Km-
long).
YZ
VS ZI ser VR Z I C 2 I R VR 1 VR ZI R
2
The source current will be
Y Y ZY ZY
I S I C1 I ser I C1 I C 2 I R VS VR I R Y 1 VR 1 I R
2 2 4 2
Therefore, the ABCD constants of a medium-length transmission line are
ZY
A 1
2
BZ
If the shunt capacitance of the line is
ignored, the ABCD constants are the ZY
constants for a short transmission line.
C Y 1
4
ZY
D 1
2
For long lines, it is not accurate enough to approximate the shunt
admittance by two constant capacitors at either end of the line.
Instead, both the shunt capacitance and the series impedance must be
treated as distributed quantities.
yz
where y is the shunt admittance per kilometer and z is the
series impedance per km.
The ABCD constants for a long transmission line are
Z 'Y '
A 1
2
B Z '
Z 'Y '
C Y ' 1
4
Z 'Y '
D 1
2
AC voltages are usually expressed as phasors.
1) If more load is added with the same lagging power factor, the
magnitude of the line current increases but the current remains at the
same angle with respect to VR as before.
The voltage drop across the reactance increases but stays at the same
angle.
Assuming zero line resistance and source voltage to
be of constant magnitude:
Vs = VR + jXLI
voltage drop across reactance jXLI will stretch
between VR and VS.
VS sin
I cos
XL
Then the output power of the transmission line equals to its input
power:
3VSVR sin
P
XL
Therefore, the power supplied by a transmission line depends on the angle between
the phasors representing the input and output voltages.
The maximum power supplied by the transmission line occurs when = 900:
3VSVR
Pmax
XL
This maximum power is called the steady-state stability limit of the transmission
line. The real transmission lines have non-zero resistance and, therefore, overheat
long before this point. Full-load angles of 250 are more typical for real
transmission lines.
Few interesting observations can be made from the power
expressions:
Pout
100%
Pin
4. Transmission line ratings
One of the main limiting factors in transmission line operation is its resistive
heating. Since this heating is a function of the square of the current flowing through
the line and does not depend on its phase angle, transmission lines are typically
rated at a nominal voltage and apparent power.
Ploss 3I L2 R
The greater the current flow, the greater the resistive heating losses.
2. The voltage drop in a practical line should be limited to approximately 5%. In
other words, the ratio of the magnitude of the receiving end voltage to the
magnitude of the sending end voltage should be greater than 95%.
3. The angle in a transmission line should typically be 300 ensuring that the
power flow in the transmission line is well below the static stability limit and,
therefore, the power system can handle transients.
Any of these limits can be more or less important in different
circumstances.
Length of line
Voltage regulation
Empirical Formula
L KVA
V 5 .5
1.6 150 * Nc
V = Transmission voltage (KV) (L-L).
L = Distance of transmission line in KM
KVA=Power to be transferred
Nc= Number of circuits
Panther :- 30/7/3.0 mm
Zebra :- 54/7/3.18mm
Moose :- 54/7/3.53mm
---By Dhananjay Jha, Engineer (E), SJVN
AAC (All Aluminium Conductor)
AL-59
Electrical Requirement
Mechanical Requirement
Insulator material-
High grade Electrical Porcelain
Toughened Glass
Fiber Glass
Due to switching
Power frequency
Lightning
Design criterion:
Shield angle
25-30 up to 220 KV
20 for 400 KV and above
Earth wire should be adequate to carry very short duration lightning
Advantages :
Shortage of power
Power Theft
Poor access to electricity in rural areas
Huge losses in the grid
Inefficient power consumption
Poor reliability
Status-
RFP (Request for Proposal) issued on
25.08.2014.