Name : Yuli Anggraini

Class : VII A FKIP B.Ing

Npm : 1212 44 086

The question number 22 page 45

General pragmatic relates the grammatical meaning of utterance with

pragmatic force , or illocutionary force of the utterance.

Answer:

Pragmatics is an aspect of how language generates meaning - and as such, it falls

under the 'umbrella' of semantics, which is the study of meaning. Semantics is
often, simplistically, said to be the the study of surface 'sentence meaning' and
pragmatics to be the study of the deeper, inferred 'social force' of language.

The clearest way we can communicate our ideas and thoughts is through language.
To achieve this, the ideas and thoughts we want to communicate become 'encoded'
either phonologically (by the sound of spoken words) or graphically (through
marks on a handwritten or printed page). When this meaning is conveyed
semantically, the encoded meaning - the words, phrases and sentences we create -
can be easily de-coded without particular thought of the context. Sometimes,
however, a deeper, inferred meaning is also encoded within language, and this
creates a pragmatic force within the text. Thus, pragmatics operates whenever we
write or say one thing semantically but mean to infer extra force to our text or
utterance.

Pragmatics is an absolutely key aspect of any A-level textual analysis as it is

so very revealing of important linguistic aspects.
If you ignore the pragmatic force of language in your analyses, you will lose
many marks.

An example will make this clearer. If you think about the phrase, 'Give him one!',
the meaning this contains will very much depend upon the social situation in which
it is used. It is the noun 'one' that, in certain social situations, will carry different
levels of force: it is a pragmatically loaded word, where its precise meaning can
only be inferred by the context of the language use.

Pragmatic meanings can be inferred in this way because, owing to the context
of the language use, we are able to 'read into' a word the extra meaning -
the utterance's pragmatic force - conferred on it by the way it is used within a
particular social situation.

Pragmatics can allow language to be used in interesting and social ways: knowing
that your listener or reader shares certain knowledge with you allows your
conversation to be more personal, lively or less extended. It also allows you to use
words and give them inferred elements such as power aspects, because your
listener is aware of your social standing, for example. Similarly, language can act
in ideological ways to reinforce a society's values - again, pragmatically. At
another level, language users can rely on pragmatics to help them cut down on the
number of words needed to make meaning clear - and hence contributes to a more
lively style.

Here are a few examples that require more than a semantic analysis to reveal the
intended meaning of the text's words and phrases, but where the pragmatic
meaning is perfectly clear:

'BABY SALE - GOING CHEAP' (poster seen in shop window - but no babies
are for sale).
'Quick! Fire!' (and you know you must run).
'Pass the salt' (and you know it's not an order).
'Are you going into town?' (and you know it's a request for the person to
come with you).
'He's got a knife!' (and you don't ask how sharp it is)
'I promise to be good.' (and you don't expect a repeat of the bad deed).
'The present King of England is bald.' (said on TV, yet you can work out what
is meant even though we have a queen).
'Another pint...?' (and you know you've already had one).
'I said, 'Now!'' (and you know when).
'Gosh - it's cold in here!' (and someone shuts the door or window).
 An important area of pragmatics is in the study of language and power. The
implicit understanding of a power relationship between, say, two speakers, is often
indicated by the meanings implied by the language used. This meaning can be very
context dependent.

Home assignment
1. Translate your page
Answer:

On the other hand, concurrent developments semantics have isolated

intractable phenomena of a parallel kind: presupposition, speech acts and other
context-dependent implication, together with troublesome phenomena like
honorifics and discourse particles that had long been given short shrift in the
work if generative grammarians. Further, thought about the nature of the lexicon
and how one might construct a predictive concept of possible lexical item has
revealed the importance of pragmatic constraints. It is these issue, arising from
the study of meaning with this book is centrally concerned.
In addition to these particular problems that seem to require pragmatic
solutions, there are also a number of general motivations for the development of
pragmatic theory. One of the most important of these is the possibility that
pragmatic can effect a radical simplification of semantics. The hope is based on
the fact that pragmatic principles of language usage can be shown systematically
to read in to utterances more than they conventionally or literally mean.

Translate

Disisi lain, bersamaan dalam pengembangan semantic mengisolasi

fenomena keras jenis parallel: anggapan, tindak tutur dan implikasi tergantung
pada konteks lain, bersama fenomena merepotkan seperti honorifics dan partikel
wacana yang sudah lama diberikan sedikit perhatian dalam karya tata bahasa
generative. Selanjutnya berfikir tentang sifat leksikon dan bagaimana seseorang
dapat membangun sebuah konsep prediksi kemungkinan barang leksikal, telah
mengungkapkan kendala pentingnya pragmatic. Ini adalah isu-isu yang timbul
dari studi tentang makna buku ini terpusat prihatin.
Selain masalah-masalah tertentu tyang tampaknya membutuhkan solusi
pragmatic, ada juga sejumlah motivasi umum untuk pembangunan teori
pragmatic. Salah satu yang paling penting dari ini adalah kemungkinan bahwa
pragmatic dapat mempengaruhi penyederhanaan radikal semantic. Harapan ini
didasarkan pada fakta bahwa prinsip-prisip pragmatic penggunaan bahasa dapat
 ditunjukkan secara sistematis untuk membaca ucapan ke yang lebih dari mereka
yang konvensial atau secara literal.

2. Stage the processes found in your page (material, mental, relational, verbal,
behavioral, and extential)
Answer:
a. On the other hand, concurrent developments semantics have isolated
intractable phenomena of a parallel kind:
Have : Relational
b. presupposition, speech acts and other context-dependent implication,
together with troublesome phenomena like honorifics and discourse
particles that had long been given short shrift in the work if generative
grammarians
Had : Relational
c. Further, thought about the nature of the lexicon and how one might
construct a predictive concept
Might : Relation
d. possible lexical item has revealed the importance of pragmatic
constraints
Has : Relational
e. It is these issue, arising from the study of meaning
Is : Relational
f. with this book is centrally concerned
Is : Existential
g. In addition to these particular problems that seem to require pragmatic
solutions,
Seem : Existential
h. there are also a number of general motivations for the development of
pragmatic theory
are : Relational
i. One of the most important of these is the possibility that pragmatic can
effect a radical simplification of semantics
Is and Can : Relational
j. The hope is based on the fact that pragmatic principles of language usage
can be shown systematically to read in to utterances more than they
conventionally or literally mean.
Is : Relational
Can be : Existential

3. State the context (in what situation the next happens)

Answer :
Concurrent developments semantics have isolated intractable phenomena of a
parallel kind: presupposition, speech acts and other context-dependent
implication, together with troublesome phenomena like honorifics and discourse
 particles that had long been given short shrift in the work if generative
grammarians.

4. State the purpose of the text

One of the most important of these is the possibility that pragmatic can effect a
radical simplification of semantics. The hope is based on the fact that pragmatic
principles of language usage can be shown systematically to read in to utterances
more than they conventionally or literally mean