Gadjah Mada University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Pengembangan Sistem Pemantau dan Peringatan

Dini Bencana Sedimen dan Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi Bencana

Teuku Faisal Fathani, Ph.D.

E-mail: tfathani@ugm.ac.id

Kuliah Tamu Prodi Teknik Geofisika FT Unsyiah: 2 November 2013

Disaster cycle

Preparation Emergency
response

Mitigation Rehabilitation

Prevention Reconstruction
Strategy and Road Map:
Disaster Risk Reduction
Improvement of SOCIETY RESILIENCE

EDUCATION and TRAINING

(Public education, Training, Evacuation drills)

Provision of appropriate COUNTERMESURES and

TECHNOLOGY
(Prevention works & Early warning)

Provision of appropriate INFORMATION

(Investigation, Hazard Area & Risk map)
Type of Disaster

Volcanic disaster
Debris flow (laharic flow)
Landslide
Flood
Earthquake & Tsunami
Drought
Dam failure, Forrest fire, Abrasion etc.
 Landslide Disaster
Development of Landslide Monitoring and
Early Warning System
Peta Risiko Tanah Longsor Indonesia
 JUMLAH KEJADIAN

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500

JAWA TENGAH
JAWA BARAT
JAWA TIMUR
SUMATERA BARAT
NTT
SULAWESI TENGGARA

PROVINSI
ACEH
SUMATERA UTARA
SULAWESI SELATAN
BALI

JUMLAH JIWA TERPAPAR

100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000

JAWA BARAT
JAWA TENGAH
JAWA TIMUR
NTT
SUMATERA UTARA
SULAWESI SELATAN
PROVINSI

SUMATERA BARAT
SULAWESI TENGAH
D.I. YOGYAKARTA
BALI
Local mass movement
Rapid local movements with localized impact
(less than 10 ha)

Debris slide

Palu-Sulawesi, Feb 2009

Debris fall
Palu-Sulawesi, Feb 2009
Creep inducing structural damages
Slow local movement but with relatively
larger impact area (more than 10 ha)
Long distance mass movement
 Debris flow induced by Rainfall
after Padang Earthquake of
September 30, 2009, in Nagari
Tanjungsani, Agam Regency,
West Sumatra

Two villages were buried and more

than 100 people died/ missing

Landslide (earth flows) induced

by the earthquake of Sept 30,
2009 in Tandikek,
Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra
Landslide
(long distance rock fall)
induced by the Earthquake

The deposited area exceeding

the distance up to 1 km
from the toe of slope

Site : Cikangkareng,
Cianjur Regency,
September 2009.
EQ induced landslide at Desa
Serempah, Kecamatan Ketol, Kab.
Aceh Tengah : 12 damaged house
and 11 people died

July 2013
 Landslides in Banjarnegara

Landslide
occurred
Monitoring
(2006)
site (2007)
The symptoms (cracks) at the upper slope
(2006)

No monitoring activity
Landslide at Sijeruk Village Banjarnegara
(5 January 2006)

1
2

3
2

1 occurred at 03.00 am
2 - 3 occurred at 05.00 am
Resulting in 74 people died
Landslide fatalities
Stage of Development of Landslide
Monitoring and Early Warning System

Survey and field investigation on the geological and

geotechnical condition, landslide controlling factors,
and social-economic condition
Design most adaptive and appropriate EWS
Socialization and training for capacity development
Install the EWS and provide consultation on the
maintenance followed by a test and calibration to
ensure the function and sustainability
First version of community-based landslide early
warning technology (2007-2008)
First stage (2007)
Second version of
landslide monitoring :
Raingage
 Extensometer and
Tiltmeter with data logger
 Central server in
UGM

Initial setup
2007-2008
Outdoor unit of real-time monitoring equipment

IP Camera
Raingauge

Extensometer

Pore pressure
sensor

Fieldserver
Outdoor unit of real-time monitoring equipment

IP Camera
Raingauge

Extensometer

Pore pressure
sensor

Fieldserver
 Indoor Unit of real-time
monitoring equipment

Display Monitor

GPRS modem

Local server
LINUX box UPS with
external battery
Digital
Photogrammetry

Altitude:
150m 300 m

Effective Ground
Coverage:
120m 250m

Camera:
Nikon 10Mpixel
With Lens
Calibration
Parameter

Remote camera
exposure
Tools for aerial photogrammetry
Quadcopters Kite
Aerial photo, topography map and real-time monitoring
7 November 2007:
Manual extensometer warned the
community 4 hours before the
landslide occur
Data on the Website
The results of measurement by extensometers, raingauge
and pore water pressure sensor

Extensometer P2P3

Extensometer P1P2

Extensometer P4P5

Extensometer P5P6

Pore water pressure

 Flow of warning information and evacuation
command for simple landslide EWS at village level

Evacuation Other Monitoring Devices:

- Inclinometer
- Tiltmeter
- Porewater pressure gage
- Groundwater measurement
Rain gage - GPS Monitoring

Head of Village Local community

EM-1 : Manual Extensometer
Task Force Team
EM-2 : Automatic Extensometer
with paper recording
Satkorlak
EA-1 : Automatic Extensometer
Satlak
with data logger
Satgas
SAR EA-2 : Automatic underground
Red cross Extensometer
Health center
Army-Police EL-1 : Long-span Extensometer
with data logger & telemetry
Evacuation
Network diagram of telemetric system for real-
time monitoring and early warning of landslide
Newly developed devices for landslide monitoring on
a network diagram of telemetric system
Installation of digital extensometer at a mining site
Web performance of Smart Grid showing the
geographical position of the reported nodes
 Landslide EWS installation
Myanmar (2007-2013)
(2012)

South
Kalimantan
(2009)

Pariaman Palu
(2012) (2012)
ICL (2007)
Yogyakarta
(2010) South Sulawesi
(2008)

Cianjur
(2009)
Banjarnegara ICL (2009)
Situbondo
(2007) Karanganyar (2007)
(2008)

UGM in cooperation with Ministry for the Development of Disadvantage Regions (KPDT)
UGM in cooperation with National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB)
UGM in cooperation with Private Mining Company
UGM in cooperation with Pertamina Geothermal Energy (2013)
UGM in cooperation with International Consortium on Landslides (ICL-UNESCO)
Hydro-geotechnical Model

Two cascading tank model

reflecting geological feature
and hydrological process in
Banjarnegara Landslide
Result of Hidro-geotechnical Modeling


o o B
ds Visco-plastic Model
dt

ds 1m
dt
B
Ws
in

os
Fv

Wc
F
W
l
shear zone
Pw h


z
W : weight
l : depth of sliding mass
h : piezometric level
z : shear zone thickness
Viscous force v = v/z
: surface slope angle and shear zone slope
Pw : pore water pressure
Fv : viscous force [c + ( pw) tan ] v = ma

dv
l sin cos c' l cos p w tan ' m
2

dt
v
z
 Crack-3 Crack-2 Crack-1

Result of Visco-
P4
11.7o
Wire 4-5
P5
+
- Crack-1

plastic Modelling
Wire 5-6
Crack-2
+
P6 - Block-1
16.6o
Well
Crack-3
Block-2

Block-3

0.25 350
Velocity
300
Simulated Displacement
0.2
Actual Displacement

Displacement (mm)
250
Velocity (mm/h)

0.15
200

150
0.1

100
0.05
50

0 0
1/1/08 4/1/08 7/1/08 10/1/08 1/1/09
Date
 60
Early Warning Criteria Scenario I
50 Scenario II
rainfall intensity (mm/h)

Scenario III
Scenario IV
40
C1
C2
30 C3

20 CL

10

0 Y=-0.62X+31
0 10 20 30 40 50
SWI (mm)

Class 1 (C1) : <0.1 mm/hour

Class 2 (C2) : 0.1 mm/hour < C2 < 0.4 mm/hour
Class 3 (C2) : 0.4 mm/hour < C3
Numerical Model of Fast Landslide Movement

Simulation for the motion of disrupted-type landslides

Sliding mass is assumed as an incompressible Newtons viscous
fluid
Governing equation of motion : Navier-Stokes equation
Resistance force along the sliding surface by Coulombs
resistance criteria
The simulation was handled quasi-three-dimensionally for the
problem of flow considering the distribution and thickness of
sliding mass
It is possible to consider the seismic force input seismic
waves (three components of sine wave, horizontal and
vertical)
 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS

Governing equation of motion of the incompressible

viscous fluid by using Navier-Stokes equation :

Du p
2u Fx (1)
Dt x

Dv p
2 v Fy (2)
Dt y

Dw p
2 w Fz (3)
Dt z
The equation of continuity of the incompressible fluid :

u v w
div ( v ) 0 (4)
x y z

u, v >> w, u and v are uniform in a vertical direction and

the inertial force of fluid particle is small, compared to the
acceleration due to gravity.

u u u p zx

2
u g x (5)
t x y x z
2

v v v p zy
2 v
2
g y (6)
t x y y z
p
g z 0
z
 As the resistance rule along the sliding surface: Coulombs criterion.
c : cohesion at the sliding surface
: angle of internal friction of the sliding surface

M (uM ) (vM ) H u
gzh g x h 2 M g z (hc h tan )
2

t x y x u 2 v 2 w2

N (uN ) (vN ) H v
gzh g y h 2 N g z (hc h tan )
2

t x y y u 2 v 2 w2

h M N

t x y

c
where hc
.g z
 Bishamon Landslide

Located in Hiyoshi-
cho, Kagoshima
Prefecture
Length : 350 m
Width : 150 m
Area : 6 ha
Volume : 1.0 x 105 m3
Resulting in 2 deaths,
3 injuries

Destruction of 2 residential houses, affecting 436 m of

roadway and 2.3 ha of cultivated field
Primary cause of the sliding was a heavy rainfall.
 3Dview of Landslide Movement

60
40
30
20
14
10
0 Seconds
5
2 Debris thickness
(m)

12 12
11 11
10 10
Z (m) 9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
Y (m) X (m) 1 1
0 0
 Calculation result of Tsaoling Landslide
Actual deposition
Source area
100
120
130
140
110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 Seconds Calculation result
Debris
thickness
(m)
2500.00
150
140

2000.00 130
120
110
1500.00 100
90
80
1000.00 70
60
50
500.00
40
30
20
500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00 10
10000.00

09500.00

09000.00

Actual
08500.00

River deposit
08000.00

07500.00
Actual deposition
213500.00 214500.00 215500.00 216500.00 217500.00
Source area
2500.00 Calculation result

2000.00

1500.00
140 sec.
1000.00

500.00 Calculation
result
500.00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 3000.00 3500.00 4000.00 4500.00
 International Recognition
IPL Award for Success from International Programme on Landslide
(IPL-UNESCO), FAO Headquarter, Rome, Italy (3 Oktober 2011)
International Recognition
Akhir Bagian 1 : Diskusi