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Topic:
Position - Velocity - Acceleration
Objectives:
1. Students should understand the difference between the terms distance and displacement,
speed and velocity, and velocity and acceleration.
2. Students should combine an understanding of these terms with the use of pictorial
representations (dot diagrams, vector diagrams) and data representations (position-time
and velocity-time data) in order to describe an objects motion in one dimension.
3. Students should relate the distance, displacement, average speed, average velocity,
change in velocity, time and acceleration to each other in order to solve word problems.
Readings:
The Physics Classroom Tutorial, 1D-Kinematics Chapter, Lesson 1
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Introduction
Interactive Simulations:
1. Graph Matching Motion Model Simulation/computer model
http://www.compadre.org/osp/items/detail.cfm?ID=10012
Powerful way to investigate the meaning of shape and
slope for 3 types of motion graphs. To set it up correctly
requires the student to analyze and interpret computer-
generated motion of a blue object moving either with
constant velocity or constant acceleration. Next, match
the motion by using sliders to set initial position, velocity,
and acceleration of an adjacent red object. Last, use
sliders to predict the shape of the related velocity and acceleration graphs to give correct
straight-line slopes.
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Conceptual Building Exercises:
1. The Curriculum Corner, Describing Motion Verbally with Distance and Displacement
2. The Curriculum Corner, Describing Motion Verbally with Speed and Velocity
3. The Curriculum Corner, Acceleration
4. The Curriculum Corner, Describing Motion with Diagrams
5. The Curriculum Corner, Describing Motion Numerically
Link: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/curriculum/1Dkin
Problem-Solving Exercises:
1. The Calculator Pad, 1D Kinematics, Problems #1-9
Link: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/1dkin
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Common Misconceptions and Student Difficulties:
1. Confusion of Speed and Acceleration
Students commonly confuse the idea of accelerating as meaning to go fast. Emphasize
that accelerating objects are not moving fast, but rather changing how fast they are
moving (and/or what direction they are moving).
2. The Use of + and to Describe Direction
It is a common convention to use + and signs to describe the direction of velocity and
acceleration. The convention is borrowed from mathematics in which the region of a
graph or number line is left or below the origin. As such, negative signs are used to
describe vectors that have a leftward or a downward direction. This usage unfortunately
leads to incorrect beliefs such as an object with a velocity of -20 m/s is moving slower
than an object with a velocity of -5 m/s since the number -20 is less than (more negative
than) -5. The proper approach to this is to translate a velocity of -20 m/s to mean an
object moving to the left with a speed of 20 m/s.
3. Confusion about the Direction of Velocity and Acceleration
It is common for students to incorrectly believe that the direction of the acceleration is in
the same direction that an object is moving. This is only true of objects that are speeding
up. For objects that are slowing down, the acceleration is directed in a direction that is
opposite of the objects motion.
Standards:
A. Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Grades 9-12
Note: The topic of kinematics is not directly covered in the NGSS.
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Functions: Interpret Functions that Arise in Terms of a Context
F-IF.4 For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret
key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities, and sketch graphs
showing key features given a verbal description of the relationship.
F-IF.6 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented
symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from
a graph.
Functions: Interpret Expressions for Functions in Terms of the Situation They Model
F-LE.5 Interpret the parameters in a linear or exponential function in terms of a
context.
Reading Level
This set of tutorials scored 48.94 on the Flesch-Kincaid Readability Index, corresponding to
Grade 10. It scored 12.28 on the Gunning-Fog Index, which indicates the number of years
of formal education a person requires in order to easily understand the text on the first
reading (corresponding to Grade 12).
Learning Outcomes
1. Represent and calculate the distance traveled by an object, as well as the displacement,
the speed and the velocity of an object for different problems. Representations include
data tables, distance versus time graphs, position versus time graphs, motion diagrams
and their mathematical representations. Interpret the meaning of the sign (+ or -) of the
displacement and velocity.
2. Investigate, and make a claim about the straight-line motion of an object in different
laboratory situations. Representations include data tables, position versus time graphs,
instantaneous velocity versus time graphs, motion diagrams, and their mathematical
representations. When appropriate, calculate the constant velocity, average velocity or
constant acceleration of the object. Interpret the meaning of the sign of the constant
velocity, average velocity or constant acceleration. Interpret the meaning of the average
velocity.
3. Explain what is constant when an object is moving with a constant velocity and how
an object with a negative constant velocity is moving. Justify the explanation by
constructing sketches of motion diagrams and using the shape of position and
instantaneous velocity versus time graphs.
4. Explain what is constant when an object is moving with a constant acceleration, and
explain the two ways in which an object that has a positive constant acceleration and a
negative constant acceleration. Justify the explanations by constructing sketches of
motion diagrams and using the shape of instantaneous velocity versus time graphs.
5. Compare and contrast the following: distance traveled and displacement; speed and
velocity; constant velocity and instantaneous velocity; constant velocity and average
velocity; and velocity and acceleration.
6. Translate between different representations of the motion of objects: verbal and/or
written descriptions, motion diagrams, data tables, graphical representations (position
versus time graphs and instantaneous velocity versus time graphs) and mathematical
representations.
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