This tells us that just as the difference between successive square numbers is an

odd number the difference between successive cube numbers is a hex number.

In conclusion, the study of figurate numbers might be seen as having their origin
in old Greco-Aryan religious tradition. In Greece they took an important place in
philosophy whereas in India, beyond the ritual tradition, their more general study
assumed a form somewhat closer to their modern counterparts. While Hindus were
generally less-inclined towards geometry than their Greek counterparts, this is one
area where the Hindus developed a unique unbroken tradition of geometric algebra
that clearly stretches from the Vedic tradition via ryabhaa-I to the later
savants. That older root of it is evident from the fact that even in the period of
regionalization, the tradition was similarly but independently continued in
disparate parts of the Hindu nation. We see demonstrations of geometric algebra in
the south in the famous school of Nlakaha Somayjin and his successors like
Citrabhnu and akara Vrir; in Maharashtra by Gaea daivaja and his clansmen;
in North India even under Islamic tyranny by the Ragantha-Munvara school.

The study of figurate numbers continues into modern mathematics. We noted above the
discovery of Gauss on triangular numbers. Before him the Leonhard Euler generalized
the concept of the root to figurate numbers. The square root of a number y=\sqrt{x}
is a generalization coming from the n as the root of the square number n^2. Euler
showed that similarly y, a general triangular root of x, can be defined as the
solution of the quadratic equation y^2+y-2x=0,
y=\dfrac{\sqrt{8x+1}-1}{2}
We get y to be an integer only when x=T_n; then y=n. Thus, only if \sqrt{x} and its
triangular root are simultaneously integers it is both a square and a triangular
number. In the below table we show the first few numbers which are both triangular
and square along with their square root and triangular root.

Table 1.

sqrt troot Sn/Tm

----- ------ ------
1 1 1
6 8 36
35 49 1225
204 288 41616
From these numbers we can see that we can compose simultaneously square and
triangular numbers by the two seeded series:
S[n]=34\cdot S[n-1]-S[n-2]+2; where S[0]=0, S[1]=1

Similarly, the solution y for the equation 3y^2-3y+1-x=0 provides the hex root of a
number,
\dfrac{3+\sqrt{9-12(1-x)}}{6}

Table 2. First few numbers which are both triangular and hex numbers with their
triangular and hex roots.

troot hroot Tn/Hm

------ ------ ------
1 1 1
13 6 91
133 55 8911
Table 3. First few numbers which are both square and hex numbers and their square
and hex roots.

sqrt hroot Sn/Hm

----- ------ ------
1 1 1
 13 8 169
181 105 32761
Whereas a square number is never prime and T_2=3 is the only prime triangular
number, the general formula for hex numbers is a fairly rich prime-generating
quadratic. For instance there are 58 H_n| n<10000 of which 28 are prime:
pf=0.4827586. For comparison we draw 58 numbers 10000 taking into account the
following: 1) hex numbers are always odd; 2) they are not evenly distributed: the
first 100 has 6 hex number while the next 100 has only 2. Thus, we make the
clustering pattern of our draws identical to that of hex numbers in windows of 100.
Doing a simulation with these constraints we get a probability of the prime
fraction in draws of 58 numbers being pf=0.4827586 or higher to be of the order
of \approx 0.0002 (Figure 10).

hex_primesFigure 10

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Posted in art, Heathen thought, History, Scientific ramblings | Tagged

AryabhaTa, Euler, figurate numbers, Gauss, Geometric construction, geometry, hex,
Hindu mathematics, nIlakaNTha somayAjin, recreational geometry, sequence, series
sum, square, sum, triangular
The story of the Orissan cycle-vl
Posted on October 15, 2017 by mAnasa-taraMgiNI
Vidrum had been under considerable pressure. His parents had made it clear that
they would auction away his new bike if he was not ranked within the top 5 in his
class in the impending mid-semester exams. They had also made it clear that the
goal they had set for him that year was to be in the top 3 ranks by the final
semester. It had caused him considerable tension. He thought to himself: How on
earth am I going to supersede classmates like Hemling, Gomay, Tumul, Dandadipa, and
Jukuta who are so diligent with the books jousting so fiercely with each other.
Then we have my friend Somakhya and the unusually wise girl Lootika, both of whom
even the teachers secretly fear. While they take their curricular studies very
lightly, they are in the least going to be unstoppable for spots four and five. I
have often wondered if their parents ever give them the kind of shit I get. While
he had risen early to study, he had instead spent the time with his geometry box
neatly drawing some fascinating constructions. But that was going to hardly matter
for the exams at hand. So, as the fear got to him, he looked at the sheet before
him which gave the prospectus for the impending exam in chemistry.