MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering

2.25 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Problem 10.05
This problem is from Advanced Fluid Mechanics Problems by A.H. Shapiro and A.A. Sonin

An inviscid, incompressible uid ows steadily through a circular pipe with a contraction. At the entrance
section, the velocity is purely in the axial direction and is given by :

2
r
u1 (r) = Vo 1
R1

(a) What does the vorticity eld look like at the entrance section?

(b) What is the velocity prole at the exit?

2.25 Advanced Fluid Mechanics 1 Copyright @

c 2010, MIT
Vorticity Theorems A.H. Shapiro and A.A. Sonin 10.05

Solution:

(a) In the cylindrical coordinate, the vorticity is dened as

= V (10.05a)
1
= er + e + ez (10.05b)
r r z

Since the ow is axially symmetric, v = / = 0. And the radial velocity in this problem is zero, i.e.,
vr = 0. Therefore,

vz
= e , where vz = u (10.05c)
r

Substituting the given velocity prole gives

2r
= Vo e (10.05d)
R12

The vortex distribution looks like as following. The vortex tube looks like a ring.

(b) Kelvins Circulation Theorem

The Kelvins theorem represents that the circulation remains at a constant in an inviscid, barotropic ow
with conservative body forces.

d
=0 1 A1 = 2 A2 = const f ollow same tube (10.05e)
dt

The mass conservation of the tube gives

1 A2 r1
A1 2r1 = A2 2r2 = = (10.05f)
2 A1 r2

2.25 Advanced Fluid Mechanics 2 Copyright @

c 2010, MIT
Vorticity Theorems A.H. Shapiro and A.A. Sonin 10.05

Hence, the Kelvins theorem is

1 2
= (10.05g)
r1 r2

Using the fact above and the 1 = at section (1), the velocity at section (2) becomes

u2 2Vo r Vo r 2
= 2 u2 (r) = 2 + c (10.05h)
r R1 R1

Lets obtain the constant c by mass conservation between section (1) and (2).

2 !
R1 R2
Vo r 2
   
r
Vo 1 2r dr = 2 + c 2r dr (10.05i)
0 R1 0 R1

Vo R24
 
Vo 2 1 2
R = 2 + cR (10.05j)
2 1 4R12 2 2

Then the constant c and the velocity prole at section (2) are

1 R12 1 R2
c = Vo 2 + Vo 22 (10.05k)
2 R2 2 R1

 2
 2
V o 2 V o R1 R2
u2 (r) = r + 1+ (10.05l)
R1 2 R2 R1

Problem Solution by J.Kim, Fall 2009

2.25 Advanced Fluid Mechanics 3 Copyright @

c 2010, MIT
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2.25 Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Fall 2013

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